Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
  • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
  • A61K38/20—Interleukins [IL]
  • A61K38/2013—IL-2
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/10—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
  • A61K40/19—Dendritic cells
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/20—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the effect or the function of the cells
  • A61K40/24—Antigen-presenting cells [APC]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
  • A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
  • A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
  • A61K40/4267—Cancer testis antigens, e.g. SSX, BAGE, GAGE or SAGE
  • A61K40/4268—MAGE
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
  • A61K2039/525—Virus
  • A61K2039/5256—Virus expressing foreign proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy

Definitions

• VENEZUELAN E Q UINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS VECTORS EXPRESSING TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS TO INDUCE CANCER IMMUNITY
• the present invention describes a novel method of inducing immunity to cancer. This invention further discloses the use of Venezuelan Equine
• VEE Encephalitis virus vectors for expression of tumor-associated antigens, tumor-associated antigenic peptides and cytokines and methods for expressing these heterologous products in cultured cells, and in humans or animals.
• Cancer is a leading cause of death.
• Conventional treatment of cancer consists of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
• Novel and more effective strategies to combat cancer that eliminate the causes of these diseases, or to diminish pain and suffering, thereby prolonging the life of an affected patient are continually sought.
• Tumor cells are known to express antigenic determinants that can be seen by the host's immune system. These determinants, called tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), are often altered or mutated forms of normal host cell proteins or peptides. They can be proteins or peptides that are not normally expressed in the tissue from which the tumor originates (Houghton, J. Exp. Med. 180: 1-4, 1994) and can act like a tag to identify tumor cells.
• TAAs tumor-associated antigens
• One experimental approach to cancer therapy involves inducing the patient's immune system to mount an immune response against the tumor by attacking cells that express the TAAs.
• the role of the immune system is to scan the body for proteins and other molecules that are not normally part of the body, called non-self or foreign antigens. If the immune system encounters a foreign molecule, an immune response is usually initiated.
• the immune response typically is divided into two branches. One branch is the humoral response in which B-cells are induced to produce antibodies against the foreign molecule. These antibodies can bind to the molecules and promote a variety of biological activities.
• the second branch is the cellular branch in which cytotoxic T-cells are induced against the foreign molecule. The cytotoxic T-cells find other cells that express the foreign molecule and kill those cells. Once the immune system is stimulated, long-lived cells are expanded which specifically recognize the foreign antigen upon re-exposure to that antigen.
• One method to induce the immune system to respond to a foreign peptide, protein or organism is to inject that foreign antigen into the body of the host by a process called vaccination.
• the peptide, proteins or organism is delivered to the host in a formulation that is conducive to stimulating the immune system. Should the host come in contact with the foreign antigen in the future, the foreign antigen will be more rapidly and vigorously eliminated by the immune system.
• This approach has been demonstrated to be useful in the infectious disease area where numerous vaccines have protected millions of individuals from viral and bacterial diseases. This experimental approach has met with little success in cancer therapy, however, when TAAs are injected. There are several reasons for the failure of this approach. These include the inability of the immune system to recognize the TAAs.
• TAAs antibodies against the TAAs are induced in the patient, but these seem to be insufficient to alter the course of the disease.
• tumors may secrete factors responsible for dulling the immune response. What often appears to be lacking in the immune response against TAAs is a sufficient cellular response.
• DC progenitor cells originate in the hematopoetic system and reside in the skin and in the areas (interstitial spaces) surrounding cells in different tissues (Schuler and Steinman, J. Exp. Med. 186: 1183-1187, 1997).
• DCs take up proteins and process them intracellularly to smaller peptides which are then transported to the cell surface in combination with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. It is the combination of appropriate accessory molecules on the cell surface together with the complex of the peptide in association with the MHC protein that serves to "present" antigen to the T-cells.
• MHC major histocompatibility complex
• the interaction of the DC and T-cell is thought to induce the production of cell stimulatory molecules, called cytokines, that stimulate the T-cells to respond to the presented TAA peptide.
• An approach to stimulate the immune response to tumors has been to co- culture or "pulse" DCs with the TAA or related peptides in vitro. After the appropriate amount of time, the DCs are introduced back into the patient.
