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EP1396606A2 - Fracturing subterranean zones - Google Patents

Fracturing subterranean zones Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1396606A2
EP1396606A2 EP03255474A EP03255474A EP1396606A2 EP 1396606 A2 EP1396606 A2 EP 1396606A2 EP 03255474 A EP03255474 A EP 03255474A EP 03255474 A EP03255474 A EP 03255474A EP 1396606 A2 EP1396606 A2 EP 1396606A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
proppant particles
resin composition
composition
fracturing fluid
hardenable resin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03255474A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1396606A3 (en
EP1396606B1 (en
Inventor
Philip D. Nguyen
Johnny A. Barton
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Original Assignee
Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Halliburton Energy Services Inc filed Critical Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Publication of EP1396606A2 publication Critical patent/EP1396606A2/en
Publication of EP1396606A3 publication Critical patent/EP1396606A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1396606B1 publication Critical patent/EP1396606B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • C09K8/70—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures characterised by their form or by the form of their components, e.g. foams
    • C09K8/706—Encapsulated breakers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
    • C09K8/805—Coated proppants
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S507/00—Earth boring, well treating, and oil field chemistry
    • Y10S507/922—Fracture fluid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S507/00—Earth boring, well treating, and oil field chemistry
    • Y10S507/922—Fracture fluid
    • Y10S507/924—Fracture fluid with specified propping feature

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods of forming one or more fractures in a high temperature subterranean zone and consolidating proppant particles therein.
  • Hydrocarbon producing wells are often stimulated by hydraulic fracturing treatments.
  • hydraulic fracturing a viscous fracturing fluid which also functions as a carrier fluid is pumped into a subterranean zone to be fractured at a rate and pressure such that one or more fractures are formed in the zone.
  • Proppant particles e.g., graded sand, for propping the fractures open are suspended in the fracturing fluid so that the proppant particles are deposited in the fractures when the fracturing fluid is broken. That is, a viscosity breaker is included in the fracturing fluid whereby the fracturing fluid reverts to a thin fluid which is returned to the surface.
  • the proppant particles deposited in the fractures function to prevent the fractures from closing so that conductive channels are formed through which produced hydrocarbons can readily flow.
  • the proppant particles In order to prevent the subsequent flow-back of the proppant particles as well as loose or incompetent fines with fluids produced from the subterranean zone, the proppant particles have heretofore been coated with a hardenable resin composition which is caused to harden and consolidate the proppant particles in the zone.
  • a hardenable resin composition which is caused to harden and consolidate the proppant particles in the zone.
  • the hardened resin composition and the permeable proppant particle packs consolidated therewith rapidly deteriorate which allows proppant particles and formation fines to flow-back with produced formation fluids.
  • the flow-back of the proppant particles and formation fines is very detrimental in that it erodes metal goods, plugs piping and vessels and causes damage to valves, instruments and other production equipment.
  • the present invention provides a hardenable resin composition for coating proppant particles and which hardens by heat, which composition comprises a hardenable resin comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin; furfuryl alcohol; a solvent for said resin having a flash point above 125°F; a silane coupling agent; and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of said hardenable resin composition on said proppant particles and for causing said hardenable resin composition to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles.
  • a hardenable resin comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin; furfuryl alcohol; a solvent for said resin having a flash point above 125°F; a silane coupling agent; and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of said hardenable resin composition on said proppant particles and for causing said hardenable resin composition to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles.
  • the invention also provides a method of forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above 200°F, which method comprises pumping a gelled liquid fracturing fluid into said subterranean zone, said fluid containing proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition suspended therein, to form one or more fractures and to deposit said proppant particles therein; and allowing said hardenable resin composition on said resin composition coated proppant particles to harden by heat and consolidate said proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs; wherein said resin composition is according to the invention.
  • the method of the present invention for forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein may comprise the following steps.
  • Proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition are provided.
  • the hardenable resin composition is comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, a solvent for the resin, a silane coupling agent, optionally, a hydrolyzable ester for breaking gelled fracturing fluid films on the proppant particles, and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the resin on the proppant particles and for causing the resin to flow to the contact points between adjacent coated proppant particles.
  • a gelled liquid fracturing fluid is also provided which is pumped into the subterranean zone to form one or more fractures and to deposit the proppant particles therein.
  • the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are mixed with the fracturing fluid being pumped whereby the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are suspended therein.
  • the pumping of the fracturing fluid and the mixing of the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition with the fracturing fluid are terminated. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the resin composition coated proppant particles is allowed to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
  • a liquid hardenable resin composition comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, an ethylene glycol butyl ether solvent for the resin, an n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent, optionally, a mixture of dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate and dimethylsuccinate esters and a C 12 -C 22 alkyl phosphate surfactant.
