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EP0821450A1 - Connecteur électrique monté sur plaquette de circuits - Google Patents

Connecteur électrique monté sur plaquette de circuits Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0821450A1
EP0821450A1 EP97202980A EP97202980A EP0821450A1 EP 0821450 A1 EP0821450 A1 EP 0821450A1 EP 97202980 A EP97202980 A EP 97202980A EP 97202980 A EP97202980 A EP 97202980A EP 0821450 A1 EP0821450 A1 EP 0821450A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
connector
shroud
housing
contacts
circuit board
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP97202980A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Earl William Mccleerey
Robert Neil Whiteman, Jr.
Michael Andre Mccaffrey
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Whitaker LLC
Original Assignee
Whitaker LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US07/951,498 external-priority patent/US5281165A/en
Priority claimed from US07/965,125 external-priority patent/US5238413A/en
Application filed by Whitaker LLC filed Critical Whitaker LLC
Publication of EP0821450A1 publication Critical patent/EP0821450A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/64—Means for preventing incorrect coupling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
    • H01R12/70—Coupling devices
    • H01R12/7005—Guiding, mounting, polarizing or locking means; Extractors
    • H01R12/7011—Locking or fixing a connector to a PCB
    • H01R12/7058—Locking or fixing a connector to a PCB characterised by the movement, e.g. pivoting, camming or translating parallel to the PCB
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
    • H01R12/70—Coupling devices
    • H01R12/7005—Guiding, mounting, polarizing or locking means; Extractors
    • H01R12/7011—Locking or fixing a connector to a PCB
    • H01R12/7064—Press fitting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
    • H01R12/70—Coupling devices
    • H01R12/71—Coupling devices for rigid printing circuits or like structures
    • H01R12/712—Coupling devices for rigid printing circuits or like structures co-operating with the surface of the printed circuit or with a coupling device exclusively provided on the surface of the printed circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R31/00—Coupling parts supported only by co-operation with counterpart
    • H01R31/08—Short-circuiting members for bridging contacts in a counterpart
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/26—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for engaging or disengaging the two parts of a coupling device

