EP1062670B1 - Procede d'assemblage d'un ensemble optique comprenant des coquilles coaxiales, notamment pour telescope a rayons x - Google Patents
Procede d'assemblage d'un ensemble optique comprenant des coquilles coaxiales, notamment pour telescope a rayons x Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1062670B1 EP1062670B1 EP99958321A EP99958321A EP1062670B1 EP 1062670 B1 EP1062670 B1 EP 1062670B1 EP 99958321 A EP99958321 A EP 99958321A EP 99958321 A EP99958321 A EP 99958321A EP 1062670 B1 EP1062670 B1 EP 1062670B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- shell
- support
- putting
- place
- optical assembly
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
- G21K1/06—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diffraction, refraction or reflection, e.g. monochromators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49764—Method of mechanical manufacture with testing or indicating
- Y10T29/49771—Quantitative measuring or gauging
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of assembling a optical assembly having first and second longitudinal ends and comprising N coaxial shells, forming as many elementary mirrors, and of which each extends between said first and second ends and present at said first end a first diameter and at said second end a second diameter greater than the first, the shells can be complete cylinders or cylinder segments.
- Such an optical assembly is in particular known as a mirror WOLTER I type telescope for which each elementary mirror is a mirror for X-rays in grazing incidence and is in the form of a surface of revolution having a parabolic region of revolution (on the side of the second end of larger diameter) and a hyperbolic region of revolution (on the side of the first end of smaller diameter).
- each shell starting with the one that is the most central, is measured, then positioned by its second end and fixed on a support, integration taking place from the center outwards.
- optical performances of the individual shells must be optimal before integration, which requires manufacturing according to the highest quality standards.
- the subject of the present invention is an integration method which allows measurements to be made and possibly corrections to each once a new shell is integrated.
- the shells being integrated from the outermost one towards the one that is furthest inside, the shells being held on the support at less by their smaller diameter side, their inner surface, which is the surface active reflective, remains accessible until the next shell is brought, and it is therefore possible to carry out any corrective operation on the shell or which could be considered useful.
- Said method can preferably be characterized in that said topography measurement implements a differential measurement by scanning the internal surface of said shell and of a reference cylinder disposed on the support to a reference position, said differential measurement being carried out without contact at using sensors which are carried by a measuring table whose displacements are marked with respect to said reference cylinder.
- At least one shell may have, at least one extension to at minus one of its longitudinal ends.
- the method can be characterized in that at least one shell is consisting of several elements extending between the first and second ends and each of which occupies part of the periphery of said shell and in that these elements have at least one extension arranged at at least one of their longitudinal ends and at least one of their lateral edges.
- Such extensions constitute fasteners mechanical.
- At least one said extension arranged at a longitudinal end can constitute a baffle for attenuating stray light.
- the current trend in space astronomy is to develop optical systems having a large collecting surface with a lower resolution to one second of arc. This generally involves the manufacture of a large number of high quality mirrors, which operate in a plane stabilized environment thermal, with gradients below 0.2 ° C and at temperatures that can reach -80 ° C.
- One of the problems with these mirrors is their manufacturing cost.
- the present invention provides a mirror integration method which is particularly, but not exclusively, suitable for an optical system 1 using mirrors of the WOLTER I type, operating in the energy band of between 0.003 keV and 100 keV (c ' i.e. wavelengths between 400 nm and 0.01 nm).
- Individual mirrors of revolution or shells (M 1 ... M N ), each of which comprises an entry region 2 of parabolic section having an entry end 4 and an exit region 3 of hyperbolic section having an exit end 5, are assembled to form a module 10 of concentric mirrors of the same focus and each of which is capable of receiving X-rays in grazing incidence in the direction of the arrow F.
- Each individual mirror (M 1 ... M N ) is a thin mirror, such a mirror being defined as having a ratio between its thickness and its mean radius of curvature, which is less than 1/50.
- the present invention provides a method for improving the integration and possibly the final correction of elementary mirrors to form a module.