  • a source of dry proppant particles and a gelled liquid fracturing fluid comprised of water and a gelling agent selected from the group consisting of guar gum, guar gum derivatives and cellulose derivatives are also provided.
  • the gelled liquid fracturing fluid is pumped into the subterranean zone to form the one or more fractures therein and to place the proppant particles therein.
  • the hardenable resin composition is coated onto the dry proppant particles conveyed from the source thereof to form hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles.
  • the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are mixed with the fracturing fluid pumped into the subterranean zone whereby the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are suspended therein.
  • the pumping of the gelled fracturing fluid, the coating of the hardenable resin composition onto the dry proppant particles and the mixing of the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles formed with the fracturing fluid are terminated. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles is allowed to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
  • the present invention provides improved methods of forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F comprising the following steps.
  • Proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, a solvent for the resin, a silane coupling agent, optionally, a hydrolyzable ester for breaking gelled fracturing fluid films on the proppant particles and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the resin on the proppant particles and for causing the resin to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles are provided.
  • a gelled liquid fracturing fluid is also provided.
  • the gelled liquid fracturing fluid is pumped into the subterranean zone to form the one or more fractures and to deposit the proppant particles therein.
  • the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are mixed with the fracturing fluid pumped into the subterranean zone whereby the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are suspended therein.
  • the pumping of the gelled liquid fracturing fluid and the mixing of the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition with the fracturing fluid are terminated. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the resin composition coated proppant particles are allowed to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
  • the proppant particles utilized in accordance with the present invention are generally of a size such that formation particulate solids that migrate with produced fluids are prevented from being produced from the subterranean zone.
  • Various kinds of proppant particles can be utilized including graded sand, bauxite, ceramic materials, glass materials, walnut hulls, polymer beads and the like.
  • the proppant particles have a size in the range of from about 2 to about 400 mesh, U.S. Sieve Series.
  • the preferred proppant is graded sand having a particle size in the range of from about 10 to about 70 mesh, U.S. Sieve Series.
  • Preferred sand particle size distribution ranges are one or more of 10-20 mesh, 20-40 mesh, 40-60 mesh or 50-70 mesh, depending on the particular size and distribution of formation solids to be screened out by the consolidated proppant particles.
  • Furfuryl alcohol resins are readily available from a number of commercial sources.
  • suitable furfuryl alcohol resin is commercially available from Durez Corporation under the trade designation "Durez 33682TM " .
  • the furfuryl alcohol resin Upon curing by heat in a subterranean zone, the furfuryl alcohol resin forms an insoluble mass that is highly resistant to chemical attack and thermal degradation, i.e., the cured resin resists thermal degradation at temperatures up to 700°F.
  • the furfuryl alcohol resin is generally present in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 40% to about 75% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of from about 55% to about 65%.
  • the furfuryl alcohol is generally present in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 1 % to about 20% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of from about 5% to about 15%.
  • solvents for the furfuryl alcohol resin which have flash points above about 125°F and can be utilized include, but are not limited to, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, ethyleneglycol butyl ether, diethyleneglycol butyl ether, dimethyl formamide, propylene carbonate, butyl acetate, furfuryl acetate, d'limonene and fatty acid methyl esters. Of these, ethyleneglycol butyl ether is preferred.
  • the solvent is included in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 40% and more preferably in an amount of about 15% to about 30%.
  • the silane coupling agent is included in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 % to about 3% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of from about 0.5% to about 2%.
  • the hydrolyzable ester is included in the liquid hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 0% to about 3% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of about 1.5%.
  • Encapsulated sodium bisulfate can optionally be used as a substitute for the hydrolyzable esters.
  • Encapsulated sodium bisulfate in the amount ranging from 1% to 15% by weight of the resin composition is admixed with the proppant slurry during coating of resin mixture onto the proppant.
  • the sodium bisulfate must be encapsulated to minimize its release and interaction with the gelled liquid fracturing fluid during pumping of the fracturing fluid and proppant into the subterranean zone. Without encapsulation, the sodium bisulfate prematurely breaks down the fracturing fluid and causes the proppant to settle which is undesirable during the fracturing treatment.
  • Surfactants for facilitating the coating of the resin on the proppant particles and for causing the resin to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles utilized in the hardenable resin composition include, but are not limited to, ethoxylated nonyl phenol phosphate ester surfactants, mixtures of one or more cationic surfactants and one or more non-ionic surfactants and a C 12 ⁇ C 22 alkyl phosphonate surfactant. Of these, a C 12 ⁇ C 22 alkyl phosphonate surfactant is preferred.