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrical connector having a shroud at a mating end of the connector and a board mount system. More particularly, the invention relates to an electrical connector having an insulating housing including a plurality of contacts in a shroud, the housing further includes a board mount system for mounting the housing to a printed circuit board.
  • a known electrical connector disclosed in U.S. 5,129,831 comprises; an insulative housing, a shroud at a mating end of the housing, and multiple electrical contacts within the shroud and projecting toward the mating end.
  • the shroud protects the contacts and assists in aligning the known connector during connection with a complementary connector.
  • Keying elements on both the known connector and the complementary connector allow connection of the connectors when the connectors are oriented with the keying elements aligned with one another.
  • the connector of the '831 reference has the advantage of being capable of using a keying protrusion to assure that the appropriate right angle connector is mounted to a corresponding location on a circuit board.
  • the '831 reference has a disadvantage in that it does not provide for a plurality of different types of contacts in the housing or a short circuit bar.
  • a known board mount disclosed in U. S. 4, 907,987 is fabricated from a metal stamping and comprises; a metal board lock formed with a slotted post defined by two barbed spring members extending along opposite sides of a slot having closed ends that join the spring members.
  • a known electrical connector disclosed in U.S. 4,907,987 comprises; an insulative housing, multiple electrical contacts within the housing projecting toward a mating end of the connector, and a board mount comprising, a metal board lock assembled in an aperture of the housing, the board lock being comprised of a slotted post for insertion in an aperture of a circuit board.
  • the present invention consists in an electrical connector having an insulating housing including a plurality of contacts in a shroud, and a board mount system for mounting the housing to a printed circuit board, characterised by at least one shorting bar positioned at a selected one of multiple positions in the shroud and electrically interconnecting at least two of the contacts, multiple openings through the shroud about the periphery thereof, each of the multiple positions of the shorting bar being aligned with at least one of the openings, whereby to permit the entry of an extraction tool to remove the shorting bar.
  • an electrical connector 1 comprises, an insulative housing 2 of unitary molded plastic construction, a shroud 3 at a mating end 4 of the housing 2, and multiple electrical contacts 5 (Figures 2 and 8) within the shroud 3 projecting toward the mating end 4.
  • the contacts 5 are within a cavity 6 defined by the shroud 3.
  • a board mount 7 on the housing 2 connects the housing 2 with a circuit board 8 ( Figure 7).
  • each of the contacts 5 is conductive and will now be described.
  • Each contact 5 is of unitary construction obtained by being stamped and formed from a strip (not shown) of conductive metal.
  • Each contact 5 comprises, a front pin 9 of 0.5 mm square cross section, a wider stepped portion 10 and a rear solder terminal 11 with a contact surface 12 for connection to one of multiple conductive pads 13 ( Figure 7 ) of the circuit board 8.
  • the contact surface 12 is convex curved for establishing a surface mount connection with a conductive pad 13.
  • the contact surface 12 can be on a solder terminal 11 shaped as a post (not shown) for establishing a connection in a plated through hole of a circuit board (not shown)
  • the pins 9 of the multiple contacts 5 are arranged in two rows, a top row 14 and a bottom row 15 ( Figure 6).
  • the pins 9 are on 2.0 mm. pitch spacing, meaning that the centerlines of the pins 9 are spaced apart 2.0 mm. Consequently, the centerlines of the two rows 14, 15 are spaced apart 2.0 mm.
  • Each pin 9 of the top row 14 is directly aligned with a pin 9 in the bottom row 15.
  • solder terminal 11 of each contact 5 projects from a rear of the housing 2.
  • the solder terminals 11 of the contacts 5 in the bottom row 15 bend upward to engage a first row 16 of the pads 13 near an edge 17 of the circuit board 8.
  • solder terminal 11 of each contact 5 in the top row 14 is offset laterally from the centerline of the pin 9 of the same contact 5. Thereby, a solder terminal 11 of each contact 5 in the bottom row 15 can bend upward without engaging a solder terminal 11 of a contact 5 in the top row 14.
  • the solder terminals 11 of the contacts 5 in one of the rows 14, 15 are offset laterally with respect to the solder terminals 11 of the contacts 5 in the other of the rows 14, 15.
  • an electrical plug 19 is a complementary connector adapted for mating connection with the connector 1.
  • the periphery of the shroud 3 is shaped to interfit with the complementary shaped periphery of the plug 19.