- the mirrors are integrated on a support 20 in N successive stages, starting with the larger mirror M 1 (see FIG. 2a), that is to say the one which is located the outermost of module 10, and placing it by its first end, or downstream end 5, of smaller diameter, and proceeding step by step (M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , ...) to the Neme mirror which is placed on its downstream end 5 (see Figures 2b and 2c).
- each shell 1 which has just been integrated on the support 20
- the internal reflecting surface 6 of each shell 1 which has just been integrated on the support 20 is accessible for carrying out measures of the shell which has just been integrated, using a device (34, 35) which will described below (in conjunction with Figure 3) and make any corrections.
- Correction on elementary mirrors can be carried out by ionic polishing of each mirror after its integration. This compensates manufacturing defects in mirrors and / or integration-induced faults (restricted glue, mechanical loads, etc.). Ion polishing has the advantage of do not degrade the micro-roughness of the polished surfaces, provided however keep the removal rate and the quantity of material to be removed within limits reasonable. It is also a contactless and non-contact correction method edge.
- a solution to reduce the deformations generated inside the elementary mirrors is to fix them through a non-active interface region optically, which alleviates the constraints.
- FIG. 4 shows an elementary mirror of type WOLTER I which is made up of elements 40 constituting cylinder segments occupying a fraction of the perimeter and each of which has a region 42 of section parabolic and a region 43 of hyperbolic section. Edge 44 of region 42 is extends by a lug 46 for attachment to a part which comes to cap all of the mirrors, while the edge 45 of the region 43 is extended by a tab 47 for its attachment to the support 20. Laterally and at least on one side, the regions 42 and 43 are extended by fixing lugs 48 and 49 respectively. These lugs mechanical fasteners constitute ends which are in one piece with the elementary mirrors.
- Figure 5 represents an elementary mirror of type WOLTER I forming a complete cylinder and having upstream 56 and downstream 57 fixing lugs, connected by upstream 54 and downstream 55 edges to a parabolic section region 52 and to a region of hyperbolic section 53.
- the legs 46 to 49, 56 and 57 can allow control of the temperature as close as possible to the optics.
- the legs 46, 47, 56 and 57 can also make it possible to limit the amount of stray light entering the module.
- baffles or screens co-aligned with mirrors, and their manufacture as well as their co-alignment with mirrors are delicate, expensive and time-consuming.
- a such an optical baffle can be made in one piece with an elementary mirror, for example example by electroforming. It is then possible after integration to treat the cabinet optical, located on the upstream end side 4, the mirror being placed on the downstream end 5. This machining treatment to give a controlled roughness to the internal surface of baffle can be carried out by ionic machining, during the ionic machining operation of the reflective surface of the mirror.
- a coating After integration of an elementary mirror, it is possible to coat it a coating, known per se, to give it reflectivity characteristics high over a wide bandwidth.
- a coating implements the application one or more layers, for example metallic.
- the support for the mirrors 20 (cf. FIG. 3) has a device 39 for compensating for the deformation induced by the weight of the elementary mirrors which are successively integrated.
- the support 20 carries a reference cylinder 33 which faces the optical surface 37 'of the mirror 37 which has just been integrated and whose axis 33' is preferably parallel to the optical axis X common to the elementary mirrors (M 1 ... M N ).
- the mirrors are held at points distributed so possibly even on their edges and they are moved down parallel to the X axis using cylinder 33 as a reference in the horizontal Y axes and Z so as to ensure that the mirror being integrated is deposited by following the required path that allows it to be placed without touching the mirrors previously integrated.
- the topography of its surface active 37 ' is measured by scanning using non-contact gauges and the reference 33.
- the measurement of the topography can also be carried out by a test optical.
- the optimal position of the mirror 37 is calculated and the handling tools reposition it if necessary.
- the mirror 37 is then fixed in position by gluing or by fixing mechanical for example by screw.
- the handling tool is then decoupled from the mirror 37.
- the weight of the mirror 37 is transferred to the support 20, hence a deformation of it.
- This deformation is measured and the deformation device 39 produces compensating forces to return the support 20 to its initial state.
- mirror 37 may have generated small angle errors and small local deformations of the mirror, of the order of a few microns, near its anchor points.
