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EP0847237A1 - Ovocytes inactives utilises en tant que receveurs de cytoplastes aux fins de transfert nucleaire - Google Patents

Ovocytes inactives utilises en tant que receveurs de cytoplastes aux fins de transfert nucleaire

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Publication number
EP0847237A1
EP0847237A1 EP96928586A EP96928586A EP0847237A1 EP 0847237 A1 EP0847237 A1 EP 0847237A1 EP 96928586 A EP96928586 A EP 96928586A EP 96928586 A EP96928586 A EP 96928586A EP 0847237 A1 EP0847237 A1 EP 0847237A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
embryo
animal
nucleus
oocyte
activation
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP96928586A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0847237B1 (fr
Inventor
Keith Henry Stockman Campbell
Ian Wilmut
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Roslin Institute
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Roslin Institute
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
    • A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
    • C12N15/873—Techniques for producing new embryos, e.g. nuclear transfer, manipulation of totipotent cells or production of chimeric embryos
    • C12N15/877—Techniques for producing new mammalian cloned embryos
    • C12N15/8773—Ovine embryos
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/48—Reproductive organs
    • A61K35/54—Ovaries; Ova; Ovules; Embryos; Foetal cells; Germ cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
    • C12N15/873—Techniques for producing new embryos, e.g. nuclear transfer, manipulation of totipotent cells or production of chimeric embryos
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
    • C12N15/873—Techniques for producing new embryos, e.g. nuclear transfer, manipulation of totipotent cells or production of chimeric embryos
    • C12N15/877—Techniques for producing new mammalian cloned embryos
    • C12N15/8771—Bovine embryos

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the generation of animals including but not being limited to genetically selected and/or modified animals, and to cells useful in their generation.
  • Transfer of the donor nucleus into the oocyte cytoplasm is generally achieved by inducing cell fusion.
  • In ungulates fusion is induced by application of a DC electrical pulse across the contact/fusion plane of the couplet.
  • the same pulse which induces cell fusion also activates the recipient oocyte.
  • embryo reconstruction further development is dependent on a large number of factors including the ability of the nucleus to direct development i.e. totipotency, developmental competence of the recipient cytoplast (i.e. oocyte maturation) , oocyte activation, embryo culture
  • the morphological events which occur in the donor nucleus after transfer into an enucleated metaphase II oocyte have been studied in a number of species including mouse (Czolowiska et al . , J. Cell Sci . 69 19-34 (1984)), rabbit (Collas and Robl, Biol . Reprod. 45 455-465 (1991)), pig (Prather et al . , J. Exp. Zool . 225355-358 (1990)), cow (Kanka et al . , Mol . Reprod. Dev. 29 110-116 (1991) ) .
  • NEBD donor nuclear envelope breaks down
  • PCC chromosomes prematurely condense
  • MPF maturation/mitosis/ meiosis promoting factor
  • This activity is found in all mitotic and meiotic cells reaching a maximal activity at metaphase.
  • Matured mammalian oocytes are arrested at metaphase of the 2nd meiotic division (metaphase II) and have high MPF activity.
  • MPF activity declines, the second meiotic division is completed and the second polar body extruded, the chromatin then decondenses and pronuclear formation occurs.
  • a method of reconstituting an animal embryo comprising transferring a diploid nucleus into an oocyte which is arrested in the metaphase of the second meiotic division without concomitantly activating the oocyte, keeping the nucleus exposed to the cytoplasm of the recipient for a period of time sufficient for the reconstituted embryo to become capable of giving rise to a live birth and subsequently activating the reconstituted embryo while maintaining correct ploidy.
  • the reconstituted embryo is a single cell.
