EP0898503A1 - Billet-guiding system for a continuous casting plant - Google Patents
Billet-guiding system for a continuous casting plantInfo
- Publication number
- EP0898503A1 EP0898503A1 EP97920444A EP97920444A EP0898503A1 EP 0898503 A1 EP0898503 A1 EP 0898503A1 EP 97920444 A EP97920444 A EP 97920444A EP 97920444 A EP97920444 A EP 97920444A EP 0898503 A1 EP0898503 A1 EP 0898503A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- support
- strand
- supporting
- bearing
- segment
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
- B22D11/128—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for removing
- B22D11/1282—Vertical casting and curving the cast stock to the horizontal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
- B22D11/20—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for removing cast stock
- B22D11/208—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for removing cast stock for aligning the guide rolls
Definitions
- the invention relates to a strand guide for a continuous caster, in particular for a steel caster, with a plurality of strand support elements supporting the strand, in particular support segments supporting support rollers, which are fastened to a plurality of adjacent one-piece, optionally arch-shaped, structures, each support segment by means of a Fixed bearing and one in the longitudinal extension of the strand guide spaced floating bearing is attached to the structure and each support segment with at least one bearing (fixed and / or floating bearing) on the structure around a transverse to the longitudinal extension of the strand guide and horizontally oriented axis and in one by the longitudinal extension
- the vertical plane of the supporting structure can be pivoted and with at least one bearing (fixed and / or floating bearing) with respect to the supporting structure in the direction approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of the supporting structure so that the pivoting movement of the support can be carried out egmentes is adjustable, and a method for adjusting the position of support segments.
- a strand guide of this type is known for example from DE-A - 30 29 991. Alignment of the support segments is possible by adjusting the supports on the bearings, etc. through manual manipulations. However, this involves complications, since this can only be carried out when the system is not in operation and only when it is cold. This means that deformations caused by thermal expansion and effects after commissioning can no longer be taken into account.
- a strand guide in which several supporting segments each carrying a plurality of strand guide rollers are arranged on a continuous one-piece longitudinal member, the supporting segments being attached to the by means of support brackets which are rigidly fastened to the longitudinal members by means of dowel bolts Longitudinal beams are mounted, namely two adjacent support segments are mounted on the support straps by means of support elements arranged at their ends.
- Each support bracket has a recess which immovably receives the support element of a support segment and a recess which receives the support element of the adjacent support segment with play, thereby forming floating and fixed bearings.
- the game extends parallel to the strand guide path, so that thermal expansions of the support segments or the longitudinal members have no adverse effects on the accuracy of the strand guide.
- a strand guide is known, with this strand guide the support straps being pivotally attached to the one-piece side member, so that by a Swiveling the support straps on the one hand a support segment supported on the support strap is raised or lowered and the adjacent support segment supported on the same support strap is moved in the opposite direction to the former.
- This makes it possible to align the adjacent support segments while avoiding a stepped transition in the strand guideway.
- the disadvantage here is that at least two adjacent support segments are pivoted if there is a height step at a transition from one support segment to the other.
- the invention aims at avoiding these disadvantages and difficulties and has as its object to develop a strand guide of the type described in such a way that an exact setting of the support segments can be ensured during the entire operating time of the strand guide, only to adjust the strand guide, if at all short business interruptions are required.
- a measuring device for detecting the pivoting movement of the support segment preferably a displacement measuring device or an angle measuring device, is provided, which is coupled via a controller to an actuating device for adjusting the position of the support segment.
- a particularly simple and robust construction of a strand guide is characterized in that height-adjustable inserts are provided for adjusting the position of the adjustable bearing.
- a threaded spindle is preferably provided for adjusting the adjustable bearing or, according to a further embodiment, an axially displaceable wedge which is movable by means of a hydraulic adjusting cylinder, or according to yet another embodiment, a hydraulic adjusting cylinder acting between the supporting structure and the support segment.
- a preferred embodiment is characterized in that at least one directional control valve is provided for controlling the hydraulic adjusting cylinder, which is controlled by a three-point controller or a higher-level controller or a controller with pulse width output, which the actual value detected by the displacement measuring device can be input via a coupling is switchable.
- a directional valve enables very simple control technology. Although a particularly high level of accuracy, which would be achievable, for example, with servo door technology, is dispensed with, the advantages over servo door technology, according to the invention, are substantially lower costs and furthermore a significantly lower sensitivity to disturbances such as e.g. Contamination of the oil or pressure drops or the like. Surprisingly, it has been shown that the directional valve technology for continuous casting can also be used for sensitive steel grades.
