EP1283036B2 - Dry powder for inhalation - Google Patents

Abstract

The use of magnesium stearate (I) in dry powder formulations for inhalation to improve resistance to moisture is new. Independent claims are also included for: (1) the use of magnesium stearate to reduce the effect of invasive moisture on the fine particles in dry powders for inhalation; and (2) dry powder formulations for inhalation comprising: (a) an inactive carrier of non-inhalant particle size; (b) a pharmaceutically active agent in the form of a salt or ester of inhalant particle size; and (c) 0.25-1 wt.% of magnesium stearate.

Description

The invention relates to improving the moisture resistance of dry powder formulations for inhalation in multidose dry powder inhalers as defined in claim 1.

Inhalation dry powder formulations have to meet a number of conflicting requirements, with the following in particular to be considered:

The active substance must be inhalable. In order to get into the lungs, it must be in particles of approx. 1 to 10 µm in size. Such microfine particles can be achieved, for example, by micronization, controlled precipitation from suitable solvents or by spray drying if the process conditions are selected, checked and carried out appropriately. However, microfine particles have a very unfavorable, i.e. large ratio of surface to volume or mass and therefore a large surface energy. This manifests itself in strong adhesion and cohesion tendencies, which in turn lead to poor flow properties and powder aggregation. Such microfine powders are therefore difficult to handle and are strongly influenced by electrostatic charging, processing, air humidity and the like.

In order to ensure consistent formulation of the formulation, mechanical filling of the powder inhaler and correct dosing and release by the powder inhaler, the powder must be free flowing. Good flow properties are generally expected when the particles are sufficiently large, preferably spherical, with a low surface energy and small contact areas.

In the case of powder inhalers with a reservoir, the finished pharmaceutical preparation is filled into the storage container in the form of a powder bed. A dose is removed by a suitably designed dosing device. The removal takes place volumetrically. The exact volumetric metering of the preparation requires for most active ingredients to be diluted with a pharmaceutically inactive excipient in order to obtain a meterable unit amount that meets the requirements for metering accuracy.

For powder inhalers that pre-dosed the drug If units such as capsules or blisters are released, the same restriction applies to the smooth operation of the filling machines of these unit cans.

In the case of a multidose dry powder inhaler, which contains a powder reservoir from which the individual doses are removed via a dosing mechanism, the powdered medicament is usually in contact with the ambient air and can thus be influenced by atmospheric humidity. However, the quality of the medication and the inhalation system must not deteriorate significantly due to the influence of external factors during the intended storage period and until the pack is used up.

In order to meet these requirements, the inhalable constituents (active ingredients), which are present in microfine particles, are mixed with pharmacologically inactive substances in order to obtain flowable powders. The dilution is chosen so that the amount delivered by the powder inhaler contains exactly the desired dose. The majority of the pharmacologically inactive excipient is intentionally in a particle size that cannot be inhaled. It not only serves to dilute, but also to set an acceptable, if possible good to very good, flowability of the powder mixture. In the case of these so-called interactive or ordered mixtures, it is the carrier substance to which the microfine active substance particles are bound by adhesion in order to achieve and maintain a suitable mixing quality, ie homogeneity of the mixture. The mixing process can also change the particle size of the carrier so that a certain proportion becomes inhalable. The particle size of the carrier used is generally based on the requirements and conditions of the powder inhaler which is intended for the application of the formulation. It applies to these mixtures that no segregation may take place during all necessary processing, transport, storage and dosing processes, ie the active substance particles must not detach from their carrier particles. During dispersion in the inhaler, triggered by the patient's respiratory flow, the active ingredient particles must be detached as effectively as possible, ie as quantitatively as possible, in order to be inhaled. The carrier is lactose in most cases, can but also be mannitol, trehalose or another suitable carrier material. Some inhalers available on the market also contain glucose as a carrier material.

It is known that the flow properties of ordered mixtures mainly depend on the physico-chemical properties of the carrier, which is usually mixed in excess. It is also known that the effectiveness of the release of the inhalable primary particles of the active ingredient by shear force depends not only on the physicochemical, substance-specific properties of the active ingredient and the physical, in particular aerodynamic properties of the powder inhaler, but also above all on the properties of the carrier. For this purpose, the quantity of active substance in fine, inhalable particles (fine particle dose or fine particle dose, hereinafter also referred to as FPD) or the fine particle fraction (fine.) Is used as an analytical measurement in vitro in so-called cascade impactors or liquid impingers, as described in various pharmacopoeias Particle Fraction, hereinafter also referred to as FPF) based on the total amount of active ingredient released.

Recent work shows that the smaller the particle size of the added lactose, the higher the FPF [ MJ Clarke, UJ Potter, P. Lucas, MJ Tobyn and JN Staniforth: Poster presentation at the "Drug Delivery to the Lungs VIII" conference of the Aerosol Society, London, December 15-16, 1997 ; and P. Lucas, MJ Clarke, K. Anderson, MJ Tobyn and JN Staniforth (1998): Lecture at the "Respiratory Drug Delivery VI" conference, Hilton Head Island, May 3 - 7, 1998 , Published in: RN Dalby, PR Byron and SJ Farr (Editor): Respiratory Drug Delivery VI, Interpharm Press, 1998, 243 ff. ]. However, this process reaches a natural limit because the flowability with smaller particles quickly becomes insufficient.