  • the shroud 3 assists in aligning the connector 1 during connection with the electrical plug 19.
  • the plug 19 contains electrical contacts (not shown ) for mating with the pins 9, such contacts being connected to respective electrical wires 20 terminated with the plug 19.
  • Multiple openings 21 extend through respective sides 22, 23 of the shroud 3 beside one of the rows 14, 15 of the pins 9.
  • the openings 21 are distributed about a periphery of the shroud 3. All of the openings 21 extend through the mating end 4 of the connector 1 and extend rearward from the mating end 4.
  • One of the openings 21 is a keyway located along one side 22 of the shroud 3, and is shaped to interfit with a complementary shaped, projecting key 24 on the plug 19.
  • the plug 19 will connect with the connector 1 only when the key 24 is aligned with the keyway, because no other side 23 of the shroud 3 has an opening 21 in a location which will be aligned with the key 24 when the plug 19 is attempted to be inserted into the shroud 3.
  • a shorting bar 25 comprises, a conductive metal strip 26 with end spring fingers 27 within an insulative sheath 28 , fabricated by insert molding.
  • the shorting bar 25 is adapted to be inserted into the cavity 6 of the shroud 3.
  • the metal strip 26 bridges between a pair of the pins 9 with the fingers 27 frictionally engaging the pair of pins 9 to connect them electrically.
  • the shorting bar 25 is adapted for being positioned at a selected one of multiple positions 29 , some of which are indicated by dotted lines, interconnecting electrically at least two of the pins 9 in the two rows 14, 15. Since the centerlines of the fingers 27 are 2 mm. apart, they can connect with any pair of the pins 9 on 2 mm. pitch spacings.
  • the multiple openings 21 through the shroud allow for entry of an extraction tool 30 to remove the shorting bar 25.
  • Each of the multiple positions 29 of the shorting bar 25 is aligned with at least one of the openings 21, such that the extraction tool 30 can enter the opening 21 and pry the shorting bar 21 away from the pair of pins 9.
  • the shroud 3 is one of multiple shrouds 3, 31 at the mating end 4 of the housing 2.
  • the multiple shrouds 3, 31 are of different peripheral shapes and contain electrical contacts 5, 32 of different shapes.
  • the shroud 3 is rectangular and is contiguous at the mating end 4 of the connector 1 with the shroud 31 with a periphery that is rectangular with two diagonal chamfered corners 33 .
  • the contacts 32 within the shroud 31 are arranged four in a row.
  • Each of the contacts 32 ( Figure 9) is of unitary construction, stamped and formed from metal strip, having a bulbous front end 34 and a solder terminal 35 projecting from a rear of the housing 2.
  • the solder terminal 35 is curved with a contact surface 36 for engaging one of the four solder pads 37 on the circuit board 8.
  • the contacts 32 comprise, 0.84 mm. diameter pins on 0.200 mm. pitch spacing.
  • the connector 1 further may be unitary with an unshrouded connector 38 with a generally D shaped periphery at the mating end 4 of the connector 1.
  • the unshrouded connector 38 is separated by a clearance space 39 from the shroud 3.
  • Electrical contacts 40 within the connector 38 are arranged in two rows, a top row 41 , and a bottom row 42 .
  • Each of the contacts 40 is of unitary construction, stamped and formed from metal strip.
  • Each of the contacts 40 comprises, an electrical receptacle 43 defined by a pair of opposed spring fingers 44 , a middle portion 45 with barbs 46 along opposite edges 47 , and solder terminals 48 projecting from a rear of the housing 2 for connection to a pad 13' in a row 16' or 18'.
  • the connector 38 can be a 68 position receptacle connector with the contacts 40 on 0.50 mm pitch spacing.
  • solder terminal 48 of each contact 40 in the bottom row 42 is offset laterally from the centerline of the receptacle 43 of the same contact 40. Thereby, a solder terminal 48 of each contact 40 in the bottom row 42 can bend upward without engaging a solder terminal 48 of a contact 40 in the top row 41.
  • the solder terminals 48 of the contacts 40 in one row are offset laterally with respect to the solder terminals 48 of the contacts 40 in the other row.
  • the board mount 7' is fabricated from a one piece metal stamping.
  • a metal board lock of the board mount 7' comprises, a slotted post 19 ' defined by two barbed spring members 20 ' extending along opposite sides of a slot 21 ' having closed ends that join the spring members 20'.
  • the post 19' is adapted for insertion into the aperture 10' of the circuit board 8'.
  • the post 19' is dimensioned with a width having an interference fit within the aperture 10' of the circuit board 8'. Further details of the post 10' and interaction with the aperture 10' are described in U. S. 4,907,987.
  • the board mount 7' further comprises, a web 22 ' having a first edge 23 ' and a second edge 24 '.
  • the first edge 23' defines a periphery of both, the post 19', and a first flange 25 ' extending transverse to a longitudinal axis of the post 19'.