• TAA or peptides derived from TAAs in DCs in vitro by recombinant
• beta-galactosidase was expressed in mouse DCs after infection of the DCs with an adenovirus vector that expresses beta-galactosidase.
• Introduction of the modified DCs into mice with beta- galactosidase-expressing tumors resulted in prolonged survival of the mice in both a prophylactic and therapeutic approach. Therefore, in these model systems, expression of the model TAA in DCs resulted in enhanced immunity against the tumor.
• TAAs This requires isolation of the TAAs and production in sufficient quantity to be administered to the cells.
• Other methods require infecting the DCs or their precursors with a retrovirus or adenovirus that expresses the TAA in vitro. Since retroviruses only integrate into dividing cells, only a smaller precursor population of DCs are targets for the therapy. This may limit the usefulness of this approach depending on the patient and the extent that these precursors are available.
• One alternative would be to use a system in which the TAA could be delivered directly to the DCs in vivo. Therefore, the DCs would not have to be isolated, expanded, treated in vitro and then re-introduced back into the patient.
• VEE Venezuelan equine encephalitis
• VEE vector Using the same or similar VEE vector one could express a TAA in a cancer patient to stimulate an immune response against the TAA and the corresponding tumor. Since the VEE vector expressing the TAA would target the DC cells in the lymph node, one would anticipate an enhanced immune response against the tumor compared to a vector that did not target DCs. This could be done directly in an outpatient setting without the need to remove the DCs, culture them, expose them to TAA for various periods of time and then reintroduce them back into the patient. Alternatively, one could still culture the DCs in vitro and use the natural affinity of the VEE vector for the DCs to deliver the TAAs. This would be a highly efficient in vitro method of expressing the TAAs and would be expected to stimulate a strong immune response when the modified DCs were administered back to the patient.
• the VEE expressing the TAA could be co-administered or sequentially administered either in vivo or in vitro with different cytokines to help stimulate the DCs and/or the T- cells to respond to the TAA.
• This co-administration could be in the form of another
• VEE expressing the cytokines or injection of purified cytokines.
• An example of a cytokine that stimulates the expansion of DCs is a synthetic molecule called progenipoietin-G (Streeter et al., 38th Annual American Society of Hematology Meeting, San Diego, CA)
• progenipoietin-G a synthetic molecule called progenipoietin-G
• IL-2, IL-7 and IL-12 are known to enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses (Kubo et al., US Patent 5,662,907).
• interferons alpha and beta and interleukin-15 may be valuable in stimulating the antitumor response.
• Synthetic cytokines based on interleukin-3, (WO 94/12638), chimeric fusion proteins between IL-3 and various growth factors (WO 95/21197 and WO 95/21254), and chimeric fusions between TPO and IL-3 (WO 97/12985) are also contemplated.
• PCT/US/95/01000, PCT/US/94/08672, WO 94/21287, US 5,674,486 can also be used.
• the VEE could express just peptides derived from TAAs in both the in vivo and in vitro situations.
• the TAA peptide may be made as a fusion with other peptides known in the art to stimulate the immune response including but not limited to peptides derived from tetanus toxin, Plasmodium falciparum CS protein, or the streptococcus 18 kilodalton protein.
• more that one open reading frame may be expressed from the VEE vector by use of an appropriately placed internal ribosomal entry site between the first open reading frame and the second reading frame.
• the patients may need more that one inoculation of VEE expressing the TAAs or of DCs that were modified by the VEE expressing the TAAs in vitro to see a clinical benefit.
• This boost to the immune response could come in the same form as the original treatment or by any other means.
• One object of the invention is a method of treating a subject who has cancer or who is at high risk of developing a tumor.
• the method comprises administering to the subject a recombinant Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus that expresses an effective amount of heterologous substance from a heterologous nucleic acid segment, with the VEE virus containing at least one attenuating mutation.
• the heterologous nucleic acid segment comprises a promoter operable in the subject operatively associated with a nucleic acid encoding a tumor-associated antigen or peptide or cytokine effective in eliciting or enhancing an immune response to the tumor.