  • the surfactant or surfactants utilized are included in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 1 % to about 15% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of about 5% to about 10%.
  • a liquid hardenable resin composition comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, an ethylene glycol butyl ether solvent for the resin, an n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent, optionally, a mixture of dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate and dimethylsuccinate, esters and a C 12 ⁇ C 22 alkyl phosphate surfactant.
  • a source of dry proppant particles and a gelled liquid fracturing fluid are also provided.
  • the gelled liquid fracturing fluid is comprised of water and a gelling agent selected from the group consisting of guar gum, guar gum derivatives and cellulose derivatives.
  • the gelled liquid fracturing fluid is pumped into the subterranean formation to form the one or more fractures therein and to place the proppant particles therein.
  • the hardenable resin composition is coated onto the dry proppant particles conveyed from the source thereof to form hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles.
  • the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are mixed with the fracturing fluid being pumped whereby the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are suspended therein.
  • the pumping of the fracturing fluid, the coating of the hardenable resin composition onto the dry proppant particles and the mixing of the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles formed with the fracturing fluid are terminated. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles is allowed to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
  • the furfuryl alcohol resin, the furfuryl alcohol, the solvent, the silane coupling agent, the hydrolyzable ester mixture, and the surfactant that make up the liquid hardenable resin composition are present in the composition in the same amounts as described above.
  • the water in the gelled liquid fracturing fluid is selected from the group consisting of fresh water and salt water.
  • salt water is used herein to mean unsaturated salt solutions and saturated salt solutions including brines and seawater.
  • the gelling agent in the fracturing fluid is generally present in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 % to about 2% by weight of water therein and more preferably in an amount of about 0.2% to about 1 %.
  • the gelled liquid fracturing fluid can include a cross-linking agent for increasing the viscosity of the fracturing fluid.
  • suitable cross-linking agents include, but are not limited to, alkali metal borates, borax, boric acid and compounds capable of releasing multivalent metal ions in aqueous solutions.
  • the cross-linking agent is included in the fracturing fluid in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 2% by weight of water therein and more preferably in an amount of about 0.1 % to about 1%.
  • the fracturing fluid generally also includes a delayed viscosity breaker which functions to reduce the viscosity of the fracturing fluid and cause the resin composition coated proppant particles suspended in the fracturing fluid to be deposited in the fractures.
  • delayed viscosity breakers which can be utilized include, but are not limited to, alkali metal and ammonium persulfates which are delayed by being encapsulated in a material which slowly releases the breaker, alkali metal chlorites, alkali metal hypochlorites and calcium hypochlorite.
  • the delayed viscosity breaker is included in the fracturing fluid in an amount in the range of from about 1% to about 5% by weight of water therein.
  • the hardenable resin composition of this invention for coating proppant particles and which hardens by heat is basically comprised of a furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, a solvent for the resin having a flash point above about 125°F, a silane coupling agent, optionally, a hydrolyzable ester for breaking gelled fracturing fluid films and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the hardenable resin composition on the proppant particles and for causing the hardenable resin composition to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles.
  • the furfuryl alcohol resin, the furfuryl alcohol, the solvent, the silane coupling agent, the hydrolyzable ester and the surfactant are as described above in connection with the methods of this invention and are present in the hardenable resin composition in the amounts set forth above.
  • the hardenable resin composition of this invention can be stored at high ambient temperatures for long periods of time without hardening or otherwise deteriorating.
  • An improved method of this invention for forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F is comprised of the steps of: (a) providing proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, a solvent for the resin, a silane coupling agent and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the resin on the proppant particles and for causing the resin to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles; (b) providing a gelled liquid fracturing fluid; (c) pumping the gelled liquid fracturing fluid into the subterranean zone to form the one or more fractures and to deposit the proppant particles therein; (d) mixing the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition with the fracturing fluid pumped in accordance with step (c) whereby the proppant particles coated with the harden
  • Another improved method of the present invention for forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F is comprised of the steps of: (a) providing a liquid hardenable resin composition comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, an ethylene glycol butyl ether solvent for the resin having a flash point above about 125°F, an n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent and a C 12 ⁇ C 22 alkyl phosphate surfactant; (b) providing a source of dry proppant particles; (c) providing a gelled liquid fracturing fluid comprised of water and a gelling agent selected from the group consisting of guar gum, guar gum derivatives and cellulose derivatives; (d) pumping the gelled liquid fracturing fluid into the
  • a hardenable resin composition of this invention for coating proppant particles comprises: a hardenable resin comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin; furfuryl alcohol; a solvent for the resin having a flash point above about 125°F; a silane coupling agent; and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the hardenable resin composition on the proppant particles and for causing the hardenable resin composition to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles.