It could also be shown that when comparing the same sieve fractions of different lactose qualities, a recrystallized lactose achieved the higher FPF [ NM Kassem and D. Ganderton: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42 (1990), 11 ff. (Suppl .) and EP-B-0 464 171 ]. This effect is based on the fact that the active substance particles preferentially adhere to imperfections, cracks and breaks, ie to particularly activated centers (so-called "active sites" or "hot spots") of the carrier particles. The adhesive forces are greatest at these activated centers and therefore detachment during inhalation is also less likely. It has now been shown by electron microscope images that the recrystallized lactose is much more regular than the commercially available goods.

It is also known that crystalline α-lactose monohydrate also contains a small amount of amorphous lactose, which disrupts the regular crystal structure and thus ensures activated sites on the crystal surface [ G. Buckton and P. Darcy: Int. J. Pharm. 123 (1995), 265 ff. ; EM Phillips: Int. J. Pharm. 149 (1997), 267 ff. ]. With increased humidity, water can preferentially attach to these amorphous centers and, as a plasticizer, cause a conversion to the thermodynamically more stable crystal form [ BC Hancock and G. Zografi: J. Pharm. Sci. 86 (1997), 1 ff. ]. This in turn has the consequence that the storage stability of such powder preparations is limited when the air humidity is increased.

In WO 95/11666 It was proposed to saturate the active centers by adding microfine lactose with the aim of providing the active substance with only less energy-binding sites on the lactose when the final mixture was produced. Since the detachment therefore requires less energy during inhalation, the FPF should increase significantly, which could be clearly demonstrated. The same applies to the procedure described in WO-A-93/11746 is described.

In J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 34: 141-145 (1982 ) it was also found that the addition of a third powder component to a previously formed ordered mixture of salicylic acid (1%) and sucrose as a result of charge interactions can influence the physical stability of ternary mixtures in different ways. The addition of 0.5-4.0% magnesium stearate impaired the adhesion of the salicylic acid particles to the sucrose carrier, the proportion of weakly bound active substance particles increasing with increasing magnesium stearate concentration. This finding was attributed to a change in the charge interactions on the surface of the sucrose carrier particles as a result of the positive electrostatic charge of the magnesium stearate and the negative charge of the salicylic acid and sucrose particles. This effect and the fact that the addition of a third component, which preferably attaches to the carrier particles, can displace the active substance particles from their adhesion sites has already been described in J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 31: 800 (1979 ) pointed out. In contrast, by adding 2% corn starch, the adhesion of the active ingredient particles was increased and the amount of active ingredient adhering to sucrose was increased, while by adding 2% talc, the adhesive forces between the particles were generally increased. Similar effects were also made by NM Kassem [PhD thesis DX187842, University of London, 1990 ] found and also explained by the electrostatic properties of the components. This doctoral thesis does not mention multidose dry powder inhalers and does not deal with the moisture sensitivity of such formulations.

In WO-A-87/05213 it has been proposed, on the other hand, for the preparation of inhalable powders, carriers, consisting of microgranules of a conglomerate of one or more solid water-soluble diluents, such as lactose, xylitol, mannitol, arabinose or dextran, with a lubricant, such as magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, colloidal silica, hydrogenated oil or fatty substances, to use. The microgranules preferably have a grain size of 30-150 μm and are produced by adding the lubricant to an aqueous solution of part of the solid diluent, granulating the remaining diluent together with this mixture and sieving the granules obtained. The use of such carriers is said to enable, inter alia, improved flow properties and improved self-lubricating properties.

The EP-A-0 272 772 also describes pharmaceutical compositions in powder form for inhalation with the micronized active ingredients beclomethasone dipropionate or salbutamol.

The DD-A-98 022 describes a pharmaceutical formulation in the form of a capsule suitable for use in an inhaler containing a composition of active ingredient, magnesium stearate and lactose.

The WO 96 23485 discloses powder formulations for use in dry powder inhalers which contain carrier particles with addition of, for example, magnesium stearate in addition to active ingredient particles.

Repertorio Farmaceutico Italiano, 3a Edizione, CEDOF EDITORE, Milano, 1989, p. A-303 - A-305 discloses a multi-dose inhalation device containing a dry powder formulation with active ingredient, lactose and magnesium stearate.

In Journal of Aerosol Medicine 11 (3), pp. 143-152 (1998 ) the dry powder inhaler "Pulvinal" and a dry powder formulation contained therein with beclomethasone dipropionate and 0.25% by weight magnesium stearate are examined.

Pharmaceutical Research 14 (11), November 1997 (Supplement, Abstract 1405 ) examines the deposition behavior and the electrostatic properties of powder formulations for inhalation in vitro. It is concluded that magnesium stearate in amounts of 0.75% or more reduces the stability of salbutamol / lactose mixtures, which is found by an increase in FPF.

