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EP0399955B1 - Elément de fermeture pour verrouiller un couvercle dans un cadre - Google Patents

Elément de fermeture pour verrouiller un couvercle dans un cadre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0399955B1
EP0399955B1 EP90810365A EP90810365A EP0399955B1 EP 0399955 B1 EP0399955 B1 EP 0399955B1 EP 90810365 A EP90810365 A EP 90810365A EP 90810365 A EP90810365 A EP 90810365A EP 0399955 B1 EP0399955 B1 EP 0399955B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
covering element
grating
closure element
protrusion
frame
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90810365A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0399955A2 (fr
EP0399955A3 (fr
Inventor
Roland A. Thomann
Heinz Witschi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Poly Bauelemente AG
Original Assignee
Poly Bauelemente AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Poly Bauelemente AG filed Critical Poly Bauelemente AG
Publication of EP0399955A2 publication Critical patent/EP0399955A2/fr
Publication of EP0399955A3 publication Critical patent/EP0399955A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0399955B1 publication Critical patent/EP0399955B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
    • E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
    • E03F5/04—Gullies inlets, road sinks, floor drains with or without odour seals or sediment traps
    • E03F5/06—Gully gratings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
    • E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
    • E03F5/04—Gullies inlets, road sinks, floor drains with or without odour seals or sediment traps
    • E03F5/06—Gully gratings
    • E03F2005/065—Gully gratings with elastic locking elements