- the servo valve technology allows a very sensitive and quick control of large outputs through low control outputs thanks to the supporting effect of the medium flowing through.
- Servo valve technology is mainly used in machine tool technology for delicate positioning tasks. Accordingly, both the material and the cost of implementing the servo valve technology are high. Maintenance and measures to avoid interference are also complex.
- a throttle or orifice is installed in at least one hydraulic working line of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder, which leads from a pressure medium supply station to the directional valve or from this leads to the hydraulic adjusting cylinder.
- a preferred embodiment is characterized in that a flow control valve with rectification is installed in at least one hydraulic working line which leads from a pressure medium supply station to the directional valve or from this to the hydraulic adjusting cylinder.
- a flow control valve sets an adjustment speed that is almost independent of the load and the corresponding hydraulic pressures.
- a design of the 3 or 5 point controller that is matched to this adjustment speed and the response and decay time of the respective directional control valve enables the desired position to be reached very precisely and directly for all load cases.
- Another preferred embodiment is characterized in that in the hydraulic working line leading to and / or from the hydraulic adjusting cylinder there is provided a throttle or orifice immediately upstream or downstream of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder.
- an additional directional valve is preferably provided in parallel with a throttle or orifice or to the flow control valve with rectification, with a five-point controller or higher-level controller expediently serving as the controller is provided.
- the invention further relates to a strand guide, which is characterized in that the displacement measuring device is formed by a balancing cylinder which is arranged in parallel with the hydraulic adjusting cylinder and works counter to the hydraulic adjusting cylinder and which is connected on the one hand to the supporting structure and on the other hand to a support segment.
- the displacement measuring device is formed by a balancing cylinder which is arranged in parallel with the hydraulic adjusting cylinder and works counter to the hydraulic adjusting cylinder and which is connected on the one hand to the supporting structure and on the other hand to a support segment.
- the support segment is preferably pivoted until a contact circle placed on three adjacent strand support elements, one strand support element of which one and two strand support elements belong to the adjacent support segment, has a radius or a curvature whose deviation from the desired (ideal) ) Radius or the associated curvature becomes a minimum.
- Fig. 1 shows a partial side view of a strand guide of a continuous caster.
- Figures 2 and 3 are schematic diagrams for explaining the invention. 4 illustrates the change in the curvature during the transition from inaccurate segment installation by the correction to be carried out according to the invention.
- 5 illustrates a preferred control according to the invention for the hydraulic adjusting cylinder in a schematic representation and
- FIG. 6 shows its arrangement on a strand guide, likewise in a schematic representation.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show the mode of operation of a three-point controller and a five-point controller as a function of the control deviation.
- Fig. 9 illustrates a basic circuit with a flow control valve
- Fig. 10 the basic circuit with a 4/3 way valve with orifices.
- 11 shows a valve-throttle combination for realizing two adjustment speeds for the piston of a hydraulic adjustment cylinder.
- a strand guide 1 of a continuous sheet caster has continuous, arc-shaped longitudinal beams, which serve as supporting structure 3 for the supporting segments 2, for supporting a plurality of supporting segments 2, each of which is supported on the foundation by means of bearings (not shown).
- each longitudinal member 3 is provided one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the strand guide, each longitudinal member 3 each carrying two or more support segments 2, on which strand support elements 4, in particular support rollers, are arranged. If two or more longitudinal beams 3 are arranged one behind the other, one of the segments can be provided as a bridging of the longitudinal beams 3, i.e. be mounted both on the first side member 3 and on the following side member 3.
- the strand guide 1 continues over at least the length within which the strand has a liquid core, so that side members 3 are generally arranged in the same manner in the horizontal part of the strand guide 1 following the arcuate part of the strand guide 1 become can and also each carry two or more support segments 2.
- the longitudinal beams 3 cast concrete foundations or a single concrete foundation could also be provided, on which or on which the support segments 2 are mounted. If a concrete foundation serves as a supporting structure 3, the support segments 2 are expediently arranged on steel plates fastened to this concrete foundation, on which preferably at most two to four bearing points are provided.
- Each support segment 2 is formed by lower roller carriers 5 and upper roller carriers 6, which are connected to one another by tie rods 7.
- the tie rods extend approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal extension 8 of the strand guide 1 and thus also to the supporting structure 3, so that in the case of an arcuate strand guide 1 they are directed approximately to the center of the elbow.