  • Furfuryl alcohol resin (“Durez 33682TM " ) obtained from the Durez Corporation was mixed with 1% of a silane coupling agent and 5% of an alkyl phosphate surfactant by weight of the furfuryl alcohol resin.
  • the viscosity of the resin mixture was monitored with time at room temperature and at 120°F in an oven, using a Brookfield DV-II viscometer and spindle No. 3.
  • the temperature of 120°F was selected to simulate the storage temperature in a warehouse during the summer months.
  • Table I shows the recorded viscosities of the resin mixtures at different time periods. The results indicate that the viscosities of the resin mixtures remained substantially unchanged with time, even at higher temperature.
  • the proppant packs were cured in an oven at different cure periods ranging from 3 hours to 7 days and at temperatures ranging from 250°F to 350°F without applying closure stress on the proppant packs. After each curing duration, the brass chambers containing the proppant packs were removed from the oven and allowed to cool down to room temperature. Cores were obtained from the consolidated proppant packs for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) measurements at room temperature. Table II shows the UCS values of the consolidated proppant cores. The results indicate that the unconfined compressive strengths of the proppant packs increases with cure time and begins to level off after 24 hour cure times.
  • the mixed resin in the Series II testing contained encapsulated sodium bisulfate.
  • Cure Temperatures UCS (psi) Measured at Room Temperature After Various Curing Periods Series I 3 hrs 4 hrs 5 hrs 6 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 7 days 300°F - - - - 89 487 1298 325°F 19 58 214 428 1306 - 1593 350°F - - - 106 1052 1223 1740 Series II 3 hrs 4 hrs 5 hrs 6 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 7 days 275°F NA - - - 145 - - 300°F NA - - 25 274 422 1003 325°F 80 - - 361 1261 1561 1642 350°F 146 - - 817 1313 - 1624

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Abstract

Subterranean zones are fractured using a fracturing fluid containing proppant particles coated with a furfuryl alcohol resin composition. The coated proppant particles are deposited in the fractures and the resin coating hardens by heat to consolidate the proppant particles into chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.

Description

The present invention relates to methods of forming one or more fractures in a high temperature subterranean zone and consolidating proppant particles therein.
Hydrocarbon producing wells are often stimulated by hydraulic fracturing treatments. In hydraulic fracturing, a viscous fracturing fluid which also functions as a carrier fluid is pumped into a subterranean zone to be fractured at a rate and pressure such that one or more fractures are formed in the zone. Proppant particles, e.g., graded sand, for propping the fractures open are suspended in the fracturing fluid so that the proppant particles are deposited in the fractures when the fracturing fluid is broken. That is, a viscosity breaker is included in the fracturing fluid whereby the fracturing fluid reverts to a thin fluid which is returned to the surface. The proppant particles deposited in the fractures function to prevent the fractures from closing so that conductive channels are formed through which produced hydrocarbons can readily flow.
In order to prevent the subsequent flow-back of the proppant particles as well as loose or incompetent fines with fluids produced from the subterranean zone, the proppant particles have heretofore been coated with a hardenable resin composition which is caused to harden and consolidate the proppant particles in the zone. However, when the subterranean zone has a temperature above about 375°F, the hardened resin composition and the permeable proppant particle packs consolidated therewith rapidly deteriorate which allows proppant particles and formation fines to flow-back with produced formation fluids. The flow-back of the proppant particles and formation fines is very detrimental in that it erodes metal goods, plugs piping and vessels and causes damage to valves, instruments and other production equipment.
Another problem encountered in the use of prior hardenable resin compositions for coating proppant particles is that the hardenable resin composition or components thereof have had short shelf lives. In addition, the hardenable resin composition components have heretofore had low flash points, i.e. flash points of about 60°F or below, making them very dangerous to use. Also, when the prior hardenable resin compositions or components thereof have been stored at high ambient temperatures, the compositions or components have quickly hardened making them unsuitable for use.
Thus, there are needs for improved methods of consolidating proppant particles in subterranean fractures whereby the permeable packs of consolidated proppant particles formed are chemical and thermal degradation resistant at high temperatures, i.e. temperatures above about 375°F.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a hardenable resin composition for coating proppant particles and which hardens by heat, which composition comprises a hardenable resin comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin; furfuryl alcohol; a solvent for said resin having a flash point above 125°F; a silane coupling agent; and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of said hardenable resin composition on said proppant particles and for causing said hardenable resin composition to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles.