• the tumor-associated antigen(s) and related peptides can be taken from, but not limited to, the examples in the literature as reviewed by Houghton (J. Exp. Med. 180: 1-4, 1994), Mumberg et al., (Seminars in Immunology 8: 289-293, 1996) or Boon et al., (Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12: 337-365, 1994) or from any other source including, but not limited to, public and private databases.
• experimental methods of determining tumor-associated antigens are found in the literature, for example Hsu et al., (Nature Med. 2: 52-58, 1996) or Kawakami et al., (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
• VEE vector sequences and manipulations are also found in the scientific and patent literature. These references include but are not limited to Johnston et al., (WO 95/ 32733), Davis et al., (US 5,185,440), Johnston et al., (WO 96/ 37616), Charles et al., (Virol. 228: 153-160, 1997), Caley et al., (J. Virol. 71: 3031-3038, 1997), Davis et al. (J.
• Another aspect of the invention is a DNA compromising a cDNA clone for an infectious Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus RNA transcript which contains at least one attenuating mutation and a heterologous promoter positioned upstream from the cDNA clone and operationally associated therewith.
• the VEE cDNA contains a heterologous promoter operably linked to a cDNA or coding region of a tumor associated antigen, the coding region of a peptide or peptides or the coding region or cDNA of a cytokine.
• a further aspect of the invention is to isolate a patient's dendritic cells and culture them in vitro in an appropriate culture media supportive of growth and maintenance of the DC cell.
• the DC cells are infected in vitro with an infectious recombinant Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus with the VEE virus containing at least one attenuating mutation and a heterologous nucleic acid segment.
• the heterologous nucleic acid segment comprises a promoter operable in the subject operatively associated with a nucleic acid encoding a tumor-associated antigen or peptide or cytokine effective in eliciting or enhancing an immune response to the tumor.
• a further aspect of the invention is a method of treating a patient who has cancer or who is at risk of cancer with a viral vector that targets dendritic cells because the viral vector is a pseudotype virus which has the dendritic cell targeting properties of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus but may contain components of other viruses.
• the pseudotyped virus contains a heterologous nucleic acid segment which comprises a promoter operable in the subject operatively associated with a nucleic acid encoding a tumor-associated antigen or peptide or cytokine effective in eliciting or enhancing an immune response to the tumor.
• a further aspect of the invention is a DNA that can be packaged into a pseudotyped viral particle that targets to the dendritic cell and contains a heterologous nucleic acid segment which comprises a promoter operable in the subject operatively associated with a nucleic acid encoding a tumor-associated antigen or peptide or cytokine effective in eliciting or enhancing an immune response to the tumor.
• One aspect of the invention is a method of protecting or treating a subject against primary or metastatic neoplastic diseases, comprising: administering a recombinant Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) virus vector to said subject in an effective amount, with said VEE virus vector containing at least one attenuating mutation, and with said VEE virus vector containing a heterologous DNA segment, said DNA segment comprising a promoter operably-linked to a DNA encoding a protein or peptide effective for treating said subject from said disease.
• VEE Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
• the protein or peptide is a tumor-associated antigen. Even more preferably, the tumor-associated antigen is MAGE-1.
• the peptide has the amino acid sequence EADPTGHSY (SEQ ID NO: 4).
• the protein or peptide is fused to another peptide selected from the group consisting of QYIKANSKFIGITE (SEQ ID NO: 6), DIEKKIAKMEKASSVFNWNS (SEQ ID NO: 7), and YGAVDSILGGVATYGAA (SEQ ID NO: 8).
• the heterologous promoter is Venezuelan equine encephalitis 26S subgenomic promoter.
• Another aspect of the invention is a method wherein the administering step is a parental administration.
• the administering step is carried out by topically applying the virus to an airway surface of the subject.
• the administering step is an intranasal administration step.
• the administering step is an inhalation step.
• the protein is an adjunctive agent selected from the group consisting of natural cytokines and synthetic cytokines.
• the cytokines are selected from the group consisting of interleukin-2, interleukin-7, interleukin-12, interleukin-15, interferon, and progenipoietin-G.
• the invention is also directed to a method of modulating tumors in a patient with a VEE virus vector. It is also directed to a method of inhibiting proliferation of tumor cells with a VEE virus vector.