Definitions

  • a manhole cover which is used in a frame of a manhole.
  • a bolt is inserted into a stepped bore, onto which a bolt is screwed from below.
  • the bolt When the bolt is turned, the bolt first turns with it until it strikes a stop surface of the frame.
  • the bolt When turning the bolt further, it screws into the bolt and pulls it against a horizontal contact surface of the frame.
  • This type of backup is complex to manufacture and operate.
  • the present invention is based on the object of specifying a cover element and a closure element therefor which do not have the above disadvantages. This object is achieved by the combination of features of the claims.
  • the first frame 1 is mounted in a support frame with two frame parts 2, 2 ', the frame part 2 having an at least approximately elongated recess 3 on the inside, into which a guide rib or a projection 4 of the grate engages.
  • the other frame part 2 ' has an elongated recess 3', into which an elongated projection of a closure element 30 which is positively inserted into the grating in one height direction engages.
  • the projection 34 is formed on a resilient tongue 33.
  • the tongue 33 is supported by a base 36 (FIG. 1) on the frame part 2 ', but such a base can also be omitted.
  • the grating 1 is provided with inlet slots 5 through which water can flow.
  • the upper part of an inner vertical surface 21 (FIG. 2) of the frame part 2 ' has an elongated rounded thickening 22 of length t, which could also be designed as a knob-like elevation.
  • This thickening 22, which is at most up to the upper corner edge of the Extends frame part 2 ' an elongated taper 31 (Fig.3) is assigned to the upper edge 6 (Fig.1) of the closure element 30, the length T of the taper 31 being greater than the length t.
  • the thickening 22 of the support frame and the taper 31 of the closure element are matched to one another (FIG. 4) such that they form a closure.
  • the closure element 30 has on its lower side a narrow slot 32 which runs parallel to the edge 6 and which is so close to the edge of the closure element that between this edge and the slot 32 there is the thin tongue 33 which is between two incisions extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the support elements, only one incision 35 being shown in FIG.
  • the grating also has two concentrically communicating bores 7 and 8, the upper of which has the smaller diameter.
  • the grating with the closure element according to FIG. 1 functions as follows:
  • the maximum heights d 'and d "of the thickening 22 and the thickening 34 with respect to the vertical air gap between the grating and the support frame are approximately the same size, whereby in general d' can be both somewhat larger and somewhat smaller than d".
  • the width d of the Slot 32 must be greater than the height d 'or d ".
  • the support frame can also be provided with a tongue 51.
  • Fig. 5 an example of such an embodiment is shown, in which the tongue 51, which also has a thickening 52 and 62 (Fig.6), is separated by slots 53, 63 and 54, 55 all around from the support frame, so that the Tongue 61 (FIG. 6) is only connected to the supporting frame on its lower side.
  • FIG. 8 shows an embodiment in which the closure 91 is provided on a narrow side of the grating.
  • a further embodiment of the invention consists in a frame as outlined in FIG. 5, but without slots 53, 54, 55.
  • the closure element 30 does not have to have a taper 31 on the edge 6, but only a thickening 34 (FIG. 7) on the lower part of the tongue 33.
  • the outer walls of the support frames are drawn smooth to simplify the figures.
  • the outer parts of the support frame can be provided with depressions, projections, bores and recesses of any kind which serve to anchor the frame.
  • the slot 63 in a version according to FIG. 6 can be connected to bores 64 in order to facilitate washing of the slot 63.
  • the slot 63 can be covered with a form-fitting piece.
  • the tongue-like wall 61 for example, can have a thickened portion 62 (FIG. 6) combined with a depression 65.
  • the grating itself could also be rigid and the movable tongue 51 (FIG. 5) or 61 (FIG. 6) could, as stated, be attached to the frame.
  • closure element 30 is shown somewhat enlarged.
  • the advantage of such a closure element is that it can be made of a different material that is more suitable for its function than that of the grate.
  • the grating or manhole cover 114 according to FIG. 11, provided with inlet slots 111, 112, 113, has an elongated recess 115 on one of its edges, which communicates with a narrower through-opening 116 on its lower side.
  • the opening 116 and the recess 115 are centered, so that two shoulders or projections 117 and 118 result.
  • the support frame 121 shown partially in section in FIG. 12, likewise has an elongated recess 122 on one of its edges, which is narrower on its upper side Through opening 123 communicates.
  • the opening 123 and the recess 122 are also centered, so that there are also two shoulders or projections 124 and 125.
  • the expansion anchor 131 shown in FIG. 13 is essentially T-shaped, but has at the lower part of its vertical leg two laterally arranged tongues 132 and 133 which are spread upwards.
  • the horizontal bar of the expansion anchor 131 is form-fitting with the recess 115 of the manhole cover 114.
  • the expansion anchor 131 is guided with the vertical leg directed downwards through the cutout 115 and the opening 116 and pressed into the opening 123, which is somewhat shorter in length than the opening 116.
  • the expansion anchor is pressed down into the opening 123 so strongly that the tongues 132 and 133 of the wedge-shaped lower part of the expansion anchor 131 are pressed into one another and pass through the opening 123 until they are in the space of the recess 122 thanks to their elastic force expand again so that the expansion anchor 131 remains clamped between the recess 115 and the recess 122, as is also shown in FIG. 14 using a variant of such an expansion anchor.
  • Notches 134 can optionally be provided on the extensions of the edges of the vertical leg, in order to insert a flat plate resting on tongues 132 or 133 over at least one plate that is guided through a notch 134 Push the stick from above and thus spread the tongues.
  • the working edges of the recess 115, the recess 122 and openings 116, 123 are parallel to the longitudinal edges of the frame.
  • the expansion anchor in such a way that these working edges form an angle with the longitudinal edges of the frame.