The invention also provides a method of forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above 200°F, which method comprises pumping a gelled liquid fracturing fluid into said subterranean zone, said fluid containing proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition suspended therein, to form one or more fractures and to deposit said proppant particles therein; and allowing said hardenable resin composition on said resin composition coated proppant particles to harden by heat and consolidate said proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs; wherein said resin composition is according to the invention.
The method of the present invention for forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein may comprise the following steps. Proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition are provided. The hardenable resin composition is comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, a solvent for the resin, a silane coupling agent, optionally, a hydrolyzable ester for breaking gelled fracturing fluid films on the proppant particles, and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the resin on the proppant particles and for causing the resin to flow to the contact points between adjacent coated proppant particles. A gelled liquid fracturing fluid is also provided which is pumped into the subterranean zone to form one or more fractures and to deposit the proppant particles therein. The proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are mixed with the fracturing fluid being pumped whereby the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are suspended therein. When the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition have been deposited in the one or more fractures formed, the pumping of the fracturing fluid and the mixing of the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition with the fracturing fluid are terminated. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the resin composition coated proppant particles is allowed to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
Another improved method of this invention for forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F is comprised of the following steps. A liquid hardenable resin composition is provided comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, an ethylene glycol butyl ether solvent for the resin, an n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent, optionally, a mixture of dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate and dimethylsuccinate esters and a C12-C22 alkyl phosphate surfactant. A source of dry proppant particles and a gelled liquid fracturing fluid comprised of water and a gelling agent selected from the group consisting of guar gum, guar gum derivatives and cellulose derivatives are also provided. The gelled liquid fracturing fluid is pumped into the subterranean zone to form the one or more fractures therein and to place the proppant particles therein. The hardenable resin composition is coated onto the dry proppant particles conveyed from the source thereof to form hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles. The hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are mixed with the fracturing fluid pumped into the subterranean zone whereby the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are suspended therein. When the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles have been placed in the one or more fractures formed in the subterranean zone, the pumping of the gelled fracturing fluid, the coating of the hardenable resin composition onto the dry proppant particles and the mixing of the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles formed with the fracturing fluid are terminated. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles is allowed to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
The present invention provides improved methods of forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F comprising the following steps. Proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, a solvent for the resin, a silane coupling agent, optionally, a hydrolyzable ester for breaking gelled fracturing fluid films on the proppant particles and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the resin on the proppant particles and for causing the resin to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles are provided. A gelled liquid fracturing fluid is also provided. The gelled liquid fracturing fluid is pumped into the subterranean zone to form the one or more fractures and to deposit the proppant particles therein. The proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are mixed with the fracturing fluid pumped into the subterranean zone whereby the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are suspended therein. When the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition have been deposited in the one or more fractures, the pumping of the gelled liquid fracturing fluid and the mixing of the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition with the fracturing fluid are terminated. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the resin composition coated proppant particles are allowed to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
The proppant particles utilized in accordance with the present invention are generally of a size such that formation particulate solids that migrate with produced fluids are prevented from being produced from the subterranean zone. Various kinds of proppant particles can be utilized including graded sand, bauxite, ceramic materials, glass materials, walnut hulls, polymer beads and the like. Generally, the proppant particles have a size in the range of from about 2 to about 400 mesh, U.S. Sieve Series. The preferred proppant is graded sand having a particle size in the range of from about 10 to about 70 mesh, U.S. Sieve Series. Preferred sand particle size distribution ranges are one or more of 10-20 mesh, 20-40 mesh, 40-60 mesh or 50-70 mesh, depending on the particular size and distribution of formation solids to be screened out by the consolidated proppant particles.
Furfuryl alcohol resins are readily available from a number of commercial sources. For example, suitable furfuryl alcohol resin is commercially available from Durez Corporation under the trade designation "Durez 33682™". Upon curing by heat in a subterranean zone, the furfuryl alcohol resin forms an insoluble mass that is highly resistant to chemical attack and thermal degradation, i.e., the cured resin resists thermal degradation at temperatures up to 700°F. The furfuryl alcohol resin is generally present in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 40% to about 75% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of from about 55% to about 65%.
The furfuryl alcohol is generally present in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 1 % to about 20% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of from about 5% to about 15%.
Examples of solvents for the furfuryl alcohol resin which have flash points above about 125°F and can be utilized include, but are not limited to, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, ethyleneglycol butyl ether, diethyleneglycol butyl ether, dimethyl formamide, propylene carbonate, butyl acetate, furfuryl acetate, d'limonene and fatty acid methyl esters. Of these, ethyleneglycol butyl ether is preferred. The solvent is included in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 40% and more preferably in an amount of about 15% to about 30%.
