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EP0420656A2 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung für die Zweiphasen-Vakuumextraktion von Bodenverunreinigungen - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung für die Zweiphasen-Vakuumextraktion von Bodenverunreinigungen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0420656A2
EP0420656A2 EP90310620A EP90310620A EP0420656A2 EP 0420656 A2 EP0420656 A2 EP 0420656A2 EP 90310620 A EP90310620 A EP 90310620A EP 90310620 A EP90310620 A EP 90310620A EP 0420656 A2 EP0420656 A2 EP 0420656A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
liquid
stream
well
accordance
ground
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90310620A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0420656A3 (en
EP0420656B1 (de
Inventor
Erich Zimmerman
Ronald E. Hess
Albert A. Hooper
Steven R. Morrow
Dianne J. Walker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xerox Corp
Original Assignee
Xerox Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Publication of EP0420656A2 publication Critical patent/EP0420656A2/de
Publication of EP0420656A3 publication Critical patent/EP0420656A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0420656B1 publication Critical patent/EP0420656B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/34—Arrangements for separating materials produced by the well
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/005—Extraction of vapours or gases using vacuum or venting
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells
    • E21B43/121—Lifting well fluids

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process and apparatus for removing contaminants from soil.
  • Contaminants may exist in subsurface soil in the liquid or vapor phase as discrete substances and mixed with and/or dissolved in ground water and soil gases. Such contaminants may be found in the vadose (unsaturated) zone found between the surface of the earth and the water table, at the interface between the vadose zone and the water table, and in the saturated zone below the water table.
  • soil and ground water are contaminated with suspended or water-soluble chemicals, or both.
  • a variety of techniques have been used for removal of soil contaminants and remediation of affected soil.
  • One common technique involves the excavation and off-site treatment of the soil.
  • Another technique involves saturating the contaminated soil and water in situ , causing the contaminants to be slowly leached from the soil by the water. The contaminated water can then be removed.
  • the present invention involves a process and apparatus for two phase removal of contaminants from the soil, in which contaminants are typically present in the vadose zone and below the water table.
  • the process involves the steps of providing a borehole in the contaminated area; placing in the borehole a riser pipe, the riser pipe preferably being so constructed as to admit fluids both from the vadose zone and from below the natural water table; applying a vacuum to the riser pipe so as to draw soil gases and entrained liquid into the riser pipe and to transport both the gases and the liquid to the surface; separating the liquid and the gases, and separately subjecting the separated liquid and gases to appropriate treatment.
  • Treated water may be returned to the soil or disposed of in conventional ways.
  • the riser pipe is constructed with perforations (screening) extending below the natural water table and also upward into the unsaturated (vadose) zone.
  • the unsaturated zone may be the natural vadose zone lying above the natural water table, or an expanded "artificial" vadose zone created when removal of the ground water through the extraction well causes local lowering of the water table. Placing of the screening so that it extends into the vadose zone allows soil gases, including contaminants in the vapor phase, to be drawn into the well under the influence of a vacuum generator. The gases, it has been found, entrain the liquid phase, so that both phases may be transported to the surface together in a common stream.
  • the two phases are separated in a vapor-liquid disengaging vessel, such as a cyclone separator, knock-out pot or other suitable component, and after separation the phases may individually be routed to systems for contaminant removal by further treatment steps.
  • a vapor-liquid disengaging vessel such as a cyclone separator, knock-out pot or other suitable component
  • Suitable processes for contaminant removal include filtration, adsorption, air stripping, settling, flocculation, precipitation, scrubbing and the like.
  • the treatment well may be constructed so that screening is at all times below the water table, even in the situation in which removal of water causes local depression of the water table.
  • the fluid transported to the surface would predominantly be in the liquid phase, although vapor-liquid separation and individual phase treatment are still provided at the surface to deal with phase transformation which may occur as a result of turbulence and pressure reduction at the suction side of the vacuum device.
  • the present invention also provides apparatus for two phase removal of volatile contaminants from a contaminated area of the ground, comprising: an extraction well extending downwardly from the surface of the ground into at least the vadose zone; at least one air injection well extending downwardly from the surface of the ground into at least the vadose zone and spaced from said extraction well; vacuum-forming apparatus in fluid communication with said extraction well and adapted to form a zone of reduced pressure around said extraction well, whereby soil gases and entrained liquid may be drawn into said well and conveyed to the surface as a common stream; means for receiving said common stream and separating said stream into separate gas and liquid streams; means for receiving said gas stream and removing therefrom residual liquid; and a vessel for receiving the residual liquid from said gas stream and said liquid stream; and means for removal from said liquid residual contaminants.