  • the post 19' projects in a plane defined by the thickness of the web 22'.
  • the first flange 25' is turned outwardly of the plane of the web 22', and is transverse to the plane of the web 22' for engaging the circuit board 8', and, more particularly, to engage one of the pads 9'. Molten solder (not shown) is used to join the first flange 25' to the pad 9'.
  • the first edge 23' along the first flange 25' has a wavy shape for amassing the molten solder, and for distributing the molten solder along the surface of the first flange 25'.
  • the second edge 24' defines a second flange 26 ' turned outwardly of the plane of the web 22' to extend transverse to the longitudinal axis of the post 19'.
  • the second flange 26' extends over the axis of the post 19', and provides a force receiving, pressure plate against which an insertion force is pressed to insert the post 19' with an interference fit in one of the apertures 10' of the circuit board 8'.
  • the web 22' is contiguous with a coplanar anchor fluke 27 ' that extends outwardly beside the first flange 25' and the second flange 26'.
  • An opening 28 ' extends through the fluke 27'.
  • the housing 2' is of unitary construction, for example, by molding a polymer known as an LCP, liquid crystalline polymer. With reference to Figures 14 through 17, an assembly of the housing 2' and the board mount 7' can be fabricated by insert molding, such that the housing 2' is molded unitarily with the board mount 7', and such that the housing 2' extends through the opening 28' in the fluke 27'. In an embodiment shown in Figure 17, the opening 28' communicates with an edge of the fluke 27'.
  • Core pin opehings 29 ' extend through the housing 2' to intersect the fluke 27'. Thereby, the fluke 27' anchors the board mount 7' to the housing 2'.
  • the web 22' and the first flange 25' and the second flange 26' and the post 19' project from a rear of the housing 2'.
  • a notch 30 ' at an intersection of the second flange 26' and the fluke 27' permits turning of the flange 26' outwardly.
  • a finger 33 ' on the housing 2' projects from the housing 2', and overlies the second flange 26' and a portion of the web 22' adjacent the second flange 26'.
  • the finger 33' is wider than the second flange 26', and provides a cushion against which an insertion force is applied.
  • the cushion is particularly useful for reducing discomfort when an operator applies the insertion force by manual labor without the use of a tool to apply the insertion force.
  • the finger 33' can be fabricatedunitarily with the housing 2'.
  • the finger 33' partially envelops the second flange 26', adding strength to a connection of the finger 33' and the second flange 26'.
  • a hook 34 ' on the fluke 27' projects from the housing 2'.
  • a circuit board receiving space between the hook 34' and the first flange 25' is adapted to receive the edge 17' of the circuit board 8' between the hook 34' and the first flange 25'.
  • the hook 34' and the first flange 25' across the width of the space, spans a thickness of the circuit board 8'.
  • a third edge 43 ' along the fluke 27' extends beside the hook 34' and extends from the hook 34' to an intersection of the third edge 43' with the first edge 23'.
  • a notch 44 ' at the intersection separates an inner end of the first flange 25' from the third edge 43' and from the fluke 27'.
  • the third edge 43' is adapted to stop against the edge 17' of the circuit board 8', and provides a pivot.
  • the third edge 43' registers in a rounded notch 17" in the edge 17' of the circuit board 17', and quickly locates the aperture 10' and the post 19' in mutual alignment for insertion of the post 19' into the aperture 10' when the third edge 43' is against the notch 17" in the edge 17' of the circuit board 8'.
  • a circuit board 8' must be positioned at an angle of elevation to pass over the post 19' and under the hook 34'.
  • the post 19" is taller than the post 19' in the embodiment of Figure 15. While the taller post 19" is capable of interfitting with a circuit board 8' of relatively larger thickness than is the shorter post 19', the circuit board 8' of Figure 16 is positioned at a relatively larger angle of elevation, particularly when the circuit board 8' of Figure 16 is thicker than the circuit board 8' of Figure 15.
  • a tip of the hook 34' in the embodiment of Figure 16 has an undercut clearance 45 ' to allow for insertion of the circuit board 8', positioned at an angle of elevation, into the clearance space.
  • a curved end 46 ' on the hook 19' next to the undercut clearance 45', engages the circuit board 8', particularly when the post 19' is interfit within the aperture 10', as shown in phantom outline.
  • a hook 34' is absent.
  • the third edge 43' provides a stop for the edge 17' of the circuit board 8'.
  • the third edge 43' can provide a pivot, although the post 19" can be interfit with the aperture 10', either by pivoting, as described with reference to Figures 15 and 16, or by sliding the third edge 43' along the edge of the circuit board 8'.