• the tumor is selected from the group consisting of group consisting of lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, bladder cancer, melanoma, hepatoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma.
• the invention is also directed to a process of inhibiting elevated numbers of tumor cells comprising administering to a host in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a VEE virus vector in unit dosage form. It is also directed to a process of treating primary or metastatic neoplastic diseases comprising administering to a mammalian host suffering therefrom a therapeutically effective amount of a VEE virus vector in unit dosage form.
• the invention is also directed to a method of modulating primary or metastatic neoplastic diseases in a patient comprising the step of administering an effective amount of the protein or peptide to a patient. It is also directed to a method of inhibiting the production of tumor cells in a patient comprising the step of administering an effective amount of the protein or peptide to a patient.
• the tumor cell is characteristic of one selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, bladder cancer, melanoma, hepatoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma.
• the invention is also directed to a DNA comprising a cDNA clone coding for an infectious Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) virus RNA transcript and a heterologous promoter positioned upstream from said cDNA clone and operatively associated therewith, and further comprising at least one attenuating mutation and containing the nucleotide sequence encoding a TAA, a TAA peptide or a natural or synthetic cytokine linked operably to a promoter.
• VEE Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
• the invention is also directed to a composition
• a composition comprising a VEE virus vector wherein the protein or peptide is selected from the group consisting of tumor-associated antigens.
• the tumor-associated antigen is MAGE-1.
• the peptide has the amino acid sequence EADPTGHSY
• the protein or peptide is fused to another peptide having the sequence selected from the group consisting of QYIKANSKFIGITE, (SEQ ID NO: 6), DIEKKIAKMEKASSVFNWNS, (SEQ ID NO: 4).
• the composition includes an adjunctive agent selected from the group consisting of natural cytokines and synthetic cytokines.
• the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of are interleukin-2, interleukin-7, interleukin- 12, interleukin-15, interferon or progenipoietin-G.
• the invention also is directed to an infectious VEE virus RNA transcript encoded by a cDNA clone of a recombinant VEE virus vector. It is also directed to infectious VEE virus particles containing such an RNA transcript.
• the invention is also directed to a method of treating a subject against primary or metastatic neoplastic diseases by infecting a subject's dendritic cells with a composition comprising a recombinant VEE virus vector. It is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulation comprising infectious VEE particles in an effective amount in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention is also directed to an inoculum comprised of an effective amount of nucleic acid encoding a VEE virus vector dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous physiologically-tolerable or pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent. It is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the VEE virus vector in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a VEE virus vector, further comprising an adjunctive agent, wherein said adjunctive agent is selected from the group consisting of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents.
• the invention is also directed to a process for administering a VEE virus vector to protect or treat a subject against primary or metastatic neoplastic diseases, a process for inhibiting elevated numbers of tumor cells, a process for treating a host with an effective amount of VEE virus vector, and a process for treating a host an effective amount a tumor associated antigen, wherein the administering step in each of these processes is repeated.
• VEE Venezuelan equine encephalitis
• TAA and TAAs mean tumor-associated antigen and tumor-associated antigens, respectively.
• DC and DCs mean dendritic cell and dendritic cells, respectively.
• DNA means deoxyribonucleic acid.
• cDNA means complementary deoxyribonucleic acid.
• RNA means ribose nucleic acid
• oligonucleotide means a single-stranded sequence of nucleotides covalently bound in a 5' to 3' orientation.
• GFP green fluorescent protein
• in vitro means in a test tube or cell culture dish or container.
• in vivo means in a body as opposed to in a test tube or culture dish.
• peptide means a series of amino acids connected to each other by amide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of adjacent amino acids.
• the length of the peptide is not critical and is typically less than about 30 amino acids.
• multimer means one or more reiterations of a sequence of amino acids such as a peptide sequence covalently-linked together by amide bonds.
• vector means any entity that transports a desired component to or in an appropriate host.
• a nucleic acid could be considered a vector when it is used to transport genetic information into a subject.
• a virus particle may be considered a vector to transport proteins or nucleic acids in a host.