  • FIG. 1 there is seen schematically a system, designated generally by the reference numeral 10, for two phase vacuum extraction and treatment of soil contaminants.
  • Seen in Figure 1 is a source 12 of volatile contaminants, creating a plume 14 of absorbed or suspended contaminants in the soil 16 of the vadose (unsaturated) zone.
  • the contaminants making up the plume 14 tend to leach or percolate downwardly toward the natural water table 18.
  • Components lighter than water and not dissolved are depicted by the reference numeral 20, and tend to float at the top of the water table.
  • Dissolved contaminants and free-phase contaminants lighter than water tend to percolate downwardly in a plume 22 below the water table 18, and free-phase components 24 heavier than water tend to migrate downwardly to the aquitard 26.
  • An extraction well designated generally by the reference numeral 28, and which will be described in greater detail shortly, is sunk in the area of the plume 14 and extends through the vadose zone and below the natural water table 18.
  • Air inlet wells designated by the reference numeral 30, which will also be described in greater detail. Air inlet wells 30, it will be understood, are best disposed at spaced locations around the perimeter of the plume 14. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the number and spacing of the air inlet wells 30 with respect to the plume 14 and extraction well 28 will depend upon the size of the plume 14, as well as the composition and permeability of the soil to be treated.
  • a vacuum extraction system Associated with the extraction well 28 is a vacuum extraction system, designated by the reference numeral 32. Gases removed by the vacuum extraction system 32 may be vented to atmosphere at 34 if within acceptable environmental limits, or further processed such as by being incinerated or passed to a condenser, granular activated carbon filter, or other such component 36.
  • the component 36 serves to remove contaminants from the extracted gases. Water extracted by the process may be treated by passing it through conventional systems for metals removal, volatile organic compound removal, or other steps of purification. The treated and purified water, if it is of sufficient purity at this stage, may be returned to a sewer or directly to the ground as indicated at 38. Contaminants may be stored in drums 40 for eventual destruction or further processing.
  • the extraction well 28 in the illustrated form includes an elongated borehole 42, into which there is placed a riser pipe 44.
  • the riser pipe 44 includes an imperforate upper portion 46 and a perforate (screened) lower portion 48.
  • the riser pipe 44 is of four inch (10.2 cm) diameter PVC, capped at the bottom, and the screen consists of .010 inch (0.25 mm) slots.
  • the riser pipe 44 is approximately twenty feet (6.1 m) in length, with the lower fifteen feet (4.6 m) comprising the slotted lower portion 48 and the upper five feet (1.5 m) the imperforate upper portion 46.
  • the upper end of the riser pipe 44 is here shown to be associated with a concrete floor or deck, and is provided with a suitable pipe fitting 52, enabling the riser pipe 44 to be coupled in fluid communication to the remainder of the vacuum extraction system 32 (not seen in Figure 3).
  • the upper portion 46 of the riser pipe 44 is surrounded by a low permeability grout, such as bentonite cement 54, and below the grout 54 by a bentonite seal 56.
  • the area within the borehole 42 surrounding the slotted lower portion 48 of the riser pipe 44 and part of the upper portion 46 above the slotted lower portion 48 is packed with fine screened sand, to facilitate the flow of gas and liquid from the surrounding soil into the riser pipe 44.
  • the extraction well 28 is constructed so that the screened lower portion 48 extends below the water table and also upwardly into the vadose zone.
  • the vadose zone into which the screened lower portion 48 extends may be above the natural water table 18, or it may be the expanded artificial vadose zone created when prolonged removal of ground water through the extraction well causes local lowering of the water table as indicated by the reference numeral 18′ in Figure 3.
  • Placement of the screened lower portion 48 of the riser pipe 44 as indicated above allows soil gases (the vapor phase) to be drawn into the well under the influence of Vacuum created by the extraction system 32 and to entrain the liquid phase so that both phases may be transported to the surface together.
  • the two phases may be separated and differently treated.
  • the extraction well 28 may be so constructed that the screening of the lower portion 48 is entirely submerged, i.e., disposed below the natural or actual water table, even after withdrawal of water from the aquifer under the influence of the vacuum extraction system 32. In the latter case, the fluid transported to the surface would be predominantly in the liquid phase.
  • the air inlet well 30 comprises a borehole 58, which receives a pipe 60.
  • the pipe 60 in one operative embodiment comprises a four inch (10.2 cm) diameter PVC pipe, capped at the bottom, and having a screen of .010 inch (0.25 mm) slots.