  • the invention is applicable to all animals, including birds such as domestic fowl, amphibian species and fish species. In practice, however, it will be to non-human animals, especially non-human mammals, particularly placental mammals, that the greatest commercially useful applicability is presently envisaged. It is with ungulates, particularly economically important ungulates such as cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo, camels and pigs that the invention is likely to be most useful, both as a means for cloning animals and as a means for generating transgenic animals. It should also be noted that the invention is also likely to be applicable to other economically important animal species such as, for example, horses, llamas or rodents, e.g. rats or mice, or rabbits.
  • horses, llamas or rodents e.g. rats or mice, or rabbits.
  • Transgenic animals may be produced from genetically altered donor cells.
  • the overall procedure has a number of advantages over conventional procedures for the production of transgenic (i.e. genetically modified) animals which may be summarised as follows:
  • all animals produced from embryos prepared by the invention should transmit the relevant genetic modification through the germ line as each animal is derived from a single nucleus; in contrast, production of transgenic animals by pronuclear injection or chimerism after inclusion of modified stem cell populations by blastocyst injection produces a proportion of mosaic -animals in which all cells do not contain the modification and may not transmit the modification through the germ line; and (5) cells can be selected for the site of genetic modification (e.g. integration) prior to the generation of the whole animal.
  • transgenic in relation to animals, should not be taken to be limited to referring to animals containing in their germ line one or more genes from another species, although many transgenic animals will contain such a gene or genes. Rather, the term refers more broadly to any animal whose germ line has been the subject of technical intervention by recombinant DNA technology. So, for example, an animal in whose germ line an endogenous gene has been deleted, duplicated, activated or modified is a transgenic animal for the purposes of this invention as much as an animal to whose germ line an exogenous DNA sequence has been added.
  • the donor nucleus is genetically modified.
  • the donor nucleus may contain one or more transgenes and the genetic modification may take place prior to nuclear transfer and embryo reconstitution.
  • micro ⁇ injection analogous to injection into the male or female pronucleus of a zygote, may be used as a method of genetic modification, the invention is not limited to that methodology: mass transformation or transfection techniques can also be used e.g. electroporation, viral transfection or lipofection.
  • a diploid nucleus is transferred from a donor into the enucleated recipient oocyte.
  • Donors which are diploid at the time of transfer are necessary in order to maintain the correct ploidy of the reconstituted embryo; therefore donors may be either in the Gl phase or preferably, as is the subject of our co-pending PCT patent application No. PCT/GB96/02099 filed today (claiming priority from GB 9517780.4) , in the GO phase of the cell cycle.
  • the mitotic cell cycle has four distinct phases, G, S, G2 and M.
  • the beginning event in the cell cycle, called start takes place in the Gl phase and has a unique function.
  • the decision or commitment to undergo another cell cycle is made at start .
  • Once a cell has passed through start it passes through the remainder of the Gl phase, which is the pre-DNA synthesis phase.
  • the second stage, the S phase is when DNA synthesis takes place. This is followed by the G2 phase, which is the period between DNA synthesis and mitosis. Mitosis itself occurs at the M phase.
  • Quiescent cells which include cells in which quiescence has been induced as well as those cells which are naturally quiescent, such as certain fully differentiated cells
  • Quiescent cells are generally regarded as not being in any of these four phases of the cycle; they are usually described as being in a GO state, so as to indicate that they would not normally progress through the cycle.
  • the nuclei of quiescent GO cells like the nuclei of Gl cells, have a diploid DNA content; both of such diploid nuclei can be used in the present invention.
  • Recipient cells useful in the invention are enucleated oocytes which are arrested in the metaphase of the second meiotic division. In most vertebrates, oocyte maturation proceeds in vivo to this fairly late stage of the egg maturation process and then arrests. At ovulation, the arrested oocyte is released from the ovary (and, if fertilisation occurs, the oocyte is naturally stimulated to complete meiosis) . In the practice of the invention, oocytes can be matured either in vi tro or in vivo and are collected on appearance of the 1st polar body or as soon as possible after ovulation, respectively.
  • the recipient be enucleate. While it has been generally assumed that enucleation of recipient oocytes in nuclear transfer procedures is essential, there is no published experimental confirmation of this judgement.