Examples of silane coupling agents which can be utilized in the hardenable resin composition include, but are not limited to, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Of these, n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane is preferred. The silane coupling agent is included in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 % to about 3% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of from about 0.5% to about 2%.
Examples of hydrolyzable esters which can optionally be included in the hardenable resin composition include, but are not limited to, a mixture of dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate and dimethylsuccinate, sorbitol, catechol, dimethylthiolate, methyl salicylate, dimethylsuccinate and terbutylhydroperoxide. Of these, a mixture of dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate and dimethylsuccinate are preferred. The hydrolyzable ester is included in the liquid hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 0% to about 3% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of about 1.5%.
Encapsulated sodium bisulfate can optionally be used as a substitute for the hydrolyzable esters. Encapsulated sodium bisulfate in the amount ranging from 1% to 15% by weight of the resin composition is admixed with the proppant slurry during coating of resin mixture onto the proppant. The sodium bisulfate must be encapsulated to minimize its release and interaction with the gelled liquid fracturing fluid during pumping of the fracturing fluid and proppant into the subterranean zone. Without encapsulation, the sodium bisulfate prematurely breaks down the fracturing fluid and causes the proppant to settle which is undesirable during the fracturing treatment.
Surfactants for facilitating the coating of the resin on the proppant particles and for causing the resin to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles utilized in the hardenable resin composition include, but are not limited to, ethoxylated nonyl phenol phosphate ester surfactants, mixtures of one or more cationic surfactants and one or more non-ionic surfactants and a C12―C22 alkyl phosphonate surfactant. Of these, a C12―C22 alkyl phosphonate surfactant is preferred. The surfactant or surfactants utilized are included in the hardenable resin composition in an amount in the range of from about 1 % to about 15% by weight of the composition and more preferably in an amount of about 5% to about 10%.
Another improved method of forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F is comprised of the following steps. A liquid hardenable resin composition is provided comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, an ethylene glycol butyl ether solvent for the resin, an n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent, optionally, a mixture of dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate and dimethylsuccinate, esters and a C12―C22 alkyl phosphate surfactant. A source of dry proppant particles and a gelled liquid fracturing fluid are also provided. The gelled liquid fracturing fluid is comprised of water and a gelling agent selected from the group consisting of guar gum, guar gum derivatives and cellulose derivatives. The gelled liquid fracturing fluid is pumped into the subterranean formation to form the one or more fractures therein and to place the proppant particles therein. The hardenable resin composition is coated onto the dry proppant particles conveyed from the source thereof to form hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles. The hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are mixed with the fracturing fluid being pumped whereby the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are suspended therein. When the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles have been placed in the one or more fractures by the fracturing fluid, the pumping of the fracturing fluid, the coating of the hardenable resin composition onto the dry proppant particles and the mixing of the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles formed with the fracturing fluid are terminated. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles is allowed to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
The furfuryl alcohol resin, the furfuryl alcohol, the solvent, the silane coupling agent, the hydrolyzable ester mixture, and the surfactant that make up the liquid hardenable resin composition are present in the composition in the same amounts as described above.
The water in the gelled liquid fracturing fluid is selected from the group consisting of fresh water and salt water. The term "salt water" is used herein to mean unsaturated salt solutions and saturated salt solutions including brines and seawater.
The gelling agent in the fracturing fluid is generally present in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 % to about 2% by weight of water therein and more preferably in an amount of about 0.2% to about 1 %.
The gelled liquid fracturing fluid can include a cross-linking agent for increasing the viscosity of the fracturing fluid. Examples of suitable cross-linking agents include, but are not limited to, alkali metal borates, borax, boric acid and compounds capable of releasing multivalent metal ions in aqueous solutions. When used, the cross-linking agent is included in the fracturing fluid in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 2% by weight of water therein and more preferably in an amount of about 0.1 % to about 1%.
The fracturing fluid generally also includes a delayed viscosity breaker which functions to reduce the viscosity of the fracturing fluid and cause the resin composition coated proppant particles suspended in the fracturing fluid to be deposited in the fractures. Examples of delayed viscosity breakers which can be utilized include, but are not limited to, alkali metal and ammonium persulfates which are delayed by being encapsulated in a material which slowly releases the breaker, alkali metal chlorites, alkali metal hypochlorites and calcium hypochlorite. When used, the delayed viscosity breaker is included in the fracturing fluid in an amount in the range of from about 1% to about 5% by weight of water therein.
The hardenable resin composition of this invention for coating proppant particles and which hardens by heat is basically comprised of a furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, a solvent for the resin having a flash point above about 125°F, a silane coupling agent, optionally, a hydrolyzable ester for breaking gelled fracturing fluid films and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the hardenable resin composition on the proppant particles and for causing the hardenable resin composition to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles.