However, it has been shown that powder mixtures, in particular interactive powder mixtures, are sensitive to the moisture in the ambient air. They are therefore only of limited suitability for use in a multidose dry powder inhaler, which contains a powder reservoir, since this does not normally represent a sealed packaging in the sense of a hermetic barrier against water vapor. This usually manifests itself in a dramatic drop in the inhalable portion of the dose delivered, which is determined in vitro as FPD or FPF. The drop is due to a stronger adhesion of the micronized active substance particles to the carrier particles, since from a relative air humidity of approx. 60% so-called liquid bridges are created in the interstices by water vapor condensation, which contribute to a stronger binding energy. Visually visible signs of this process are crusting or clumping, which do not necessarily have to be observed in every case. The process is irreversible because when the liquid bridges dry up, so-called solid bridges are formed. Among other things, the water uptake tendency or the water sorption capacity of the substances involved is decisive for the extent of the deterioration of the powder properties with high humidity storage.

The invention relates to the use of dusty magnesium stearate as defined in claim 1.

Special embodiments of the invention are the subject of claims 2 to 8.

Surprisingly, it has been shown that magnesium stearate is able to minimize the influence of moisture penetration on the FPD and the FPF during the storage of the inhalation powder, i.e. to prevent or at least significantly slow down a deterioration of the FPD and the FPF caused by moisture and to stabilize the dry powder formulation. The original quality of the pharmaceutical preparation remains much better than with conventional preparations even when stored under extreme conditions of temperature and humidity. The improvement usually manifests itself in that the influence of moisture on the mass average of the aerodynamic particle diameter (Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter, hereinafter also referred to as MMAD) and on the accuracy and reproducibility of the dose delivered can be prevented or greatly slowed down. These effects are particularly pronounced for active substances that are sensitive to moisture, since any hygroscopicity of the active substance promotes water absorption and thus the formation of liquid bridges. In addition, the use of magnesium stearate generally leads to a general improvement in FPD and FPF. It is conceivable that, in addition to general moisture protection, the magnesium stearate also stabilizes the carrier materials and active ingredients in such a way that undesired morphological phase transitions are prevented or slowed down.

The use of magnesium stearate enables Improving moisture resistance, ie reducing sensitivity to humidity, from dry powder formulations for inhalation. The use of magnesium stearate accordingly improves the storage stability and in particular reduces the influence of moisture penetration on the FPF (and the FPD), which allows the maintenance of high FPD and FPF even under comparatively extreme temperature and humidity conditions.

The corresponding dry powder formulations comprise a pharmaceutically inactive carrier in an inhalable particle size, a finely divided pharmaceutical active ingredient in an inhalable particle size (ie with an average particle diameter of preferably at most 10 μm, in particular at most 5 μm) and - to improve the moisture resistance - magnesium stearate, and the like are in the form of so-called interactive (or ordered or adhesive) mixtures. If desired, the dry powder formulations can also contain a proportion of carrier material in an inhalable particle size.

The expression “interactive mixture” or “ordered mixture” or “adhesive mixture” is familiar to the person skilled in the art and, in the context of the present invention, comprises dry powder formulations in which the pharmacologically inactive carrier is present in a particle size which is not inhalable or predominantly not inhalable , and in which microfine active substance particles are bound to the carrier particles by adhesion (ie not contained in the carrier, for example in the form of granules).

It was found that magnesium stearate is generally suitable for improving the moisture resistance of any dry powder formulations, regardless of the type of active ingredients and carrier materials. However, the improvement is particularly pronounced in the case of dry powders, the combination of active ingredient and carrier - ie without the addition of magnesium stearate - is highly sensitive to the influence of atmospheric humidity and, for example, with open storage at 40 ° C and 75% relative humidity within 10 days shows a decrease in FPF by at least 50%. A high sensitivity of the FPF or FPD on Humidity is often observed when the active ingredient is in the form of a salt or ester and / or is comparatively hygroscopic or hydrophilic.

In this sense, an active ingredient is hygroscopic if it never completely dries out at a water vapor pressure in the drying air> 0, ie in contact with air with a moisture content> 0% relative humidity, but always contains a certain amount of absorptively bound water [ H. Sucker, P. Fuchs and P. Speiser: Pharmaceutical Technology, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 2nd edition 1991, page 85 ]. The use of magnesium stearate is particularly advantageous if the active ingredient is comparatively hygroscopic and, for example, absorbs or retains at least about 0.5% by weight adsorptively bound water when stored in drying air with a relative humidity of 50%.

A hydrophilic active ingredient powder is when it can be easily wetted by water, whereby in the context of the present invention, hydrophilic active ingredient powders are to be understood in particular those which have, for example, a wetting angle of less than 90 ° [ Martin, Swarbrick and Cammarata: Physikalische Pharmazie, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, 3rd edition 1987, page 534 ]. The use of magnesium stearate according to the invention is particularly advantageous in the case of active ingredient powders which have a wetting angle of less than 70 °.

The use of magnesium stearate to improve the moisture resistance of dry powder formulations is therefore particularly preferred in the case of dry powder formulations which contain an active pharmaceutical ingredient which is in the form of a salt or ester and / or when stored in drying air with a relative humidity of 50 % absorbs or retains at least about 0.5% by weight of adsorbed water and / or has a wetting angle of less than 90 °, in particular less than 70 °.

The use of magnesium stearate is advantageous for use in multidose dry powder inhalers that have a powder reservoir included, from which the individual cans are removed via a dosing mechanism.