- the system of measure 30 is then moved away, and a machining head is put in place. It includes a positioning device in X, Y and Z to position the machining head relative to to the reference cylinder 33. As a variant, the machining head can be mounted on the scanning measuring device, which allows this machining to be carried out immediately after the topography measurement step.
- the coating head can be installed on the machining head, in which case, the assembly can be a robot which is capable of carrying out all of the operations (topography measurement, machining, coating) without breaking the vacuum, resulting in cleanliness optimal, which adds to a significant time saving.
- the support 20 can be tilted by a tilting device 38, for systems, in particular with open surface mirrors, for which two successive mirrors may have different angles between their optical axis and the vertical.
- the scanning device 30 can be as shown in FIG. Figure 3. It comprises a main table 31 equipped with a sensor 32 for centering the contactless type to identify the position of the table 31 in relation to the cylinder reference 33 placed on the support 20.
- the table 31 is movable in rotation about an axis parallel to the axis 33 ′ of the reference cylinder 33, which produces a displacement in azimuth of the measuring head.
- the azimuth angle is measured by an angle sensor.
- the main table 31 carries at least one arm 34 movable in translation along the longitudinal axis of the table 31.
- the arm 34 carries a measurement table 35 which is mounted on a bench equipped with two motors and which is movable on the one hand vertically along the longitudinal axis of arm 34, and on the other hand horizontally.
- the measurement table 35 carries three sensors referenced A, B and C.
- the sensor A is a short-range sensor, for example of the laser type, of the type magnetic or even of the capacitive type and which faces the optical surface 37 'of the individual mirror 37 being integrated.
- the displacements of the table 35 are controlled so that the distance d between the sensor A and the surface 37 'remains constant, and therefore that the distance between the table measures 35 and the surface 37 'remains constant.
- the sensor B for example of the laser type, is used to determine the distance D between the table 35 and the reference cylinder 33.
- the distance between the optical surface 37 'of the mirror and the axis 33' is therefore equal to the distance d, the greater the distance D 0 (constant) between sensors A and B, the greater the distance D, the smaller the radius r of the reference cylinder 33.
- Sensor C for example of the laser type, is used to measure the distance vertical between the measurement table 35 and the support 20.
- the azimuth angle, and the values supplied by sensors B and C are read at regular intervals, which allows find the coordinates (x, y, z) of the corresponding point on the surface 37 'of the mirror 37.
- the table 35 can carry an arm comprising the machining head, the head coating and sensors B 'and C' similar to sensors B and C.
- Sensor A is in this case superfluous since at that time the topography of the surface of the mirror is known and that the positioning of the arm only requires the angle values azimuth (provided by table 35) and the data measured by the sensors B 'and C'.
- the method according to the invention can also be applied in part for non-optical surfaces.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
- Telescopes (AREA)
- Piezo-Electric Transducers For Audible Bands (AREA)
- Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)
- Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)
Description
N/ la mise en place sur le support, par sa première extrémité, de la Nème coquille qui est située le plus à l'intérieur de l'ensemble optique.
- la Figure 1 représente un module pour télescope XMM;
- les Figures 2a à 2c illustrent le procédé d'intégration selon l'invention ;
- la Figure 3 représente un dispositif de mesure adapté au procédé selon l'invention ;
- la Figure 4 représente un mode de réalisation d'une partie d'un miroir élémentaire ;
- la Figure 5 représente un mode de réalisation d'un miroir élémentaire.
- il est difficile de réaliser in situ des mesures sur les optiques mises en place,
- des déformations de l'optique sont générées lors de l'intégration des miroirs, alors que ceux-ci doivent être fabriqués aux spécifications finales, qui sont très sévères, d'où un coût élévé,
- des déformations différentielles dues aux coefficients thermiques différents se produisent entre les miroirs et le support lors des différentes étapes : fabrication, intégration, test et utilisation,
- il est difficile de bien aligner des miroirs individuels et de faire coïncider leurs foyers.