• PADRE means any epitope which will bind multiple DR alleles. They are the alleles for Class II MHC (CD4 * T helper cells recognize class II) - stimulate synthesis of IL-2 (growth factor) which then stimulates the CD * T cells (killer T cells or CTLs) among others. The PADRE, therefore, attaches to Class II MHC (CD4 * T helper cells recognize class II) - stimulate synthesis of IL-2 (growth factor) which then stimulates the CD * T cells (killer T cells or CTLs) among others. The PADRE, therefore, attaches to Class II
• the DR epitope is usually 12-25 amino acids.
• DNA is typically purified from bacterial lysates using Promega Wizard Plus Minipreps or Qiagen Plasmid Midi or Maxi kits as per instructions. DNA fragments are isolated from agarose gel after electrophoresis using the Qiagen Qiaex II Gel Extraction Kit (Chatswsorth, CA).
• Baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells were used as a host cell for VEE vectors. There are obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD) and are maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Dendritic cells are maintained in IMDM with 50 ug/ l gentamicin, 73 uM monothioglycerol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 20% FBS and various cytokines (see below). Restriction enzymes are available from Gibco/BRL Life Technologies (Rockville, MD), New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA), Promega (Madison, WI) or other suppliers.
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• the restriction enzyme recognition sequences are also found in catalogues of suppliers of the enzymes.
• the standard genetic code can be found in various texts such as Metzler (Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells, Academic Press, New York, 1977). Three letter and single letter codes for amino acids are also available (Metzler, supra).
• Example 1 Modification of infectious Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus cDNA.
• VEE virus cDNA A molecular clone of VEE virus cDNA is available from ATCC as pV1003 (accession number 68013). This clone has the cDNA downstream from the bacteriophage T7 promoter for in vitro transcription of the viral genome. It was also shown by Davis et al., (US 5,185,440) that there is a 102 base deletion in the nsP3 gene but that RNA transcribed from this cDNA clone is infectious in cell culture and that the deletion mutant is also able to replicate in mice. In order to express a foreign gene, the VEE virus cDNA needs to have an internal promoter to direct expression of that foreign gene. Also useful is a unique restriction enzyme site into which the foreign gene can be easily inserted.
• pV1003 is digested with £coRI and H dIII.
• the approximately 4 kilobase fragment containing the 3' end of the genome can be subcloned into EcoRl and Hindlll digested pAlter-1 (Promega) to yield plasmid pVEEl.
• an oligonucleotide containing the VEE virus 26S promoter is used to alter the VEE virus sequences.
• the oligonucleotide containing the 26S promoter sequences has the sequence: aaacataattga/gaggggcccctataactctctacggctaacctgaatggactacgacatcgattaattaa/ata ca gcagcaa ( ⁇ EQ ID NO: 1 )
• nucleotides on the left are homologous to sequences just downstream (3') of the El gene in the 3' untranslated region of VEE virus.
• sequences between the slashes contain the 26S promoter sequences, the unique Clal site and an ochre translation termination codon in each forward reading frame.
• sequences to the right of the second slash also are homologous to sequences just downstream (3') of the El gene in the 3' untranslated region of VEE virus.
• the resulting plasmid with the desired modifications is identified by CZ ⁇ l digestion and nucleotide sequencing using fluorescent dye terminators using a Perkin Elmer ABI PRISMTM kit (Foster City, CA) and is designated pVEE2.
• pVEE2 and pV1003 are digested with enzymes Tthllll and Notl.
• the approximately 3.9 kilobase pair sequence from pVEE2 is ligated into the larger fragment of pV1003 to yield a new plasmid pVEE3 which now has the second copy of the 26S promoter and a unique CZ ⁇ l site.
• Attenuation mutations in the E2 glycoprotein can be incorporated in the same manner as described above using pVEEl as a target for oligonucleotide- directed mutagenesis. Attenuating mutations have been published by Johnston (WO 95/32733) and Davis (US 5,185,440) and can be accomplished by one skilled in the art using the Altered Sites" Mutagenesis kit as described. Examples of attenuating mutations are Glu76Lys, Thrl20Lys, Glu209Lys or a combination of Glu209Lys and Lys245Asn (using the common three letter code for amino acids and the number indicating the amino acid number in the E2 glycoprotein). The amino acid to the left of the number is the amino acid in the wild type sequence and the amino acid to the right of the number is the amino acid in the attenuated strain at that location.