The active ingredient present in the formulations can in principle be any pharmaceutical active ingredient which can be administered by inhalation in dry powders. So that the active ingredient is inhalable, i.e. can get into the lungs, it must be in particles with an average particle diameter (measured as MMAD) of at most about 10 μm, for example about 1 to 10 μm and preferably about 1 to 6 μm. Such microfine particles can be obtained in a known or known manner, for example by micronization, controlled precipitation from suitable solvents (for example also from supercritical carbon dioxide) or by spray drying, if the process conditions are selected, controlled and carried out appropriately.

The formulations can be used as active compound, preferably a beta-mimetic, such as levalbuterol, terbutaline, reproterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, formoterol, fenoterol, clenbuterol, bambuterol, tulobuterol, broxaterol, epinephrine, isoprenaline or hexoprenaline, an anticholinergic, such as tiotropium, ipratropium, oxitropium or glycopyrronium, a corticosteroid, such as Butixocart, Rofleponid, Budesonid, Cicosenid, Mometason, Fluticason, Beclomethason, Loteprednol or Triamcinolon, a leukotriene antagonist, such as Andolast, Iralukast, Pranlukast, Imitrodast, Seratrodirodin, Sterastodirastin, or Zilastastinase, Zilastastinase or Zastilastinase Piclamilast, a PAF inhibitor such as Apafant, Forapafant or Israpafant, a potassium channel opener such as amiloride or furosemide, a pain reliever such as morphine, fentanyl, pentazozin, buprenorphine, pethidine, tilidine, methadone or heroin, a sexual enhancer such as sildenafil, alprostad Phentolamine, a peptide or protein, such as In sulin, erythropoietin, gonadotropin or vasopressin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative or salt of these compounds. In the case of chiral active ingredients, this can be in the form of an optical isomer, a diastereoisomer mixture or racemate. If desired, the formulations according to the invention can have two or more contain active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Since moisture sensitivity is often a major problem, especially in the case of active ingredients which are present as salts or esters, the use of magnesium stearate is particularly advantageous in dry powder formulations which contain at least one pharmaceutical active ingredient in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example a chloride , Bromide, iodide, nitrate, carbonate, sulfate, methyl sulfate, phosphate, acetate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, fumarate, malonate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, lactate, gluconate, glutamate, edetate, mesylate, pamoate, pantothenate or hydroxynaphthoate, or a pharmaceutical Active ingredient in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, for example an acetate, propionate, phosphate, succinate or etabonate.

It is particularly preferred to use magnesium stearate in dry powder formulations which contain a betamimetic and / or an anticholinergic and / or a corticosteroid, and in particular in dry powder formulations which contain a betamimetic and / or an anticholinergic and / or a corticosteroid in the form of a contain pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester, for example a betamimetic in the form of a salt, such as Levalbuterol sulfate, formoterol fumarate, formoterol tartrate, salbutamol sulfate or salmeterol xinafoate (salmeterol 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate), or an anticholinergic in the form of a salt, e.g. Oxitropium bromide, glycopyrrolate (glycopyrronium bromide), ipratropium bromide or tiotropium bromide, or a corticosteroid in the form of an ester, e.g. Beclomethasone dipropiponate, fluticasone propionate, triamcinolone 16,21-diacetate, triamcinolone acetonide-21-disodium phosphate, triamcinolone acetonide-21-hemisuccinate, mometasone furoate or combination thereof, loteabonate with salbutamol sulfate.

According to a further preferred aspect, the formulations can in particular also include a corticosteroid, such as cicosenide, rofleponide, fluticasone propionate, mometasone furoate or loteprednol etabonate, in combination with a beta-mimetic, such as formoterol fumarate, Formoterol tartrate, levalbuterol sulfate or salmeterol xinafoate.

The amount of active ingredient in the formulations can vary within wide limits and depends to a large extent on the particular active ingredient and to a certain extent also on the powder inhaler used. Typically, the active ingredient concentration can be about 0.1 to 10% by weight, in particular about 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the overall formulation. Occasionally, higher or lower concentrations may also be expedient, but active substance concentrations below 0.001% by weight or below 0.01% by weight rarely occur.

For the exact volumetric dosing of most active substances or formulations, the active substance must be diluted with a pharmaceutically inactive auxiliary in order to obtain a dosed unit quantity that meets the requirements for dosing accuracy. For this purpose, the microfine, inhalable active ingredient particles are mixed with pharmacologically inactive substances (carriers). The dilution is chosen so that the amount delivered by the powder inhaler contains exactly the desired dose. The pharmacologically inactive excipient preferably serves not only to dilute, but also to adjust the flowability of the powder mixture as well as possible, and in the case of the so-called interactive or ordered mixtures which are preferably used, it is the carrier substance to which the microfine active substance particles are bound by adhesion, and so on a suitable mix quality, ie To achieve and maintain homogeneity of the mixture.

The carrier is preferably present in the formulation in a particle size that cannot be inhaled. On the other hand, the carrier particles should not be too large, since this can have an adverse effect on the FPF. The optimal particle size of the carrier used is generally based on the requirements and conditions of the powder inhaler which is intended for the application of the formulation. Carriers with conventional particle sizes can be used in the context of the present invention, and optimum particle sizes can easily be determined by the person skilled in the art on a case-by-case basis. In general, however, the middle one The particle diameter (MMAD) of the carrier particles is approximately 10 to 500 μm and preferably approximately 50 to 200 μm.