The furfuryl alcohol resin, the furfuryl alcohol, the solvent, the silane coupling agent, the hydrolyzable ester and the surfactant are as described above in connection with the methods of this invention and are present in the hardenable resin composition in the amounts set forth above.
The hardenable resin composition of this invention can be stored at high ambient temperatures for long periods of time without hardening or otherwise deteriorating.
An improved method of this invention for forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F is comprised of the steps of: (a) providing proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, a solvent for the resin, a silane coupling agent and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the resin on the proppant particles and for causing the resin to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles; (b) providing a gelled liquid fracturing fluid; (c) pumping the gelled liquid fracturing fluid into the subterranean zone to form the one or more fractures and to deposit the proppant particles therein; (d) mixing the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition with the fracturing fluid pumped in accordance with step (c) whereby the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition are suspended therein; (e) terminating steps (c) and (d) when the proppant particles coated with the hardenable resin composition have been deposited in the one or more fractures; and; (f) allowing the hardenable resin composition on the resin composition coated proppant particles to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
Another improved method of the present invention for forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above about 200°F is comprised of the steps of: (a) providing a liquid hardenable resin composition comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin, furfuryl alcohol, an ethylene glycol butyl ether solvent for the resin having a flash point above about 125°F, an n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent and a C12―C22 alkyl phosphate surfactant; (b) providing a source of dry proppant particles; (c) providing a gelled liquid fracturing fluid comprised of water and a gelling agent selected from the group consisting of guar gum, guar gum derivatives and cellulose derivatives; (d) pumping the gelled liquid fracturing fluid into the subterranean zone to form the one or more fractures therein and to place the proppant particles therein; (e) coating the hardenable resin composition onto the dry proppant particles conveyed from the source thereof to form hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles; (f) mixing the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles formed in step (e) with the fracturing fluid pumped in accordance with step (d) whereby the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles are suspended therein; (g) terminating steps (d), (e) and (f) when the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles have been placed in the one or more fractures; and (h) allowing the hardenable resin composition on the hardenable resin composition coated proppant particles to harden by heat and consolidate the proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs.
A hardenable resin composition of this invention for coating proppant particles comprises: a hardenable resin comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin; furfuryl alcohol; a solvent for the resin having a flash point above about 125°F; a silane coupling agent; and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of the hardenable resin composition on the proppant particles and for causing the hardenable resin composition to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles.
In order to further illustrate the methods and compositions of this invention, the following examples are given.
Example 1 Effect of Time and Temperature on Viscosity of Mixed Resin
Furfuryl alcohol resin ("Durez 33682™") obtained from the Durez Corporation was mixed with 1% of a silane coupling agent and 5% of an alkyl phosphate surfactant by weight of the furfuryl alcohol resin. The viscosity of the resin mixture was monitored with time at room temperature and at 120°F in an oven, using a Brookfield DV-II viscometer and spindle No. 3. The temperature of 120°F was selected to simulate the storage temperature in a warehouse during the summer months. Table I shows the recorded viscosities of the resin mixtures at different time periods. The results indicate that the viscosities of the resin mixtures remained substantially unchanged with time, even at higher temperature.
Days Viscosity (cp) of Resin Mixture Measured at Room Temperature Viscosity (cp) of Resin Mixture Measured at 120 °F
0 1395 -
4 2765 -
5 2586 -
13 2982 -
18 2675 448
19 2555 576
21 2406 640
26 2624 717
32 2701 666
55 2995 730
90 2675 680
Example 2 Consolidation Testing - Effect of Cure Time and Temperature
300 grams of 20/40-mesh bauxite proppant were dry coated with 9.0 mL of the resin mixture (3% by weight of proppant) before mixing in 360 mL of 35 lbs/Mgal carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar based fracturing fluid. The resin coated proppant slurry was then placed in a heat bath to bring the slurry temperature to 180°F. While stirring, 0.72 mL of an oxidizer breaker (2 gal/Mgal) and 0.126 mL of zirconium crosslinker (0.35 gal/Mgal) was added to the slurry. The content was stirred continuously at 180°F for one hour to simulate the effect of pumping. The slurry was then packed into brass chambers. The proppant packs were cured in an oven at different cure periods ranging from 3 hours to 7 days and at temperatures ranging from 250°F to 350°F without applying closure stress on the proppant packs. After each curing duration, the brass chambers containing the proppant packs were removed from the oven and allowed to cool down to room temperature. Cores were obtained from the consolidated proppant packs for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) measurements at room temperature. Table II shows the UCS values of the consolidated proppant cores. The results indicate that the unconfined compressive strengths of the proppant packs increases with cure time and begins to level off after 24 hour cure times. The mixed resin in the Series II testing contained encapsulated sodium bisulfate.