• TAAs can be introduced into a patient using the VEE virus vector system.
• One such antigen can be isolated from various cancer cells and is designated MAGE-1 (van der Bruggen et al., Science 254: 1643-1647, 1991). The
• MAGE-1 nucleotide sequence is available in Genbank, accession number M77481.
• a cell line or tissue has to be identified that expresses the antigen.
• the human thyroid medullary carcinoma cell line TT is reported to express high levels of MAGE-1 (van der Bruggen et al., Science 254: 1643-1647, 1991).
• This cell line is available from ATCC (ATCC CRL 1803).
• Cells are cultured in Ham's F12 medium with 10% FBS and are plated at about 5 x 10 6 cells per T150 flask. Since the coding region for the MAGE-1 protein is not interrupted by introns, the nucleotide sequence can be isolated from cellular DNA.
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• the reverse primer has the sequence
• PCR is carried out on a Perkin-Elmer-Cetus DNA Thermocycler at recommended conditions for 30 cycles. 10 microliters of the reaction are analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. After staining the gel with ethidium bromide, an approximately 1 kilobase band is present. The amplified DNA is cloned directly into a pGEM-T vector (Promega) as per instructions to yield plasmid pGEM-MAGE-1.
• MAGE-1 DNA sequencing analysis verifies the correct sequence and distinguishes it from other related sequences such as MAGE-2 or MAGE-3 (van der Bruggen et al., Science 254: 1643-1647, 1991). Because the amplified MAGE-1 DNA has CZ ⁇ l sites at each end, it can be removed by CZ ⁇ l digestion from pGEM-MAGE-1 and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis.
• the VEE virus vector, pVEE3 is digested with CZ ⁇ l in the presence of shrimp alkaline phosphatase (US
• truncated regions of MAGE-1 may also be expressed.
• One example is to express a small peptide derived from MAGE-1 that is recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This small peptide has the amino acid sequence
• oligonucleotide and its complement that encode this peptide are synthesized (Genosys, Woodlands, TX) with the following attributes: a CZ ⁇ l site is synthesized at the immediate 5' end of the sequence followed by a methionine initiation codon, followed by the coding sequence of the following oligonucleotide:
• RNA sequences may be made into a multimers before ligating into the vector.
• the peptide coding region (without the CZ ⁇ l sites and the termination codon but with the initiator methionine codon at the 5' end) can be synthesized with an overlapping Hindlll site at the 5' and the 3' ends. These are ligated together after annealing using T4 DNA ligase to form multimers whose size can be evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phosphorylated adapter molecules which include a CZ ⁇ l site 5' of a overhanging i ⁇ dIII site are ligated to the ends of the multimers. The multimers with the CZ ⁇ l adaptors on the ends are digested with CZ ⁇ l and ligated into pVEE3 as above.
• MAGE-1 peptide can be synthesized by adding amino acid linker regions to the target peptide sequence. These linkers can be in the form of a string of alanine amino acids.
• gaagcagaccccaccggccactcctat SEQ ID NO : 5
• its complementary sequence would be modified by incorporating the codons for alanine during the synthesis of the oligonucleotides in the desired number at either the 5' or 3' ends.
• a codon for the initiator methionine amino acid needs to be positioned appropriately at the 5' end of any designed oligonucleotide for proper translation.
• Multimers of SEQ ID NO: 5 with alanine linkers can be constructed using the same tactics described above.
• any other amino acid may be used to form a linker, preferably glycine or serine.
• alternating or any other sequence arrangement of alanine and glycine and serine may be used.
• the target peptide may also be expressed as a fusion with other peptides that stimulate the immune system.
• Examples of such peptides are sequences from tetanus toxin amino acid sequences 830-843
• peptides may be fused at the amino terminal or carboxyl terminal end of the MAGE-1 peptide epitope by conventional molecular biology techniques as described above.
• various sized linkers such as alanine, serine and/or glycine amino acids can be used to space the peptide sequences to a desired distance.