The adhesion of the active ingredient particles to the carrier particles should be sufficient that no separation takes place during the processing, transport, storage and dosing processes, but on the other hand not so high that the active ingredient particles detach as quantitatively as possible during the dispersion in the inhaler, triggered by the Respiratory flow of the patient is no longer guaranteed. In addition to the physico-chemical properties of the active ingredient and the aerodynamic properties of the powder inhaler, the effectiveness of the release of the active ingredient particles depends above all on the properties of the carrier, in particular the type of carrier and its surface structure, average particle size and particle size distribution.

In principle, all carrier materials commonly used in dry powder formulations are suitable for the purposes of the present invention, for example mono- or disaccharides, such as glucose, lactose, lactose monohydrate, sucrose or trehalose, sugar alcohols, such as mannitol or xylitol, polylactic acid or cyclodextrin, where glucose, Trehalose and especially lactose monohydrate are generally preferred. If desired, the formulations can also contain two or more carrier materials. If desired, the formulation can also contain a proportion of inhalable carrier particles in addition to non-inhalable carrier particles; for example, in addition to coarser lactose monohydrate carrier particles, it can contain e.g. Contain 0.1 to 10% by weight of micronized lactose monohydrate, which for example can have a particle diameter of at most 10 µm, preferably at most 5 µm, for at least 50% of the particles.

The proportion of carrier material in the formulations can vary within a wide range, depending on the dilution necessary or desirable for the respective active ingredient and the amount of magnesium stearate used to improve the moisture resistance. The proportion of carrier material in the overall formulation can be, for example, approximately 80 to 99.9 % By weight, but depending on the active ingredient, higher or lower proportions may also be advantageous.

The concentration of magnesium stearate can vary. With regard to toxicological safety, the magnesium stearate concentration will not be above about 1% by weight, with a concentration range of about 0.4 to 0.8% by weight, preferably about 0.5 to 0.75% by weight. %, has proven particularly useful in most cases. The magnesium stearate is used as a dusty material; the particle size is not particularly critical.

If desired, the formulations may contain further components. However, they preferably consist of one or more pharmaceutically ineffective carriers, one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients and magnesium stearate.

The dry powder formulations can be prepared by using a pharmaceutically inactive carrier in an inhalable particle size (which can optionally contain a proportion in an inhalable particle size), a finely divided pharmaceutical active ingredient in an inhalable particle size, for example with an average particle diameter of at most 10 μm (preferably at most 5 µm), and magnesium stearate mixed together. The constituents can in principle be mixed with one another in any order, but the mixing should expediently be carried out in such a way that the particles of the constituents - apart from the adhesion to the carrier particles - are essentially retained as such, ie are not destroyed, for example by granulation and the like become. According to a preferred variant, however, a premix of magnesium stearate with the carrier can first be prepared and then the active ingredient particles can be added. According to a further preferred variant, a premix of the active ingredient with the carrier can first be prepared and then the magnesium stearate can be added. The mixing can be carried out in a manner known per se, for example in a tumble mixer. In each of these processes, preferably dust-like magnesium stearate with an average particle size and approximately 1 to 100 microns, especially about 5 to 20 microns, are added.

The described dry powder formulations are used in multidose dry powder inhalers which contain a powder reservoir, in particular in multidose powder inhalers as in WO 97/20589 described, applied.

Special dry powder formulations for inhalation with improved moisture resistance contained in the multidose dry powder inhaler according to the invention comprise a pharmaceutically inactive carrier in non-inhalable particle size, a finely divided active pharmaceutical ingredient in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester in inhalable particle size (preferably with an average particle diameter of at most 10 µm, in particular at most 5 µm) and 0.25 to 1% by weight, based on the total formulation, of magnesium stearate. Dry powder formulations which are in the form of interactive mixtures are preferred. Preferred active ingredient salts and esters, carrier materials, quantity ranges, methods and the like result from the above description.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples. In the examples, rF denotes the relative humidity; the designation nb indicates that the value in question has not been determined. The tests were each carried out using a SkyePharma mDPI dry powder inhaler (SkyePharma AG, Switzerland) according to WO 97/20589 , Unless otherwise stated, the FPD and FPF were determined using a twin impinger. Unless otherwise stated, sieving was carried out using a sieve with a hole size of 180 µm. To determine the sensitivity to moisture, the dry powders, except in Example 7, were each stored open without moisture protection.

Example 1 198.46 g of lactose monohydrate with a defined grain size <200 μm for 100%, <125 μm for 50% and <75 μm for 10% of the particles (sieve analysis) are sieved and mixed with 1 g of sieved magnesium stearate using a tumble mixer , Then 0.54 g of formoterol fumarate dihydrate and the premix are sieved and mixed. The so The mixture obtained is filled into a suitable metering dry powder inhaler. For the exact analytical determination of the particle size distribution and especially the FPD or FPF, an adequate number of doses is given in an impactor or impinger described in the European Pharmacopoeia or other national pharmacopoeia, e.g. the so-called twin impinger or multi stage liquid impinger, according to the methods also described there and collected. The captured and separated active substance particles are processed into sample solutions in standard analytical procedures and the quantities of active substance separated in each size class are determined. To test the stability against moisture, samples of the inhalation powder are stored open at 40 ° C / 75% RH or another suitable condition over a period of several days to weeks and then tested in the powder inhaler as described above.