Cure Temperatures UCS (psi) Measured at Room Temperature After Various Curing Periods
Series I 3 hrs 4 hrs 5 hrs 6 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 7 days
300°F - - - - 89 487 1298
325°F 19 58 214 428 1306 - 1593
350°F - - - 106 1052 1223 1740
Series II 3 hrs 4 hrs 5 hrs 6 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 7 days
275°F NA - - - 145 - -
300°F NA - - 25 274 422 1003
325°F 80 - - 361 1261 1561 1642
350°F 146 - - 817 1313 - 1624

Claims (20)

  1. A hardenable resin composition for coating proppant particles and which hardens by heat, which composition comprises a hardenable resin comprised of furfuryl alcohol resin; furfuryl alcohol; a solvent for said resin having a flash point above 125°F; a silane coupling agent; and a surfactant for facilitating the coating of said hardenable resin composition on said proppant particles and for causing said hardenable resin composition to flow to the contact points between adjacent resin coated proppant particles.
  2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein said furfuryl alcohol resin is present in an amount of from 40% to 75% by weight of said composition.
  3. A composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said furfuryl alcohol is present in said hardenable resin composition in an amount of from 1% to 20%.
  4. A composition according to claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein said solvent for said resin having a flash point above 125°F is dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl formamide, diethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether, propylene carbonate, butyl acetate, furfuryl acetate, d'limonene or a fatty acid methyl esters.
  5. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein said solvent for said resin having a flash point above 125°F, is present in an amount of from 10% to 40% by weight of said composition.
  6. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein said silane coupling agent is N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane or n-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyl- trimethoxysilane.
  7. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein said silane coupling agent is present in said liquid hardenable resin composition in an amount of from 0.1% to 3% by weight of said composition.
  8. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, which further comprises a hydrolyzable ester for breaking gelled fracturing fluid films on said proppant particles.
  9. A composition according to claim 8, wherein said hydrolyzable ester is selected from the group consisting of a mixture of dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate and dimethylsuccinate, sorbitol, catechol, dimethylthiolate, methyl salicylate, dimethylsuccinate and terbutylhydroperoxide.
  10. A composition according to claim 9, wherein said hydrolyzable ester is present in said hardenable resin composition in an amount up to 3%.
  11. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 10, wherein said surfactant comprises at least one member selected from ethoxylated nonyl phenol phosphate ester, mixtures of one or more cationic surfactants and one or more non-ionic surfactants and a C12-C22 alkyl phosphonate surfactant.
  12. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 11, wherein said surfactant is present in an amount of from 1% to 15%, preferably from 4% to 8%, by weight of said composition.
  13. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein said proppant particles are graded sand.
  14. A method of forming one or more fractures in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore and consolidating proppant particles therein, the subterranean zone having a temperature above 200°F, which method comprises pumping a gelled liquid fracturing fluid into said subterranean zone, said fluid containing proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition suspended therein, to form one or more fractures and to deposit said proppant particles therein; and allowing said hardenable resin composition on said resin composition coated proppant particles to harden by heat and consolidate said proppant particles into one or more chemical and thermal degradation resistant permeable packs; wherein said resin composition is as claimed in any of claims 1 to 13.
  15. A method according to claim 14, wherein dry proppant particles have been coated with said resin composition; and wherein said gelled liquid fracturing fluid comprises water and a gelling agent selected from guar gum, guar gum derivatives and cellulose derivatives.
  16. A method according to claim 14 or 15, wherein said gelling agent is present in said fracturing fluid in an amount of from 0.2% to 1% by weight of water therein.
  17. A method according to claim 14, 15 or 16, wherein said gelled liquid fracturing fluid further comprises a cross-linking agent selected from alkali metal borates, borax, boric acid and compounds capable of releasing multivalent metal ions in aqueous solutions.
  18. A method according to claim 17, wherein said cross-linking agent is present in said fracturing fluid in an amount of from 0.2% to 1% by weight of water therein.
  19. A method according to any of claims 14 to 18, wherein said gelled liquid fracturing fluid further comprises a delayed viscosity breaker selected from alkali metal and ammonium persulfates which are delayed by being encapsulated in a material which slowly releases said breaker, alkali metal chlorites, alkali metal hypochlorites and calcium hypochlorites.
  20. A method according to claim 19, wherein said delayed viscosity breaker is present in said fracturing fluid in an amount of from 1% to 5% by weight of water therein.
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