- Hydraulic adjusting cylinders 9 are provided inside the bow of the tie rods 7, by means of which the roller spacing 10 of the opposing rollers 4, which are rotatably fastened to the roller carriers 5 and 6, can be changed.
- the upper roller carrier 6 is moved against the lower roller carrier 5 along the tie rods 7 by a predetermined amount and positioned after reaching the desired position.
- Each of the support segments 2 is fastened to the lower roller carrier 5 at one end by means of a fixed bearing 11 and at the opposite end by means of a floating bearing 12 on the side member 3, a fixed bearing 11 of a support segment 2 following a floating bearing 12 of the adjacent support segment 2, so that lot - and fixed bearings are arranged alternately.
- the floating bearings 12 enable this pivoting movement by the lower roller carrier 5 of the support segments 2 each about the pivot axis 13 of the fixed bearing 11 in a direction 14 approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal extension 8 of the strand guide 1 and in a plane which is vertical due to the longitudinal extension 8 of the strand guide 1 Is laid, is movable.
- This mobility can be achieved either by means of threaded spindles or by hydraulic adjusting cylinders 15, which act, for example, directly on the lower roller carrier 5 or on a wedge that can be displaced in the floating bearing 12. Height-adjustable inserts can be used to adjust and secure the position of a support segment.
- a displacement measuring device 16 is preferably installed in the floating bearing 12. The actual value of the position of the support segment 2 detected by the displacement measuring device 16 is fed to a comparator 17 of a controller 18, there with the Setpoint value compared and the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 activated depending on this comparison via a valve 19.
- a casting gap measuring device with which both the casting gap and its local curvature can be measured, is moved through the strand guide 1.
- the arrangement of the support rollers 4 within each support segment 2 can be precisely adjusted with high precision in a workshop, so that no incorrect positions are to be expected in this regard.
- the measurement protocol is evaluated and the necessary and still to be carried out correction movements of the individual support segments 2. This can be carried out with the aid of a computer.
- the measurement protocol reveals a position of three support segments 2, 2 ', 2 "arranged one behind the other, as shown in FIG. 2 - for the sake of simplicity only for the lower roller carrier 5. It can be seen that the central support segment 2 'deviates from the ideal strand guideway, which is illustrated by a dash-dotted line 20. According to the example, it is too deep by about 1 mm.
- a roller diameter of 300 mm and a roller pitch of 330 mm is realized the position of the support segments 2, 2 ', 2 "in that the second support segment 2' at the end at which it has the floating bearing 12 is raised so far that the between the adjacent support rollers 4 of the adjacent support segments 2, 2nd 'results in a minimal curvature of the strand guide 1.
- the third support segment 2 ′′ is lowered at the point at which it is fastened to the longitudinal beams 3 with a floating bearing 12, and likewise until the local curvature between the adjacent support rollers 4 of the adjacent support segments 2 and 2 'has a minimum.
- a contacting circle is placed on three successive support rollers 4, one of which belongs to one and two to the other adjacent support segment 2, and its radius and curvature are calculated.
- the local curvature is above the respective middle support roller of the three selected support rollers 4 adjacent support segments 2, 2 ', 2 "are illustrated.
- the curvature values after the correction are illustrated. For the example case, this is reduced the maximum curvature due to the correction to about a third of the original value.
- the curvature in connection with the strand shell thickness can be interpreted as a measure of the strains occurring in the two-phase layer (between the solidified strand shell and the liquid core) and thus as a quality criterion.
- a tie rod 21 is on the structure 3, i.e. on a longitudinal beam, keyed and connected to the lower roller beam 5.
- the roller carrier 5 is displaceable along the tie rod 21, so that the support segment 2 can be pivoted about the fixed bearing 11.
- a hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 is used to achieve a movement of the roller carrier 5 with respect to the supporting structure 3.
- the cylinder 22 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 is supported on an additional support 23, which is also wedged in relation to the tie rod 21, so that the additional support 23 is fixed in its position in relation to the supporting structure 3.
- the piston 24 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 is preferably designed as a hollow piston for uniform and radially symmetrical force distribution, through which the tie rod 21 passes.
- the front end 25 of the piston 24 is supported on the roller carrier 5.
- a balancing cylinder 26 is provided in a parallel arrangement to the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15, which is always acted on so that the roller carrier 5 rests against the front end 25 of the piston 24 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15, ie is pressed against it .
- the cylinder of the balancing cylinder 26 is connected to the additional carrier 23 and the piston to the roller carrier 5.