Claims (9)
- Procédé d'assemblage d'un ensemble optique ayant une première et une deuxième extrémités longitudinales comprenant N coquilles coaxiales formant des miroirs élémentaires et dont chacune s'étend entre lesdites première et deuxième extrémités et présente à ladite première extrémité un premier diamètre et à ladite deuxième extrémité opposée un deuxième diamètre supérieur au premier, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte :1/ la mise en place, sur un support (20), par sa première extrémité (5), de la première coquille (M1) située le plus à l'extérieur de l'ensemble optique (10),2/ la mise en place sur le support (20), par sa première extrémité (5), à l'intérieur de la première coquille, de la deuxième coquille (M2) qui lui est immédiatement adjacente dans l'ensemble optique (10).
N/ la mise en place sur le support (20), par sa première extrémité (5), de la Nème coquille (MN) qui est située le plus à l'intérieur de l'ensemble optique (10). - Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une dite mise en place comporte:a) le positionnement d'une dite coquille (37) sur le support (20)b) une mesure de topographie de la surface interne (6, 37') de ladite coquille (37) positionnée sur le support (20)c) le cas échéant, un repositionnement de ladite coquille (37) sur le support (20) en fonction du résultat de ladite mesure de topographie, etc') la fixation de la position de ladite coquille (37) sur le support (20).
- Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une dite mise en place comporte, après ladite fixation sur le support (20) :d) une mesure de la topographie de la surface interne (37') de ladite coquille (37) fixée sur le support (20)e) le cas échéant, un usinage ionique de la surface interne (37') de ladite coquille (37).
- Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte après e) :f) l'application d'un revêtement réfléchissant sur la face interne (37') de ladite coquille (37).
- Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte après f):g) une vérification optique de ladite coquille.
- Procédé selon une des revendications 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que ladite mesure de topographie met en oeuvre une mesure différentielle par balayage de la surface interne (37') de ladite coquille (37) et d'un cylindre (33) de référence disposé sur le support (20) à une position de référence, ladite mesure différentielle étant réalisée sans contact à l'aide de capteurs (A, B, C, D) qui sont portés par une table de mesure (31, 34, 35) dont les déplacements sont repérés par rapport audit cylindre de référence (33).
- Procédé selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une coquille (40) présente au moins une extension (46, 47) constituant un élément de fixation mécanique, qui est disposée à au moins une de ses extrémités longitudinales.
- Procédé selon une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une coquille est constituée de plusieurs éléments (50) s'étendant entre la première (44) et la deuxième (45) extrémités et dont chacun occupe une partie du pourtour de ladite coquille et en ce que ces éléments présentent au moins une extension (46, 47, 56, 57) constituant un élément de fixation mécanique, qui est disposée à au moins une de leurs extrémités longitudinales (44, 45) et à au moins un de leurs bords latéraux.
- Procédé selon une des revendications 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une dite extension (46, 47) disposée à une dite extrémité longitudinale constitue un baffle d'atténuation de lumière parasite.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9900085 | 1999-01-07 | ||
FR9900085A FR2788348B1 (fr) | 1999-01-07 | 1999-01-07 | Procede d'assemblage d'un ensemble optique comprenant des coquilles coaxiales, notamment pour telescope a rayon x |
PCT/FR1999/003129 WO2000041186A1 (fr) | 1999-01-07 | 1999-12-14 | Procede d'assemblage d'un ensemble optique comprenant des coquilles coaxiales, notamment pour telescope a rayons x |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1062670A1 EP1062670A1 (fr) | 2000-12-27 |
EP1062670B1 true EP1062670B1 (fr) | 2003-03-26 |
Family
ID=9540668
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99958321A Expired - Lifetime EP1062670B1 (fr) | 1999-01-07 | 1999-12-14 | Procede d'assemblage d'un ensemble optique comprenant des coquilles coaxiales, notamment pour telescope a rayons x |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6449826B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1062670B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2002534694A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE235737T1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2322445A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69906261T2 (fr) |