  • the original procedure described for ungulates involved splitting the cell into two halves, one of which was likely to be enucleated (Willadsen Nature 320 (6) 63-65 (1986)). This procedure has the disadvantage that the other unknown half will still have the metaphase apparatus and that the reduction in volume of the cytoplasm is believed to accelerate the pattern of differentiation of the new embryo (Eviskov et al . , Development 109 322-328 (1990)).
  • enucleation may be achieved physically, by actual removal of the nucleus, pro-nuclei or metaphase plate (depending on the recipient cell) , or functionally, such as by the application of ultraviolet radiation or another enucleating influence.
  • the donor nucleus After enucleation, the donor nucleus is introduced either by fusion to donor cells under conditions which do not induce oocyte activation or by injection under non- activating conditions. In order to maintain the correct ploidy of the reconstructed embryo the donor nucleus must be diploid (i.e. in the GO or Gl phase of the cell cycle) at the time of fusion.
  • nucleus of the former it is necessary for the nucleus of the former to be transferred to the latter. Most conveniently, nuclear transfer is effected by fusion. Activation should not take place at the time of fusion.
  • Three established methods which have been used to induce fusion are: (1) exposure of cells to fusion-promoting chemicals, such as polyethylene glycol;
  • inactivated virus such as Sendai virus
  • electrical stimulation the use of electrical stimulation
  • Exposure of cells to fusion-promoting chemicals such as polyethylene glycol or other glycols is a routine procedure for the fusion of somatic cells, but it has not been widely used with embryos.
  • polyethylene glycol is toxic it is necessary to expose the cells for a minimum period and the need to be able to remove the chemical quickly may necessitate the removal of the zona pellucida
  • inactivated Sendai virus provides an efficient means for the fusion of cells from cleavage-stage embryos (Graham Wistar Inst . Symp. Monogr. 9 19 (1969)) , with the additional experimental advantage that activation is not induced.
  • fusion is commonly achieved by the same electrical stimulation that is used to induce parthogenetic activation (Willadsen Nature 320 (6) 63-65 (1986) , Prather et al . , Biol . Reprod. 37 859-866 (1987)) .
  • Sendai virus induces fusion in a proportion of cases, but is not sufficiently reliable for routine application (Willadsen Nature 320 (6) 63-65 (1986)) .
  • cell-cell fusion is a preferred method of effecting nuclear transfer, it is not the only method that can be used.
  • Other suitable techniques include microinjection
  • fusion of the oocyte karyoplast couplet is accomplished in the absence of activation by electropulsing in 0.3M mannitol solution or 0.27M sucrose solution; alternatively the nucleus may be introduced by injection in a calcium free medium.
  • the age of the oocytes at the time of fusion/injection and the absence of calcium ions from the fusion/injection medium prevent_activation of the recipient oocyte.
  • the fused reconstructed embryo which is generally returned to the maturation medium, is maintained without being activated so that the donor nucleus is exposed to the recipient cytoplasm for a period of time sufficient to allow the reconstructed embryo to become capable, eventually, of giving rise to a live birth (preferably of a fertile offspring) .
  • the optimum period of time before activation varies from species to species and can readily be determined by experimentation. For cattle, a period of from 6 to 20 hours is appropriate. The time period should probably not be less than that which will allow chromosome formation, and it should not be so long either that the couplet activates spontaneously or, in extreme cases that it dies.
  • any conventional or other suitable activation protocol can be used.
  • Recent experiments have shown that the requirements for parthogenetic activation are more complicated than had been imagined. It had been assumed that activation is an all-or-none phenomenon and that the large number of treatments able to induce formation of a pronucleus were all causing "activation".
  • exposure of rabbit oocytes to repeated electrical pulses revealed that only selection of an appropriate series of pulses and control of the Ca 2+ was able to promote development of diploidized oocytes to mid-gestation (Ozil Development 109 117-127 (1990) ) .