Landscapes

  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
EP97202980A 1992-09-28 1993-09-01 Connecteur électrique monté sur plaquette de circuits Ceased EP0821450A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/951,498 US5281165A (en) 1992-09-28 1992-09-28 Electrical connector shroud adapted for shorting bar removal
US951498 1992-09-28
US07/965,125 US5238413A (en) 1992-10-22 1992-10-22 Electrical connector with board mount feature
US965125 1992-10-22
EP93306892A EP0590797B1 (fr) 1992-09-28 1993-09-01 Connecteur électrique monté sur plaquette de circuits

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93306892A Division EP0590797B1 (fr) 1992-09-28 1993-09-01 Connecteur électrique monté sur plaquette de circuits

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0821450A1 true EP0821450A1 (fr) 1998-01-28

Family

ID=27130315

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97202980A Ceased EP0821450A1 (fr) 1992-09-28 1993-09-01 Connecteur électrique monté sur plaquette de circuits
EP93306892A Expired - Lifetime EP0590797B1 (fr) 1992-09-28 1993-09-01 Connecteur électrique monté sur plaquette de circuits

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93306892A Expired - Lifetime EP0590797B1 (fr) 1992-09-28 1993-09-01 Connecteur électrique monté sur plaquette de circuits

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0821450A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69322471T2 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000011761A1 (fr) * 1998-08-20 2000-03-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Barrette a bornes enfichable a monter sur une plaquette de circuit imprime
DE19807713C2 (de) * 1997-12-06 2002-01-10 Erni Elektroapp Steckverbinder für Backplanes und Einschubkarten bei sogenannten Compact PCI-Systemen

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19523916A1 (de) * 1995-06-30 1997-01-02 Telefunken Microelectron Chip-Karte
US5722861A (en) * 1996-02-28 1998-03-03 Molex Incorporated Electrical connector with terminals of varying lengths

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4482198A (en) * 1982-11-08 1984-11-13 Amp Incorporated Shunt
US4516817A (en) * 1983-04-25 1985-05-14 Deters Paul M Electrical jumper assembly
EP0214780A2 (fr) * 1985-08-30 1987-03-18 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Connecteur électrique

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2578950B1 (fr) * 1985-03-18 1988-01-15 Socapex Connecteur fluidique miniature
US5102353A (en) * 1991-06-06 1992-04-07 Molex Incorporated Electrical connectors
US5129831A (en) * 1991-07-26 1992-07-14 Amp Incorporated Right angle header shroud to board polarization and keying system
DE9204385U1 (de) * 1992-03-31 1992-06-17 Walter Kraus GmbH Elektrotechnik, 8900 Augsburg Batteriestecker

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4482198A (en) * 1982-11-08 1984-11-13 Amp Incorporated Shunt
US4516817A (en) * 1983-04-25 1985-05-14 Deters Paul M Electrical jumper assembly
EP0214780A2 (fr) * 1985-08-30 1987-03-18 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Connecteur électrique

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19807713C2 (de) * 1997-12-06 2002-01-10 Erni Elektroapp Steckverbinder für Backplanes und Einschubkarten bei sogenannten Compact PCI-Systemen
WO2000011761A1 (fr) * 1998-08-20 2000-03-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Barrette a bornes enfichable a monter sur une plaquette de circuit imprime

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0590797A2 (fr) 1994-04-06
EP0590797B1 (fr) 1998-12-09
DE69322471T2 (de) 1999-06-24
DE69322471D1 (de) 1999-01-21
EP0590797A3 (en) 1995-08-23

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