• Example 4 Isolation and cloning of a cytokine sequence into a VEE virus vector.
• cytokine is interleukin-2 (IL-2) (Taniguchi et al., Nature 302: 305-310, 1983).
• IL-2 interleukin-2
• a plasmid that contains the human IL-2 cDNA is available from ATCC (pLW81, ATCC number 61390).
• the nucleotide sequence of the human IL-2 coding region is available in Genbank (accession number A06759). Plasmid pLW81 can be used as a template using PCR to generate the IL-2 coding region with CZ ⁇ l ends.
• the forward primer has the sequence:
• the reverse primer has the sequence:
• nucleotides to the left of the slash form a CZ ⁇ l restriction site and the nucleotides to the right of the slash are homologous to the 3' untranslated region of the gene.
• the PCR product is ligated into pGEM-T as described above to form pGEM-IL-2.
• the IL-2 gene is removed from pGEM-IL-2 by CZ ⁇ l digestion and ligated into pVEE3 as described above.
• Example 5 Isolation and culturing of human dendritic cells.
• Human DCs are accessible from either cord blood (Romani et al., J. Exp. Med. 180: 83-93, 1994) or from bone marrow (Szabolcs et al., J. Immunology 154: 5851-5861, 1995). Briefly, bone marrow cells are centrifuged in standard Ficoll- Hypaque gradients and the mononuclear cells are isolated from the interface.
• Plasmid pVEE3 and derivatives are digested with Not! to linearize the plasmid and run-off transcripts are generated by T7 RNA polymerase as described (Davis et al., US Patent 5,185,440). Transcripts are transfected into BHK-21 cells as described (Polo et al., Journal of Virology 62: 2124-2133, 1988) using DEAE- Dextran (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) although electroporation and transfection by liposome reagents are also acceptable. After about 24 to 60 hours, when cytopathic effects have peaked, the supernatant is harvested. The quantity of infection virus is determined by standard plaque assays or infectivity assays in BHK-21 cells
• Virus is expanded on BHK-21 cells and further purified by sucrose gradient techniques using endotoxin free sucrose. Briefly, cells are infected using a multiplicity of infection (MOD of 1 infectious unit of virus per cell. The supernatant is aspirated from the cells and overlayed with a minimal volume of virus such that the cells are just submerged. After 30 to 60 minutes at 37°C with occasional rocking to prevent drying, an appropriate volume of medium is added to the cells for normal culturing. Virus is harvested when cytopathic effects have peaked.
• MOD multiplicity of infection
• dendritic cells can be infected at a lower MOI between 0.001 and 01. After absorption of the virus, the cells are washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline with 5% autologous serum and administered back to the host by intravenous infusion over an hour period.
• Example 7 Inoculation of VEE virus vectors into a host.
• MA are put under light Metofane anesthesia (Pitman-Moore). They are inoculated in the rear footpad with an appropriate amount of virus inoculum, preferably about 10 4 infectious units, suspended in a 10 microliter volume of phosphate-buffered saline containing 5% donor calf serum(Caley et al, Journal of Virology, 71: 3031- 3038, 1997). Reinoculation or "boosting" with a given virus is given at timed intervals such as 3 weeks using approximately 10 5 infectious units per footpad. For nasal inoculation, the mice are anesthetized and a pipetman is use to deliver 5-10 ul of inoculum to the nares.
• virus inoculum preferably about 10 4 infectious units, suspended in a 10 microliter volume of phosphate-buffered saline containing 5% donor calf serum(Caley et al, Journal of Virology, 71: 3031- 3038, 1997). Reinoculation or
• the virus is diluted as above and 10 2 to 10 7 infectious units are delivered with a 27-guage needle.
• Serum samples can be obtained from tail vein bleeds at various times post- inoculation or post-boosting to determine antibody titers.
• VEE virus vaccine vector Expression of HIV-1 and Influenza genes in cell culture and protection against influenza challenge in mice immunized with a vector expression HA. Vaccines 95. Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 387-391, (1995).
• Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus RNA from a cDNA clone analysis of a viable deletion mutant. Virology 171(1): 189-204, (1989).

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