  • correct ploidy must be maintained during activation. It is desirable to inhibit or stabilise microtubule polymerisation in order to prevent the production of multiple pronuclei, thereby to maintain correct ploidy.
  • a microtubule inhibitor such as nocodazole at an effective concentration (such as about 5 ⁇ g/ml) .
  • Colchecine and colcemid are other microtubule inhibitors.
  • a microtubule stabiliser such as, for example, taxol could be used.
  • microtubules The molecular component of microtubules (tubulin) is in a state of dynamic equilibrium between the polymerised and non-polymerised states.
  • Microtubule inhibitors such as nocodazole prevent the addition of tubulin molecules to microtubules, thereby disturbing the equilibrium and leading to microtubule depolymerisation and destruction of the spindle. It is preferred to add the microtubule inhibitor a sufficient time before activation to ensure complete, or almost complete, depolymerisation of the microtubules. Twenty to thirty minutes is likely to be sufficient in most cases.
  • a microtubule stabiliser such as taxol prevents the breakdown of the spindle and may also therefore prevent the production of multiple pronuclei.
  • microtubule stabiliser is preferably under similar conditions to those used for microtubule inhibitors.
  • the microtubule inhibitor or stabiliser should remain present after activation until pronuclei formation. It should be removed thereafter, and in any event before the first division takes place.
  • the reconstructed oocytes are placed into medium containing nocodazole (5 ⁇ g/ml) and activated using conventional protocols. Incubation in nocodazole may be continued for 4-6 hours following the activation stimulus (dependent upon species and oocyte age) .
  • a method of preparing an animal comprising:
  • Step (a) has been described in depth above.
  • step (b) in the method of this aspect of the invention is to cause an animal to develop to term from the embryo. This may be done directly or indirectly. In direct development, the reconstituted embryo from step (a) is simply allowed to develop without further intervention beyond any that may be necessary to allow the development to take place. In indirect development, however, the embryo may be further manipulated before full development takes place. For example, the embryo may be split and the cells clonally expanded, for the purpose of improving yield.
  • a limitation in the presently achieved rate of blastocyst formation may be due to the fact that a majority of the embryos do not "reprogram” (although an acceptable number do) . If this is the case, then the rate may-be enhanced as follows.
  • Each embryo that does develop itself can be used as a nuclear donor at the 32-64 cell stage; alternatively, inner cell mass cells can be used at the blastocyst stage. If these embryos do indeed reflect those which have reprogrammed gene expression and those nuclei are in fact reprogrammed
  • each developing embryo may be multiplied in this way by the efficiency of the nuclear transfer process.
  • the degree of enhancement likely to be achieved depends upon the cell type. In sheep, it is readily possible to obtain 55% blastocyst stage embryos by transfer of a single blastomere from a 16 cell embryo to a preactivated "Universal Recipient" oocyte. So it is reasonable to hypothesise that each embryo developed from a single cell could give rise to eight at the 16 cell stage. Although these figures are just a rough guide, it is clear that at later developmental stages the extent of benefit would depend on the efficiency of the process at that stage. Aside from the issue of yield-improving expediencies, the reconstituted embryo may be cultured, in vivo or in vi tro to blastocyst.
  • embryos derived by nuclear transfer are different from normal embryos and sometimes benefit from or even require culture conditions in vivo other than those in which embryos are usually cultured
  • the function of the protective agar or other medium is twofold: first, it acts as a structural aid for the embryo by holding the zona pellucida together; and secondly it acts as barrier to cells of the recipient animal's immune system.
  • the embryo may be screened for suitability for development to term. Typically, this will be done where the embryo is transgenic and screening and selection for stable integrants has been carried out. Screening for non-transgenic genetic markers may also be carried out at this stage. However, because the method of the invention allows for screening of donors at an earlier stage, that will generally be preferred.