- This balancing cylinder could also be arranged in a position rotated by 180 ° between the additional carrier 23 and the roller carrier 5.
- the balancing cylinder 26 enables the roller carrier 5 to be positioned without play with respect to the supporting structure 3 and, for example, additionally serves as a displacement transducer for determining the actual position of the roller carrier 5, as is shown in a schematic illustration in FIG. 5. In this way, squeezing or contamination of the force application point of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 on the roller carrier 5 - that is to say on the bearing point of the piston 24 - has no negative influence on the desired position of the support segment 2 to be set. As can be seen in particular from FIG.
- hydraulic working lines 27, 28 can each be connected to a chamber 32, 33 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 via throttles 29 or orifices and directional control valves 30A, 30B and check valves 31A, 31B arranged downstream thereof .
- the respective position of the piston 24 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 - and thus of the support segment 2 - is determined via the displacement transducer, ie the balancing cylinder 26, and its signal is then passed on to a comparator 34 of a three-point controller 35.
- the setpoint for the position of the piston 24 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 can be input into the comparator 34. If the actual value deviates from the setpoint, the three-point controller 35 comes into operation, with the valve 30A with the signal + 1 and the with the signal -1 Valve 3 OB switches.
- the check valves 31A and 31B present in the hydraulic working lines 27, 28 leading to the two chambers 32 and 33 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 are each acted upon by the hydraulic working line 27, 28 opening into the other chamber via the control lines 36.
- the balancing cylinder 26 can be pressurized by its own hydraulic working line 37. Furthermore, a pressure relief valve 38 is provided which limits the force of the piston 24 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15.
- the control of the three-point controller 35 is explained in more detail in FIG. 7, the control of the directional control valves being plotted on the ordinate and the control deviation being plotted on the abscissa. If the three-point controller 35 gives the signal + 1, the magnet of the directional control valve 30A is switched, whereas the magnet of the directional control valve 30B is de-energized. If the signal of the three-point controller 35 0, both magnets of the directional control valves 30A and 30B are de-energized; with signal -1 the solenoid of the directional control valve 30A is de-energized and the solenoid of the directional control valve 30B switches.
- Fig. 9 shows a slightly modified circuit with a 4/3-way valve 30C, which is equipped with a flow control valve 39 with rectification.
- Fig. 10 shows a similar circuit also with a 4/3-way valve 30C, but without a flow control valve.
- throttles 29 or orifices are arranged between the check valves 31A, 31B and the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 in addition to throttles 29 or orifices provided in front of the 4/3 directional control valve 30C in the hydraulic working lines 27, 28. This allows a large variation in the speed of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 to be achieved.
- the chokes or orifices can be dimensioned larger, the more of them are provided, which has the advantage that the throttles 29 and orifices are significantly less sensitive to contamination.
- the throttles 29 or orifices provided in front of the 4/3-way valve 30C are omitted or these are dimensioned larger than the throttles 29 or orifices arranged immediately in front of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15, the main throttling effect ( or main diaphragm effect) between the check valves 31 A and 31B and the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 12 can be achieved, whereby the switching times of the check valves 31 A and 31B can be kept particularly short. Vibrations of the check valves 31A and 31B are also avoided by this measure.
- the arrangement of throttles 29 or orifices directly adjacent to the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15, i.e. between the check valves 31 A and 31B and the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15, also in all the other embodiments shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and 7, so that the advantages described above also arise in these embodiments.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a valve-throttle combination for realizing two adjustment speeds for the hydraulic adjustment cylinder 15.
- the piston 24 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 can be moved in rapid or creep speed.
- throttles 40 and orifices are also connected upstream of the directional control valves 30A and 30B, each of which has a bypass 41 , 42 can be bridged.
- a bypass can be achieved with the aid of a directional valve 43 provided in the bypass lines 41, 42, which is activated or deactivated via a five-point controller.
- the five-point control is implemented by a three-point controller 35 according to FIG. 5 with an operating mode according to FIG.
- a rapid / slow speed switch 44 the operating mode of which is explained in FIG. 8. If the piston 24 of the hydraulic adjusting cylinder 15 approaches the switching range of the three-point controller 35, the egg speed switch 44 switches to a lower speed, and so on. by means of one of the switchable shutters 40, so that a more precise positioning can be achieved.
- the rapid / slow speed switch 44 brings the directional valve 43 into the position shown in FIG. 8 for the slow speed with the signal +1 and the directional valve 43 into the rapid speed position with the signal 0, in which the hydraulic medium flows via the bypass lines 41 and 42.