  • the expansion anchor can be round and have the cross section according to FIG. 13 or 14.
  • the clamping pin 151 shown in FIG. 15 with two tongue-shaped walls 152, 153 and a slot 154 is designed in such a way that it forms a separate expansion anchor, which can be pressed into an opening 155 of the support frame 156 designed according to FIG. 1 around a manhole cover 157 to hold.
  • the support frame 161 shown in FIG. 16 has an opening 162, in which the two engagement walls are provided with projections such as grooves, beads or serrations, which may be horizontal in the longitudinal direction or may have a slight inclination.
  • An expansion anchor according to FIG. 13 or 14 hammered in, the tongues 132, 133 can optionally be provided with tips in order to be able to better engage in these projections.
  • the expansion anchor shown in FIG. 17 is designed in such a way that the beam 171 runs at least approximately parallel to the tongue edges 172, 173.
  • the support frame 181 shown in FIG. 18 has an opening 182 in which the lower part of the two engagement walls is designed in a stepped manner, the corresponding steps being able to run horizontally in the longitudinal direction or at a small angle with the horizontal.
  • An expansion anchor according to FIG. 17 is optionally also inserted loosely into the opening 182 from above.
  • the expansion anchor is dimensioned such that a flat web 183 can be inserted between it and at least one of the walls of the manhole cover or the support frame in order to press at least one tongue 184 of the expansion anchor down by tapping or pressing, in order to push at least one tip of the tongue into to clamp one of the angular spaces formed by the gradation of the engagement wall and thus to anchor the expansion anchor.
  • the crossbar 191 of the fuse has a T-shaped cross section, the crossbar 191 of the fuse is directed concavely downwards in order to achieve a resilient effect.
  • the resilient effect could also be achieved with a ring spring inserted between the crossbar or head of the fuse and its support in the cover can be reached.
  • the fuse can be removed, for example, by demolishing, possibly drilling the central part of the crossbeam or head.
  • the right frame leg 202 has in at least a short area of its inner upper edge a leftward pointed extension, which forms a projection 206 in order to be able to clamp the grille 201 at a corresponding point on the right upper longitudinal edge, which for this purpose is in one short area is chamfered.
  • the clamping point designed in this way which is a pivotal point for the grating 201, is thus formed by the projection 206 of the frame leg 202 and an inclined edge 207 of the grating 201.
  • the left frame leg 203 has a ramp-shaped recess 208 directed downward from the upper inner edge, which together with an associated recess 209 of the grating 201 forms a closure space 208, 209 into which the closure element can be clamped in order to secure the grating 201 against the support frame 202, 203.
  • the grating 201 is provided with inlet slots 110 through which water can flow. While the top surface of the grating 201 is conveniently flat, the bottom side thereof can have ribs 211 to increase its rigidity.
  • the recess 209 of the grating consists of two recesses, of which the first, as shown in FIG. 22, forms a continuous vertical recess 212 through the grating 201.
  • This recess 212 is delimited by two vertical walls 213, 214, which run perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the support leg 203 in the assembled state, this recess 212 on the lower side of the grating 201 being extended both to the right and to the left by horizontal support surfaces 215 To form 216, wherein the ends of the recess extensions can be rounded.
  • the second recess forms a non-continuous vertical recess 217 behind the first continuous recess 212.
  • This recess 217 extends in the grating from the bottom upwards to an interface 218 (FIG. 21) and is to the left and right with inclined surfaces 219, 220 limited to form a dovetail groove.
  • inlet slots 210 in the area of the recess 209 are shorter than the inlet slots 221, which are further to the right or left.
  • FIG. 23 shows part of the grating 201 to show how the closure element 222 according to the invention can be inserted into the recess 209.
  • the closure element 222 which essentially represents a prismatic piece with an approximately U-shaped cross section, has a wall 223 with a thickening 224 running parallel to the axis of the prism and a rear wall 225 which is in the region of the open side of the closure element 222 is provided with an extension 226, 227, which extend left and right in the longitudinal direction of the closure element, so that the rear wall 225 has an almost T-shaped profile in plan view.
  • the closure element On the outside, the closure element has an extension 228 on the rear wall 225, which is designed in the form of a flat plate or strut.
  • the upper part 229 of the closure element which connects the two U-legs thereof, is preferably aligned flat and parallel to the ends of the U-legs, and that the end 230 of the front wall 223 is pointed to form the thickening 224 such that the outer surface of the upper part of the front wall 223 forms an angle ⁇ with the outer surface of the rear wall 225.
  • the U-legs there is a relatively deep groove 231, the end of which can be arched and possibly widened somewhat towards the rear wall 225.
  • the height of the strut plate 228 can be approximately as long as the depth of the groove 231.
  • the strut plate 228, which is preferably laterally provided with teeth 232, has a flat surface parallel to the surface of the rear wall 225.
  • the teeth of the strut plate 228 are configured obliquely inwards to form a dovetail-shaped part which can be inserted into the dovetail groove according to FIG. 22.
  • FIGS. 27 and 28 show that the upper part 229 of the closure element can have a border 233, which is preferably obliquely or slightly roof-shaped upwards and projects somewhat outwards from below, and that the toothed sides to the left and right of the strut plate 228 are at a small angle b starting from the ends of the U-legs up to the area in the vicinity of the upper part 229 of the closure element 222, as a variant compared to the embodiment according to FIG. 25, where these two sides are shown in parallel.
  • the toothing 234 is preferably also formed obliquely inwards at an angle c, and that the outer edges of the toothing can be rounded.
  • the closure element works as follows:
  • the closure member is mounted from the bottom up on a lid or grate such that the strut plate 228 (Figs. 24 to 28) is inserted into the dovetail groove 217, 219, 220 (Fig. 22) until it is Surface 218 (FIG. 21) touches and / or until the upper surfaces of extensions 226, 227 touch surfaces 215, 216 (FIG. 21), as is the result of the manufacturing tolerances from the different dimensions.
  • the surfaces 219 and 220 according to FIG. 22 would also have to be inclined instead of perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
  • the lid or grate is then inserted obliquely into the open space of the support frame such that the oblique edge 207 (FIGS. 20 and 29) comes close to the projection 206.
  • the side of the grating where the closure element 222 or the closure elements are inserted is pressed against the frame leg 203, whereby the outer wall 223 of the closure element 222 bends slightly against the other wall 225, which is possible because of the elasticity of the material until it remains clamped in the recess 208.
  • the frame leg 203 according to FIGS. 29 and 30 has an opening 235, the length of which is somewhat greater than the length of the outer wall 223 of the closure element 222, but shorter than its total length between the end faces of the extensions 226 and is 227.
  • leverage is used to exert pressure upwards by means of a rod, which is introduced through an inlet slot 210, 221 or through another opening provided for this purpose, until the closure element 222 springs out of its clamping position.
  • the closure element 222 can be knocked down in an emergency until the extensions 226, 227 break off and it falls through the opening 235.
  • the closure element can be simplified, as shown in FIG. 31.
  • the closure element 236 according to FIG. 31 is configured similarly to that of FIGS. 24 to 28, but with the difference that that the extensions 237, 238 to the left or right of the rear wall are not in the area of the opening of the U-shaped cross section, but rather further up.
  • slots 239, 240 are provided in the grating 241, into which these extensions fit.
  • the strut plate 228 according to FIGS. 24 and 25 is not necessary because the closure element is held by the slots 239, 240, optionally with the aid of the fingers or an adhesive, until it is clamped in place.
  • the version with the strut plate 228 is more convenient to install.
  • FIG. 32 shows such a closure element provided with extensions 237, 238 running approximately in the center, wherein these extensions can also be toothed.
  • extensions 237, 238 running approximately in the center, wherein these extensions can also be toothed.
  • the rear wall 244 can have a layer 245 made of an adhesive, which is covered by a tearable protective film 246. Layer 245 and film 246 can cover all or part of wall 244. 32, the dovetail groove 217, 219, 220 is not necessary.
  • the closure element can preferably be made from a commercially available plastic which is resistant to cold, heat, oil, gasoline and / or road salt.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Elément de recouvrement (1; 201; 241), en particulier grille pour un caniveau d'écoulement des eaux, qui est monté dans un cadre de support (2; 202; 203), dans lequel, pour le verrouillage de l'élément de recouvrement au niveau d'au moins une première face latérale de l'élément de recouvrement dans un évidement (212, 217) dans l'élément de recouvrement, on dispose un élément de fermeture (30; 151; 222; 236) sur lequel est formée une patte élastique (33; 152; 153; 223), avec une partie saillante vers l'extérieur (34; 224) qui est engagée par pression dans un évidement complémentaire (3'; 65; 155; 208) du cadre de support, les forces élastiques de la patte élastique s'appliquant sur une partie saillante (22) dans l'évidement complémentaire.
  2. Elément de recouvrement selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la patte élastique (33; 223) est limitée par une rainure (32; 231) s'étendant parallèlement à une face latérale de l'élément de recouvrement, dont la largeur (d) est supérieure à la hauteur de la partie saillante (34; 224).
  3. Elément de recouvrement selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel la zone de la patte élastique (33) adjacente à la première partie saillante (34) dans le sens de l'épaisseur est en retrait par rapport à une face latérale de l'élément de recouvrement (1).
  4. Elément de recouvrement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel l'élément de fermeture se compose d'un matériau différent de celui de l'élément de recouvrement, de préférence de plastique.
  5. Elément de recouvrement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel l'évidement (212, 217) comprend une encoche contre-dépouillée (217) perpendiculaire à la face supérieure de l'élément de recouvrement, dans laquelle l'élément de fermeture (222) est enfoncé par le bas à fermeture à engagement positif.
  6. Elément de recouvrement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel une deuxième face latérale de l'élément de recouvrement, opposée à la première face latérale, présente une autre partie saillante (4; 207) en dessous de la face supérieure, qui est insérée dans un renfoncement complémentaire (3; 206) du cadre de support.
  7. Elément de recouvrement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel l'élément de fermeture (236) présente, à l'écart de ses faces supérieure et inférieure, des prolongements latéraux vers l'extérieur (237, 238), qui sont insérés dans des rainures (239, 240) de l'élément de recouvrement (241).
  8. Elément de recouvrement (114, 142, 157), en particulier grille pour un caniveau d'écoulement des eaux, qui est monté dans un cadre de support (121, 143, 161, 181), dans lequel, pour le verrouillage de l'élément de recouvrement au niveau d'au moins une première face latérale de l'élément de recouvrement dans un évidement (115) dans l'élément de recouvrement, on dispose un élément de fermeture (131, 141, 171, 191) sur lequel est formée une patte élastique (132, 133, 172, 173, 184), le cadre de support présentant une ouverture (123, 162) alignée avec l'évidement (115) et l'élément de fermeture étant enfoncé dans l'évidement et l'ouverture et venant s'engager avec la patte élastique sur le cadre de support, les forces élastiques de la patte élastique s'appliquant sur une partie saillante (124, 125) dans l'ouverture alignée.
EP90810365A 1989-05-25 1990-05-18 Elément de fermeture pour verrouiller un couvercle dans un cadre Expired - Lifetime EP0399955B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1972/89 1989-05-25
CH197289 1989-05-25
CH4337/89 1989-12-04
CH433789 1989-12-04