The results obtained with the ternary mixture prepared (formulation 1-A) and with conventional mixtures (formulations 1-B and 1-C) in a 5-stage liquid impinger in accordance with Ph. Eur. And the compositions of the mixtures (in% by weight) %) are listed in Table 1. In comparison to the conventional interactive mixtures, the ternary mixture according to the invention with magnesium stearate has the advantage of an increased FPD or FPF and a significantly improved stability of the FPD or FPF when stored at 40 ° C./75% RH. As the results for formulation 1-C show, in conventional formulations by adding micronized lactose an initial increase in FPD and FPF can be achieved, but not protection against the influence of increased temperature and humidity. This is also evident from the MMAD values determined for formulations 1-A and 1-C immediately after production or after 7 or 13 days of storage of the dry powder at 40 ° C./75% rh: for formulation 1-A after production 1 , 8 µm, after 7 days 1.9 µm and after 13 days 1.9 µm; for formulation 1-C after manufacture 2.2 µm, after 7 days 4.5 µm and after 13 days 5.5 µm. In contrast to the conventional formulation, the MMAD remains constant in the formulation according to the invention, what the results of the FPD and FPF investigation confirmed. <u> Table 1 </u> formulation 1-A 1-B (comparison) 1-C (comparison) Lactose monohydrate 99.23% 99.73% 97.24% Lactose monohydrate micronized 0.00% 0.00% 2.49% magnesium stearate 0.50% 0.00% 0.00% Formoterol fumarate dihydrate micronized 0.27% 0.27% 0.27% FPD after manufacture [µg per stroke] 4.7 1.3 3.3 FPD after 3-4 days at 40 ° C / 75% RH [µg per stroke] 4.5 nb 1.0 FPF after manufacture [% active ingredient found] 42.5 13.7 35.9 FPF after 3-4 days at 40 ° C / 75% RH [% active ingredient found] 37.3 nb 11.0

Example 2

97.23 g lactose monohydrate with a defined grain size <200 µm for 100%, <125 µm for 50% and <75 µm for 10% of the particles (sieve analysis) are sieved and with 2.5 g sieved micronized lactose monohydrate ( 50% of the particles <5 µm) mixed in a tumble mixer. Then 0.27 g of formoterol fumarate dihydrate and the premix are sieved and mixed. The mixture thus obtained is mixed with 0.125 g of sieved magnesium stearate and filled into a suitable metering dry powder inhaler. For the analytical determination of the FPD or FPF, an adequate number of doses is placed in a Twin Impinger or Multi Stage Liquid Impinger submitted and collected. The captured and separated active substance particles are processed into sample solutions and the quantities of active substance deposited in each size class are determined. To test the stability against moisture, samples of the inhalation powder are stored open at 40 ° C / 75% RH over a period of a few days and then tested in the powder inhaler as described above.

The results obtained with the mixture prepared (formulation 2) and with a conventional mixture (formulation 1-C) in a 5-stage liquid impinger in accordance with Ph. Eur. And the compositions of the mixtures (in% by weight) are shown in table 2 listed. Compared to the conventional interactive mixture, the mixture according to the invention with magnesium stearate has the advantage of an increased FPD or FPF and an improved stability of the FPD or FPF when stored at 40 ° C./75% RH <u> Table 2 </u> formulation 2 1-C (Comparison) Lactose monohydrate 96.75% 97.24% Lactose monohydrate micronized 2.48% 2.49% magnesium stearate 0.50% 0.00% Formoterol fumarate dihydrate micronized 0.27% 0.27 FPD after manufacture [µg per stroke] 5.3 3.3 FPD after 3-4 days at 40 ° C / 75% RH [µg per stroke] nb 1.0 FPF after manufacture [% active ingredient found] 41.4 35.9 FPF after 3-4 days at 40 ° C / 75% RH [% active ingredient found] nb 11.0

Example 3

97 g lactose monohydrate with a defined grain size <110 µm for 90%, <70 µm for 50% and <40 µm for 10% of the particles (sieve analysis) are sieved and mixed with 0.5 g of sieved magnesium stearate in a tumble mixer. Then 2.5 g of salbutamol sulfate and the premix are sieved and mixed. The mixture thus obtained is filled into a suitable metering dry powder inhaler. For the analytical determination of the FPD or FPF, an adequate number of doses are dispensed into a twin impinger and collected. The captured and separated active substance particles are processed into sample solutions and the quantities of active substance deposited in each size class are determined. To test the stability against moisture, samples of the inhalation powder are stored open at 40 ° C / 75% rh over a period of 7 days and then tested in the powder inhaler as described above.