  • blastocyst embryo After screening, if screening has taken place, the blastocyst embryo is allowed to develop to term. This will generally be in vivo. If development up to blastocyst has taken place in vi tro, then transfer into the final recipient animal takes place at this stage. If blastocyst development has taken place in vivo, although in principle the blastocyst can be allowed to develop to term in the pre-blastocyst host, in practice the blastocyst will usually be removed from the (temporary) pre-blastocyst recipient and, after dissection from the protective medium, will be " transferred to the (permanent) post-blastocyst recipient.
  • transgenesis for example by transfection with suitable constructs, with or without selectable markers;
  • the chromatin of the donor nucleus can be exposed to the meiotic cytoplasm of the recipient oocyte in the absence of activation for appropriate periods of time. This may increase the "reprogramming" of the donor nucleus by altering the chromatin structure.
  • FIGURE 1 shows the rate of maturation of bovine oocytes in vi tro .
  • Example 1 "MAGIC" Procedure using Bovine Oocytes Recipient oocytes the subject of this experimental procedure are designated MAGIC (Metaphase Arrested G1/G0 Accepting Cytoplast) Recipients.
  • FIG. 1 ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir and maintained at 28-32°C during transport to the laboratory. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC's) were aspirated from follicles 3-10mm in diameter using a hypodermic needle (1.2mm internal diameter) and placed into sterile plastic universal containers. The universal containers were placed into a warmed chamber (35°C) and the follicular material allowed to settle for 10-15 minutes before pouring off three quarters of the supernatant.
  • COC's Cumulus oocyte complexes
  • the remaining follicular material was diluted with an equal volume of dissection medium (TCM 199 with Earles salts (Gibco), 75.0 mg/l kanamycin, 30.OmM Hepes, pH 7.4, osmolarity 280 mOsmols/Kg H 2 0) supplemented with 10% bovine serum, transferred into an 85mm petri dish and searched for COC's under a dissecting microscope.
  • TCM 199 with Earles salts (Gibco) 75.0 mg/l kanamycin, 30.OmM Hepes, pH 7.4, osmolarity 280 mOsmols/Kg H 2 0
  • bovine follicular oocytes If maturation is then continued until 24 hours these oocytes activate at a very low rate (24%) in mannitol containing calcium (Table la) . However, removal of calcium and magnesium from the electropulsing medium prevents any activation.
  • Table la shows activation of bovine follicular oocytes matured in vi tro for different periods. Oocytes were removed from the maturation medium, washed once in activation medium, placed into the activation chamber and given a single electrical pulse of 1.25kV/cm for 80 ⁇ s. Table la
  • Table lb shows activation response of in vitro matured bovine oocytes sham enucleated at approximately 22 hours post onset of maturation (hpm) .
  • Oocytes were treated exactly as for enucleation, a small volume of cytoplasm was aspirated not containing the metaphase plate.
  • the oocytes were given a single DC pulse of 1.25 KV/cm and returned to the maturation medium, at 30 hpm and 42 hpm groups of oocytes were mounted, fixed and stained with aceto-orcein. The results show the number of oocytes at each time point from five individual experiments as the number of cells having pronuclei with respect to the total number of cells.
  • hpm hours post onset of maturation
  • Table 2 shows pronuclear formation in enucleated oocytes fused to primary bovine fibroblasts (24 hpm) and subsequently activated (42hpm) .
  • the results represent five separate experiments. Oocytes were divided into two groups, group A were incubated in nocodazole for 1 hour prior to activation and for 6 hours following activation. Group B were not treated with nocodazole. Activated oocytes were fixed and stained with aceto-orcein 12 hours post activation. The number of pronuclei (PN) in each parthenote was then scored under phase contrast. The results are expressed as the percentage of activated oocytes containing 1 or more pronuclei.