- a controller with a pulse width output can also be provided.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0082496A AT404806B (en) | 1996-05-08 | 1996-05-08 | STRING GUIDANCE FOR A CONTINUOUS CASTING SYSTEM |
AT824/96 | 1996-05-08 | ||
PCT/AT1997/000089 WO1997041984A1 (en) | 1996-05-08 | 1997-05-07 | Billet-guiding system for a continuous casting plant |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0898503A1 true EP0898503A1 (en) | 1999-03-03 |
Family
ID=3500597
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97920444A Withdrawn EP0898503A1 (en) | 1996-05-08 | 1997-05-07 | Billet-guiding system for a continuous casting plant |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6209619B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0898503A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2000509333A (en) |
AT (1) | AT404806B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997041984A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19809807C2 (en) * | 1998-03-09 | 2003-03-27 | Sms Demag Ag | Setting process for a roller segment of a continuous caster |
DE19836843A1 (en) * | 1998-08-14 | 2000-02-17 | Schloemann Siemag Ag | Apparatus for hydraulic setting of the rolls of billet guide segments of a continuous casting installation comprises switching valves connecting the hydraulic cylinder units to pressure sources and sinks |
DE19933635A1 (en) * | 1999-07-17 | 2001-01-18 | Sms Demag Ag | Method and device for changing the format thickness of the cast strand of a continuous caster in a continuous casting operation |
DE50012252D1 (en) * | 1999-12-15 | 2006-04-27 | Sms Demag Ag | Method for changing the thickness of the cast strip below the mold of a continuous casting plant |
AT409465B (en) * | 2000-12-12 | 2002-08-26 | Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen | METHOD FOR ADJUSTING A CASTING SPLIT ON A STRAND GUIDE OF A CONTINUOUS CASTING SYSTEM |
DE10106252A1 (en) * | 2001-02-10 | 2002-08-14 | Sms Demag Ag | Continuous routing of a continuous caster as well as setting procedures for its roller segments |
KR101375728B1 (en) * | 2012-07-04 | 2014-03-20 | 주식회사 포스코 | Guide apparatus of approach roll table |
DE102017117634A1 (en) * | 2017-08-03 | 2019-02-07 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Optimized continuous casting plant and process for the optimized alignment of components of a continuous casting plant |
CN110548847B (en) * | 2019-09-20 | 2021-07-09 | 本钢板材股份有限公司 | A method for a continuous casting machine to automatically avoid the joint slab during the quick change of the tundish |
DE102023209452A1 (en) * | 2023-09-27 | 2025-03-27 | Sms Group Gmbh | Adaptive segment of a strand guide, especially for a continuous casting plant |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1807709A1 (en) * | 1968-11-08 | 1970-06-04 | Schloemann Ag | Drive for an extrusion press |
DE2133144B2 (en) * | 1971-07-03 | 1973-09-27 | Concast Ag, Zuerich (Schweiz) | Method and device for conveying and straightening a strand in a continuous casting plant |
US3831661A (en) | 1972-06-22 | 1974-08-27 | Steel Corp | Assembly gauge for curved rod rack frame construction |
FR2447764A1 (en) | 1979-02-05 | 1980-08-29 | Fives Cail Babcock | Continuous casting plant - where curved billet guide track is formed by segments located on pivot rockers, so track is self-aligning |
DE3029991C2 (en) * | 1980-08-08 | 1983-03-03 | Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf | Strand guide for multiple strand casting plants for casting strands of metal, in particular of steel |
AT383525B (en) | 1985-11-14 | 1987-07-10 | Voest Alpine Ag | STRING LEADERSHIP |
US5490555A (en) * | 1994-05-25 | 1996-02-13 | Voest-Alpine Services and Technologies Corp. | Method of controlling forces applied to a continuously cast product |
-
1996
- 1996-05-08 AT AT0082496A patent/AT404806B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-05-07 WO PCT/AT1997/000089 patent/WO1997041984A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-05-07 US US09/180,357 patent/US6209619B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-05-07 EP EP97920444A patent/EP0898503A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-05-07 JP JP9539337A patent/JP2000509333A/en not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9741984A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AT404806B (en) | 1999-03-25 |
ATA82496A (en) | 1998-07-15 |
JP2000509333A (en) | 2000-07-25 |
WO1997041984A1 (en) | 1997-11-13 |
US6209619B1 (en) | 2001-04-03 |
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