The results obtained with the ternary mixture prepared (formulation 3-A) and with a conventional binary mixture (formulation 3-B) in a twin impinger in accordance with Ph. Eur. And the compositions of the mixtures (in% by weight) are shown in the table 3 listed. The ternary mixture with magnesium stearate achieves a higher FPD or FPF and is much more stable when stored at 40 ° C / 75% RH <u> Table 3 </u> formulation 3-A 3-B (Comparison) Lactose monohydrate 97.00% 97.50% magnesium stearate 0.50% 0.00% Salbutamol sulfate micronized 2.50% 2.50% FPD after manufacture [µg per stroke] 39.5 26.2 FPD after 7 days at 40 ° C / 75% RH [µg per stroke] 27.8 11.3 FPF after manufacture [% active ingredient found] 37.4 25.3 FPF after 7 days at 40 ° C / 75% RH [% active ingredient found] 35.6 9.7

Example 4

1196 g lactose monohydrate with a defined grain size <315 µm for 100%, <150 µm for 55-90% and <63 µm for a maximum of 10% of the particles (sieve analysis) are sieved and with 3 g sieved magnesium stearate in a tumble mixer (tumble blender TB) mixed. Then 1.44 g of formoterol fumarate dihydrate and the premix are sieved and mixed. In an analogous manner, further formulations are produced by varying the batch size, the process parameters and the amounts of magnesium stearate and formoterol fumarate in order to investigate their influence on the stability of the FPD. The mixtures obtained are - after production or after subsequent storage of the open mixture at elevated temperature and humidity - filled into a suitable metering dry powder inhaler. The in-vitro particle size distribution and the FPD or FPF are determined with a multi-stage liquid impinger at an adequate number of doses.

The results showed that when the powder mixtures were produced with a tumble mixer, practically only the concentration of magnesium stearate was responsible for the stability with regard to the FPD, while the other parameters in the area examined were practically irrelevant for the stability under increased humidity. Table 4 shows the batch size, the concentration of magnesium stearate (MS) and the concentration of formoterol fumarate dihydrate (FF) for some representative mixtures as well as their FPF values measured in a 5-stage liquid impinger according to Ph. Eur Production or after storage at 40 ° C / 75% RH for 7 days were compiled. The values given are mean values from three determinations each. The results show that the FPF is hardly affected by increased temperature and humidity if the magnesium stearate concentration is sufficient. The FPF of 32.3% measured for formulation 1-A after 3 weeks of storage at 40 ° C./75% rh also seems to indicate that long-term protection against the influence is maintained even at a suboptimal magnesium stearate concentration increased temperature and humidity is reached. <u> Table 4 </u> formulation batch size MS FF FPF after 0 d FPF after 7 d [Kg] [% G / G] [% G / G] [%] [%] 4-A 1.2 0.25 0.12 42.5 33.6 4-B 4.8 0.50 0.12 49.3 nb 4-C 4.8 0.75 0.12 56.9 56.8 4-D 1.2 0.25 0.34 50.0 33.5 4-E 4.8 0.50 0.34 58.1 nb 4-F 4.8 0.75 0.34 59.2 57.2 1-C (comparison) 0.2 0.00 0.27 39.7 12.3 1-A 0.2 0.50 0.27 44.8 32.5

Example 5

49.5 g lactose monohydrate with a defined grain size <200 µm for 100%, <125 µm for 50% and <75 µm for 10% of the particles (sieve analysis) are sieved and mixed with 0.25 g of sieved magnesium stearate in a tumble mixer , Then 0.25 g of salbutamol sulfate and the premix are sieved and mixed. In an analogous manner, further mixtures according to Table 5 are produced by varying the concentration of magnesium stearate (MS) and salbutamol sulfate (SS). The mixtures obtained are immediately after preparation or after storage at 40 ° C / 75% RH. filled into a suitable dosing dry powder inhaler for 5 or 21 days. To determine the FPD or FPF, an adequate number of doses are dispensed into a twin impinger in accordance with Ph. Eur., Collected and the active ingredient content of the individual fractions is determined analytically.

The FPF values given in Table 5 (mean values from two measurements) show that magnesium stearate also provides protection against increased temperature and moisture in the case of the moisture-sensitive active ingredient salbutamol sulfate, but stabilizes the FPF is only achieved at higher magnesium stearate concentrations than with formoterol fumarate preparations. <u> Table 5 </u> formulation MS SS FPF [%] after [% G / G] [% G / G] 0 d 5 d 21 d 5-A 0.5 0.5 9.3 14.2 12.0 5-B 0.5 1.0 22.3 17.1 14.9 5-C 0.5 2.5 30.2 25.6 22.3 5-D 1.0 0.5 19.0 18.8 13.5 5-E 1.0 1.0 23.0 20.1 15.8 5-F 1.0 2.5 25.0 22.6 20.8 5-G 2.5 1.0 22.7 23.4 21.5 5-H 2.5 2.5 25.9 26.4 27.4 Comparison: 5-I 0.0 0.5 13.5 5.3 4.0 5-J 0.0 1.0 19.7 9.5 6.6 5-K 0.0 2.5 25.3 14.8 13.9

Example 6

99.2 g lactose monohydrate with a grain size <315 µm for 100%, <150 µm for 55-90% and <63 µm for a maximum of 10% of the particles (sieve analysis) are sieved and combined with 0.5 g of sieved magnesium stearate Tumble mixer mixed. Then 0.34 g of tiotropium bromide and the premix are sieved and mixed. After preparation or after storage at 40 ° C./75% rh for 7 days, the mixture obtained is filled into a suitable metering dry powder inhaler. To determine the FPD or FPF, an adequate number of doses are dispensed into a multi-stage impinger according to Ph. Eur., Collected and the active ingredient content of the individual fractions is determined analytically. The samples filled immediately after production gave an FPD of 8.0 µg and an FPF of 48.4% (mean values from 2 measurements); for the samples stored under moist conditions for 7 days, an FPD of 6.9 µg and an FPF of 43.0% obtained (mean values from 4 measurements), ie stabilization with 0.5% magnesium stearate results in a sufficiently uniform FPD or FPF even in the case of the moisture-sensitive tiotropium bromide.