DK (1) | DK1062670T3 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2192406T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2788348B1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2225629C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2000041186A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20050009848A (ko) * | 2003-07-18 | 2005-01-26 | 한국전광(주) | 두 비구면으로 분리 구성된 볼터거울과 그 가공방법 |
EP2290420B1 (fr) | 2009-08-28 | 2016-07-27 | European Space Agency | Procédé d'assemblage d'une pile à plaque-miroir |
RU2541438C1 (ru) * | 2013-07-24 | 2015-02-10 | Федеральное Государственное унитарное предприятие "Российский Федеральный ядерный центр-Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной физики-ФГУП "РФЯЦ-ВНИИЭФ" | Способ сборки зеркального модуля рентгеновского телескопа, содержащего n коаксиальных вкладышей, образующих элементарные зеркала |
RU2629693C1 (ru) * | 2016-10-13 | 2017-08-31 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Российский Федеральный ядерный центр - Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной физики" (ФГУП "РФЯЦ-ВНИИЭФ") | Способ сборки рентгеновской оптической системы, содержащей n зеркальных модулей |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3657792A (en) * | 1970-11-13 | 1972-04-25 | Identicon Corp | Scanning mirror alignment techniques |
US3864576A (en) * | 1973-09-27 | 1975-02-04 | Rinn Corp | Position indicating device for dental x-ray machines |
US4977512A (en) * | 1987-02-05 | 1990-12-11 | Shibuya Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Three dimensional simultaneous machining and measuring system |
DE3711164A1 (de) * | 1987-04-02 | 1988-10-20 | Zeiss Carl Fa | Steckelementeinrichtung zur halterung von bauteilen in stapeln |
JP2753306B2 (ja) * | 1988-03-18 | 1998-05-20 | 株式会社日立製作所 | イオンビーム加工方法及び集束イオンビーム装置 |
JPH0631887B2 (ja) * | 1988-04-28 | 1994-04-27 | 株式会社東芝 | X線ミラー及びその製造方法 |
US5033074A (en) * | 1989-12-04 | 1991-07-16 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | X-ray colllimator for eliminating the secondary radiation and shadow anomaly from microfocus projection radiographs |
US5532815A (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 1996-07-02 | Kdy Associates, Inc. | System and method for aligning a first surface with respect to a second surface |
US5747821A (en) * | 1995-08-04 | 1998-05-05 | X-Ray Optical Systems, Inc. | Radiation focusing monocapillary with constant inner dimension region and varying inner dimension region |
JP3634487B2 (ja) * | 1996-02-09 | 2005-03-30 | キヤノン株式会社 | 位置合せ方法、位置合せ装置、および露光装置 |
EP1053551B1 (fr) * | 1998-01-27 | 2008-12-17 | Noran Instruments, Inc. | Spectrometre a rayons x dispersif en longueur d'onde, pourvu d'une optique a collimateur de rayons x destinee a augmenter la sensibilite sur une large gamme d'energie a rayons x |
-
1999
- 1999-01-07 FR FR9900085A patent/FR2788348B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-14 CA CA002322445A patent/CA2322445A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-14 US US09/622,167 patent/US6449826B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-14 WO PCT/FR1999/003129 patent/WO2000041186A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-12-14 JP JP2000592839A patent/JP2002534694A/ja active Pending
- 1999-12-14 RU RU2000125571/06A patent/RU2225629C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-14 DE DE69906261T patent/DE69906261T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-14 AT AT99958321T patent/ATE235737T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-14 DK DK99958321T patent/DK1062670T3/da active
- 1999-12-14 ES ES99958321T patent/ES2192406T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-14 EP EP99958321A patent/EP1062670B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6449826B1 (en) | 2002-09-17 |
CA2322445A1 (fr) | 2000-07-13 |
FR2788348A1 (fr) | 2000-07-13 |
DE69906261D1 (de) | 2003-04-30 |
FR2788348B1 (fr) | 2001-03-02 |
DK1062670T3 (da) | 2003-07-14 |
ES2192406T3 (es) | 2003-10-01 |
DE69906261T2 (de) | 2003-12-04 |
WO2000041186A1 (fr) | 2000-07-13 |
ATE235737T1 (de) | 2003-04-15 |
JP2002534694A (ja) | 2002-10-15 |
RU2225629C2 (ru) | 2004-03-10 |
EP1062670A1 (fr) | 2000-12-27 |
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