  • the pipe 60 is surrounded at its upper end by a cement collar 62, extending to the ground surface 64. Suitable caps 66 and covers 68 may be provided in association with the collar 62 to selectively cap or cover the injection well as desired.
  • a bentonite slurry 72 Surrounding a medial portion 70 of the pipe 60 within the borehole 58 is a bentonite slurry 72, which provides a gas-tight seal between the pipe 60 and the borehole 58.
  • the slotted lower portion 74 of the pipe 60 is surrounded by gas-permeable packed sand 76.
  • the pipe 60 facilitates the injection of air into the zone surrounding the plume 16.
  • a vacuum pump 78 driven by electric motor 80, is in fluid communication through a pipe 82, knock-­out pot 84 and pipe 86 with the extraction well 28.
  • the knock-out pot 84 may be of conventional design, familiar to those skilled in the art.
  • the knock-out pot 84 serves to separate the two phases emerging from the extraction well 28, enabling them to be subjected to appropriate further processing.
  • a pipe 88 is provided in association with the knock-out pot 84, to conduct effluent in the liquid phase through filtration and stripping steps.
  • Filtration is provided in the illustrated embodiment by parallel bag filters 90 and 92 which may alternately or simultaneously be used in a conventional manner. Cut-off valves, omitted in the drawings for clarity permit either filter 90, 92 to be isolated, and each bag removed, cleaned or replace. Suitable pressure guages, not shown may be placed on the suction and discharge sides of the bag filters 90 and 92 to indicate bag loading.
  • the bag filters 90 and 92 were 50 micron nylon filters, sold by Rosedale Products, Incorporated, capable of passing 222 gpm at 150 psi. Other equivalent separation techniques and apparatus may be used.
  • a pump 94 which, for erosion resistance, is preferably of the single stage progressive cavity (screw) type, serves to draw off the liquid phase effluent of the knock-out pot 84.
  • One suitable pump is sold by the Nemo Pump Division of Netzsch Incorporated, of Exton, Pa., Model Ne-30A. Here, too, other suitable apparatus may be used.
  • the liquid phase is fed from the pump 94 through a pipe 96 to an air stripper assembly 98, the function of which is to remove from the effluent volatile organic compounds.
  • a blower 100 associated with the air stripper assembly 98 delivers a flow of warm air through the housing of the air stripper assembly 98, carrying off the volatile organic compounds through the vent 102 to atmosphere or further processing (not shown).
  • a transfer pump 104 discharging to a pipe 106, serves to transport liquid from the sump of the air stripper assembly 98 for further processing.
  • the transfer pump 104 may be turned off in response to a low level switch 108 associated with the air stripper assembly 98.
  • a high level switch 110 associated with the air stripper assembly 98 controls the pump 94 in response to high water level in the air stripper assembly 98.
  • the air stripper assembly 98 may be conventional "off-the-shelf" unit, familiar to those skilled in the art.
  • the air stripper assembly 98 may, if desired, be omitted, and the effluent of the pipe 96 joined with the effluent, in a pipe 120, from the processing of the gaseous phase from the extraction well (see below).
  • the reduction in the concentration of volatile organic contaminants between the local ground water and the effluent of the pipe 96 is significant, approximately 98.7%, thus rendering the air stripper assembly unnecessary. It is hypothesized that the intimate mixing of the air and water during extraction (at which time ground water is extracted in a low pressure air stream) allows the volatile compounds to come out of solution, thus obviating the need for later air stripping.
  • Avoidance of the need for an air stripper assembly 98 also reduces the total volume of air streams bearing volatile organic compounds. In situations in which air emissions must be controlled, this is a distinct advantage.
  • Another advantage of the two-phase vapor extraction process, as practised without additional air stripping, is that due to the low pressure at which the vapor/liquid mixing and separation are accomplished, there is no less oxygenation of the water than would result from conventional air stripping. It is to be expected that lower dissolved oxygen levels will result in less corrosion and fouling of downstream components of the apparatus.
  • the vacuum pump 78 is of the liquid ring type, and is provided with a make up water line 112, served by a domestic supply.
  • the make up water line 112 is provided with a solenoid actuated valve 114 responsive to the high water level switch 110 of air stripper assembly 98.
  • the pump 78 exhausts to a vapor/liquid separator 116, the vapor effluent of which is conducted to atmosphere, or if appropriate collected for further processing, through a pipe 118.
  • the bulk of the liquid effluent from the vapor liquid separator 116 passes through a pipe 120 to a sump 122, where it joins the effluent of the pipe 106, the liquid output of the air stripper assembly 98.