Example 7

To investigate the influence of increased moisture and temperature on formulations according to the invention under practical conditions, dry powder inhalers of the SkyePharma mDPI type (SkyePharma AG, Switzerland) were used, in accordance with the disclosure of WO 97/20589 , each filled with 2 g of dry powder freshly prepared according to Example 1, from 99.23% by weight lactose monohydrate, 0.50% by weight magnesium stearate and 0.27% by weight micronized formoterol fumarate dihydrate (formulation 1-A) , The in vitro data were determined immediately after filling and after 3, 6 and 12 months of storage of the unpacked inhalers without moisture protection at various temperature and humidity conditions. The doses delivered and the lifting masses were determined on the basis of strokes Nos. 2-4, 149-152 and 298-300 from three inhalers each, which according to the Collins at the Drug Delivery to the Lungs VIII conference, London, December 1998 (conference documents pages 116-119 ) method described in a Büchner funnel. The FPD or FPF was at 60 l / min. determined with a 5-stage liquid impactor according to Ph. Eur. using strokes Nos. 6-15 and 287-296 from three inhalers each. The mean values and relative standard deviations compiled in Table 6 show that the formulation according to the invention is hardly impaired over long periods of time, even under comparatively extreme temperature and humidity conditions. <u> Table 6 </u> storage Lifting mass [mg] Dispensed dose [µg] FPF [%] FPD [µg] No 6.0 (± 5.4%) 10.2 (± 10.1%) 43.5 6.0 25 ° C / 60% RH: 3 months 6.1 (± 4.8%) 10.5 (± 9.5%) 40.8 5.4 6 months 5.9 (± 8.2%) 10.9 (± 6.9%) 47.8 7.0 12 months 6.1 (± 5.0%) 12.1 (± 5.9%) 42.2 5.9 30 ° C / 70% RH: 3 months 6.1 (± 6.9%) 11.0 (± 12.9%) 40.1 5.6 6 months 6.2 (± 8.7%) 10.6 (± 11.5%) 39.9 5.7 12 months 6.3 (± 4.3%) 10.7 (± 5.9%) 42.0 5.7 40 ° C / 75% RH: 3 months 5.8 (± 9.7%) 9.9 (± 9.8%) 38.1 5.2 6 months 6.0 (± 19.5%) 10.3 (± 19.2%) 35.1 4.9 12 months 6.7 (± 6.8%) 10.7 (± 7.9%) 37.9 5.4

Example 8

In a manner analogous to Example 4, a dry powder consisting of 0.2% by weight of formoterol fumarate dihydrate, 0.5% by weight of glycopyrrolate, 0.5% by weight of magnesium stearate and 98.8% by weight of lactose was Monohydrate produced.

Claims (8)

1. Use, to improve the resistance of a dry powder formulation to moisture, of magnesium stearate in powder form in the production of a multi-dose dry powder inhaler having a powder reservoir and a metering mechanism for removing single doses from the powder reservoir, wherein the powder reservoir contains the dry powder formulation for inhalation, wherein the dry powder formulation, which contains a powder of a pharmaceutically inactive carrier in a non-inhalable particle size, comprises a powder of a finely divided pharmaceutical active substance in an inhalable particle size and 0.4 to 1 wt.%, based on the dry powder formulation, of magnesium stearate in powder form, those dry powder formulations for inhalation which comprise alpha-lactose monohydrate mixed with 0.5 wt.% of magnesium stearate as a carrier and beclomethasone dipropionate or salbutamol base being excluded, and wherein the active substance and the magnesium stearate are bound to the carrier particles by adhesion.
2. Use according to claim 1, wherein the magnesium stearate has a mean particle size of 5 to 20 µm.
3. Use according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the dry powder formulation contains a pharmaceutical active substance which is present in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester.
4. Use according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the magnesium stearate is present in a concentration of 0.4 to 0.8 wt.%, based on the dry powder formulation.
5. Use according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the pharmaceutical active substance is a beta mimetic, anticholinergic, corticosteroid, leukotriene antagonist, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, PAF inhibitor, potassium channel opener, analgesic, potentiator, peptide or protein.
6. Use according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the pharmaceutical active substance is a beta mimetic and/or an anticholinergic and/or a corticosteroid.
7. Use according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the magnesium stearate is present in a concentration of 0.5 to 0.75 wt.%, based on the dry powder formulation.
8. Use according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the dry powder formulation additionally contains a proportion of carrier particles in an inhalable particle size.