  • enucleated oocytes can be fused to donor blastomeres/cells in either 0.3M mannitol or 0.27M sucrose alternatively the donor the cells or nuclei can be injected in calcium free medium in the absence of any activation response;
  • reconstructed embryos or enucleated pulsed oocytes can be cultured in maturation medium and do not undergo spontaneous activation;
  • the transferred nucleus is seen to undergo nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) and chromosome condensation. No organised meiotic/mitotic spindle is observed regardless of the cell cycle stage of the transferred nucleus;
  • Table 3 shows development of bovine embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer of serum starved (GO) bovine primary fibroblasts into enucleated unactivated Mil oocytes. Embryos were reconstructed at 24 hpm and the fused couplets activated at 42 hpm. Fused couplets were incubated in nocodazole (5 ⁇ g/ml) in M2 medium for 1 hour prior to activation and 5 hours post activation. Couplets were activated with a single DC pulse of 1.25 KV/cm for 80 ⁇ sec.
  • Table 4 shows development of ovine embryos reconstructed by transfer of an embryo derived established cell line to unactivated enucleated in vivo matured ovine oocytes.
  • Oocytes were obtained from superstimulated Scottish blackface ewes, the cell line was established from the embryonic disc of a day 9 embryo obtained from a Welsh mountain ewe.
  • Reconstructed embryos were cultured in the ligated oviduct of a temporary recipient ewe for 6 days, recovered and assessed for development.
  • Table 5 shows induction of pregnancy following transfer of all morula/blastocyst stage reconstructed embryos to the uterine horn of synchronised final recipient blackface ewes.
  • the table shows the total number of embryos from each group transferred the frequency of pregnancy in terms of ewes and embryos, in the majority of cases 2 embryos were transferred to each ewe.
  • a single twin pregnancy was established which resulted in the birth of a single live lamb.

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Abstract

Ce procédé de reconstitution d'un embryon animal consiste à transférer un noyau diploïde dans un ovocyte où l'on a stoppé la métaphase de la seconde division méiotique. Cet ovocyte n'est pas activé au moment du transfert de manière à ce que le noyau donneur puisse être exposé, pendant une certaine période, au cytoplasme receveur. Le noyau diploïde peut être donné par une cellule dans l'une ou l'autre des phases G0 ou G1 du cycle cellulaire, au moment du transfert. Ensuite, on active l'embryon reconstitué. On maintient une ploïdie correcte pendant l'activation, par exemple, en incubant l'embryon reconstitué en présence d'un inhibiteur de microtubules tel que le nocodazole. L'embryon reconstitué peut donner naissance à un ou plusieurs animaux vivants. L'invention est utile dans la production d'animaux transgéniques de même que dans celle d'animaux non transgéniques présentant un grand intérêt génétique.
EP96928586A 1995-08-31 1996-08-30 Ovocytes inactives utilises en tant que receveurs de cytoplastes aux fins de transfert nucleaire Expired - Lifetime EP0847237B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9517779.6A GB9517779D0 (en) 1995-08-31 1995-08-31 Biological manipulation
GB9517779 1995-08-31
PCT/GB1996/002098 WO1997007668A1 (fr) 1995-08-31 1996-08-30 Ovocytes inactives utilises en tant que receveurs de cytoplastes aux fins de transfert nucleaire

Publications (2)

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EP0847237A1 true EP0847237A1 (fr) 1998-06-17
EP0847237B1 EP0847237B1 (fr) 2008-07-09

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EP96928586A Expired - Lifetime EP0847237B1 (fr) 1995-08-31 1996-08-30 Ovocytes inactives utilises en tant que receveurs de cytoplastes aux fins de transfert nucleaire

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US (12) US6252133B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0847237B1 (fr)
JP (3) JP2000506721A (fr)
KR (4) KR20070041793A (fr)
CN (3) CN1772891A (fr)
AT (1) ATE400176T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU728809B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR9610013A (fr)
CA (1) CA2229657A1 (fr)
CZ (1) CZ60498A3 (fr)
DE (1) DE69637591D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0847237T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2309989T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB9517779D0 (fr)
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