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0399955A2 EP0399955A2 (fr) 1990-11-28
EP0399955A3 EP0399955A3 (fr) 1992-05-13
EP0399955B1 true EP0399955B1 (fr) 1997-08-06

Family

ID=25689150

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90810365A Expired - Lifetime EP0399955B1 (fr) 1989-05-25 1990-05-18 Elément de fermeture pour verrouiller un couvercle dans un cadre

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0399955B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE156550T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE59010746D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2107421T3 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10360310A1 (de) * 2003-12-18 2005-07-21 Dallmer Gmbh & Co. Kg Ablaufvorrichtung

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0605792B1 (fr) * 1992-12-10 1999-07-28 ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG Dispositif de drainage superficiel
FR2717840B1 (fr) * 1994-03-25 1996-05-24 Fonderie Meca Sa Ste Muretaine Clé de verrouillage de tampon de regard de chaussée à serrage par rotation.
FR2731022B1 (fr) * 1995-02-28 1997-05-09 Socarel Caniveau en beton
CH690132A5 (de) * 1995-08-08 2000-05-15 Poly Bauelemente Ag Entwässerungsrinne.
FR2740789B1 (fr) * 1995-11-03 1998-01-30 Prefaest Sa Caniveau et grille pour caniveau
DE19629893C2 (de) * 1996-07-24 2001-09-27 Mea Meisinger Stahl & Kunststo Befahrbare Abdeckung
FR2765256B1 (fr) * 1997-06-30 1999-08-27 Fond De Brousseval Et Montreui Trappe d'acces pour des chambres de raccordement ou des ouvrages de genie civil
DE19853951C2 (de) * 1998-11-23 2002-09-05 Hansa Metallwerke Ag Abdeck-Rosette
FR2790520B1 (fr) * 1999-03-05 2001-05-11 Prefaest Sa Dispositif de liaison d'un element de fermeture sur un receptacle, notamment d'une grille sur un caniveau
ATE260375T1 (de) * 2000-03-31 2004-03-15 Ahlmann Aco Severin Sicherungsvorrichtung für eine entwässerungsrinne
EP1632605A1 (fr) 2004-09-01 2006-03-08 Poly-Bauelemente AG Caniveau d'écoulement, corps de canal et leur assemblage

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3526535A1 (de) * 1985-07-24 1987-01-29 Sanitas Inhaberin Therese Scho Profil zum abdichten von nasszellen o. dgl.
DE8717057U1 (de) * 1987-12-29 1988-02-18 Eichelmann, Horst, Dipl.-Ing., 6209 Aarbergen Verschluß mit Federausgleich
EP0345222A2 (fr) * 1988-06-01 1989-12-06 Poly-Bauelemente AG Grille et son encadrement

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3816882A (en) * 1971-05-14 1974-06-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Clamping units for use in packaging
FR2456169A1 (en) * 1979-05-11 1980-12-05 Morel Atel Electromec Rigid plastics gulley grating and frame - are connected in situ by arrowhead frame tongues latching into windows in grating down-stand

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3526535A1 (de) * 1985-07-24 1987-01-29 Sanitas Inhaberin Therese Scho Profil zum abdichten von nasszellen o. dgl.
DE8717057U1 (de) * 1987-12-29 1988-02-18 Eichelmann, Horst, Dipl.-Ing., 6209 Aarbergen Verschluß mit Federausgleich
EP0345222A2 (fr) * 1988-06-01 1989-12-06 Poly-Bauelemente AG Grille et son encadrement

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10360310A1 (de) * 2003-12-18 2005-07-21 Dallmer Gmbh & Co. Kg Ablaufvorrichtung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE59010746D1 (de) 1997-09-11
ATE156550T1 (de) 1997-08-15
EP0399955A2 (fr) 1990-11-28
ES2107421T3 (es) 1997-12-01
EP0399955A3 (fr) 1992-05-13

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