  • a fraction or all of the liquid effluent of the vapor liquid separator 116 may be drawn off through a line 124 to join the flow in the make up water line 112 servicing the liquid ring pump 78.
  • a pump 126 controlled by a low level cut-off switch 128, draws liquid from the sump 122 and propels it through a pipe 130 for further processing.
  • the liquid is passed in two stages through canisters 132 and 134 containing granular activated carbon. Other contaminant removal steps or techniques may be used.
  • the treated water emerges through a pipe 136 and is of sufficient purity to allow its return to the soil or a sewer without further treatment.
  • a major advantage of the application of two phase vacuum extraction as described above is that the rate of production of groundwater may be significantly increased over conventional single phase flow rates.
  • vacuum By applying vacuum to the subsurface using the extraction well 28 and vacuum extraction system 32 as described above, water is drawn from the soil by the fluid dynamic effects of sweeping air and soil gases over the aquifer surface toward the well and also by the artificial creation of a low head (water pressure) inside the riser pipe 44.
  • the low head in the riser pipe 44 makes it, in effect, a low point in the hydraulic system so that water in the surrounding soil readily flows to it.
  • Soil sampling adjacent to the three air inlet wells 30 used showed a decrease in the concentration of volatile organic compounds from 3.44X104 ⁇ g/kg to 3.65 x 102 ⁇ g/kg. This decrease in contamination was observed at depths of 5-7 feet (1.5 to 2.1 m). It was also found that the "draw-down" in the overburden aquifer ranged from 0.1-9.37 feet (0.03 to 2.78 m) below static water level, further evidence of the influence of the apparatus 10, while the radius of the cone of depression around the extraction well 28 approximated 100 feet. (30.5 m). "Draw­downs" in the bedrock aquifer were found to be negligible during the same period. The capture zone in the overburden aquifer was demonstrated to extend approximately 200 feet (61 m) radially crossgradient of natural groundwater flow and 125 feet (38.1 m) downgradient.
  • Two phase vacuum extraction as described above with reference to the drawings improves over known vacuum extraction techniques by simplifying equipment requirements and increasing the rate of recovery of ground water. Unlike the prior art, water wells and pumps distinct from the extraction well are not required.
  • a single vacuum device serves to remove contaminants in both the vapor and liquid phases, using a single conduit.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
EP90310620A 1989-09-27 1990-09-27 Verfahren und Vorrichtung für die Zweiphasen-Vakuumextraktion von Bodenverunreinigungen Expired - Lifetime EP0420656B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/413,273 US5050676A (en) 1989-09-27 1989-09-27 Process for two phase vacuum extraction of soil contaminants
US413273 1989-09-27

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0420656A2 true EP0420656A2 (de) 1991-04-03
EP0420656A3 EP0420656A3 (en) 1991-10-30
EP0420656B1 EP0420656B1 (de) 1996-12-04

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US (1) US5050676A (de)
EP (1) EP0420656B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2852117B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69029314T2 (de)

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EP0911071A2 (de) * 1997-10-27 1999-04-28 Xerox Corporation Vorrichtung zum Entfernen von flüssigen Verunreinigungen
US7640987B2 (en) 2005-08-17 2010-01-05 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Communicating fluids with a heated-fluid generation system
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US7809538B2 (en) 2006-01-13 2010-10-05 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Real time monitoring and control of thermal recovery operations for heavy oil reservoirs
US7832482B2 (en) 2006-10-10 2010-11-16 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Producing resources using steam injection
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US9328856B2 (en) * 2013-01-29 2016-05-03 Cameron International Corporation Use of pressure reduction devices for improving downstream oil-and-water separation
CN105921501A (zh) * 2016-05-19 2016-09-07 江苏建院营造有限公司 一种重金属污染土壤的原位修复系统及其施工方法
US10233607B2 (en) * 2017-02-12 2019-03-19 Bahman Niroumand Comprehensive excavation process
KR102243590B1 (ko) * 2020-07-09 2021-04-21 이명재 다중 스크린관을 이용한 관정 및 이의 시공 방법
CN114002008B (zh) * 2021-11-24 2023-08-15 滨州学院 滨海湿地土壤中可溶性有机碳的取样装置及使用方法

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DE69029314D1 (de) 1997-01-16
JP2852117B2 (ja) 1999-01-27
US5050676A (en) 1991-09-24
JPH03202586A (ja) 1991-09-04
EP0420656A3 (en) 1991-10-30
EP0420656B1 (de) 1996-12-04

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