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EP0290341B1 - Commutator for an electrical rotating machine, and production process of this commutator - Google Patents

Commutator for an electrical rotating machine, and production process of this commutator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0290341B1
EP0290341B1 EP88401083A EP88401083A EP0290341B1 EP 0290341 B1 EP0290341 B1 EP 0290341B1 EP 88401083 A EP88401083 A EP 88401083A EP 88401083 A EP88401083 A EP 88401083A EP 0290341 B1 EP0290341 B1 EP 0290341B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ring
parts
conical
metal
axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88401083A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0290341A1 (en
Inventor
Edouard Bost
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alstom Holdings SA
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GEC Alsthom SA
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Publication of EP0290341A1 publication Critical patent/EP0290341A1/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/06Manufacture of commutators
    • H01R43/08Manufacture of commutators in which segments are not separated until after assembly
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49009Dynamoelectric machine
    • Y10T29/49011Commutator or slip ring assembly

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a collector for a rotary electrical machine and a method of manufacturing this collector.
  • the support can be formed by a substantially tubular alumina piece and the metal blades are generally made of copper, the metal layer fixing the blades on the support can be either a eutectic of copper and copper oxide, or a metallic element of solder.
  • the temperature of the furnace can be brought to a value of the order of 1075 ° C. so as to form, between the ring and the support, a eutectic of the metal of the ring and of an oxide of this metal, this eutectic constituting, after cooling, a metal layer for fixing the ring on the support. It is also possible, before assembly, to metallize the external surface of the support and to interpose between the support and the ring a metallic sheet of solder, the rise in temperature of the oven in the region of 850 ° C. then being sufficient to melt this solder sheet .
  • the collector thus produced can withstand a high operating temperature, of the order of 200 to 300 degrees centigrade. However, it can be seen, in certain cases, that this collector has insufficient mechanical strength for high rotational speeds: in this case, the copper blades are detached by carrying a ceramic film.
  • the present invention aims to overcome this drawback and to provide a collector capable of both operating at high temperatures and mechanically withstanding high rotational speeds.
  • the subject of the present invention is a collector for a rotary electrical machine, of the type mentioned above, in which the support comprises several ceramic parts, arranged along said axis, any two juxtaposed parts being separated one from the other by an axial interval, so as to reduce the length of the generators in contact between the support and the ring.
  • the value of the rise in temperature of the furnace can be sufficient to form between the ceramic parts and the ring a layer of a eutectic of the metal of the ring and of an oxide of this metal.
  • a metallization layer is placed on the conical outer surface of the ceramic parts and a brazing sheet is interposed between the metallization layer of the parts and the conical inner surface of the ring, the value of the rise in temperature of the oven being sufficient to melt the solder sheet.
  • the method of manufacturing a manifold first comprises, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the assembly of two ceramic parts 1 and 2 with a metal ring 3, preferably made of copper.
  • the ring 3 is of revolution around an axis 4 and has a conical inner surface 5.
  • the value of the angle at the top of the cone is not critical.
  • the angle A of axis 4 with the generator of the cone will for example be between arctg 1/20 and arctg 1/50.
  • the ceramic part 2 preferably of alumina, has a conical outer surface 6 of the same conical angle A as that of the conical inner surface 5 of the ring 3.
  • This part 2, of revolution, is arranged coaxially inside of the ring 3 so that the conical surface 6 of this part is in contact with the surface 5 of the ring 3, over a height h2.
  • the ceramic part 1 also made of alumina, has a conical outer surface 7 of the same conical angle A as that of the inner surface 5 of the ring 3.
  • This part 1, also of revolution, is arranged coaxially inside the ring 3 so that its conical surface 7 is in contact with the conical surface 5 of the part 3, over a height h1.
  • the conical surfaces 6 and 7 are machined so that after assembly in the ring 3 the parts 6 and 7 are separated from one another by an axial gap 8, of the order of 1 to 2 mm.
  • the assembly is arranged in an oven 9 so that the axis 4 is vertical and that the ring 3 rests on the base 10 of the oven 9 by means of a cylindrical support 11, for example made of refractory steel.
  • a cylindrical support 11 for example made of refractory steel.
  • the vertical top of the contact cone between the parts 1, 2 and the ring 3 is located downward, below the ring 3. The parts 1 and 2 thus rest on the conical surface 5 of the ring 3.
  • the ring 3 previously surface-oxidized, for example by heating in air at 400 ° C. for 3 min, is assembled as above indicated, and placed in an oven containing a neutral gas with a proportion of 0.05 to 0.5% oxygen.
  • the oven temperature is gradually raised.
  • the parts 1 and 2 move by gravity slightly downwards during heating, the value of the axial interval 8 being substantially retained.
  • the temperature reaches 1065 ° C, the copper oxide layer between the ring 3 and the parts 1 and 2 transforms into a liquid film formed of a copper-copper oxide eutectic, this film being very adherent on the ceramic.
  • the temperature of the oven is raised to 1075 ° C. then gradually lowered so as to solidify the metallic film and form two metallic layers 12 and 13 made up of said eutectic.
  • the cooling causes a tightening of the ring 3 on the ceramic parts 1 and 2. This tightening causes a compression of the metallic layers 12 and 13, which ensures a good fixing of the ring 3 on the alumina parts 1 and 2.
  • the method of manufacturing the collector then comprises a machining of the ring 3 so as to obtain collector blades along radial planes.
  • This machining can be carried out by any suitable means, for example by milling, using a wire saw or by wire EDM.
  • the left part of Figure 2 shows the assembly during the operation of fixing the ring on the ceramic parts.
  • the right part of Figure 2 shows the first blades 14 and 15 cut in the ring 3 by notches made along radial planes.
  • the collector is then machined to final dimensions.
  • the collector produced by the method described above, using two separate ceramic parts, ensuring connections of axial heights h1 and h2, has the advantage of having, at high rotational speeds, very high mechanical strength. greater than that of a known collector produced using a single ceramic part ensuring an axial height connection h1 + h2.
  • the force for tearing off the blades per unit of area is three times greater for a collector according to the invention, produced using two separate ceramic pieces, 40 mm in height, than for a collector made with a ceramic piece 80 mm high according to the known art mentioned above.
  • the axial height h1, h2 of the conical surface in contact with the metal of the ring is preferably less than 60 mm.
  • the increased mechanical strength of the manifold according to the invention can be explained by the following considerations: the reduction of this axial length reduces the longitudinal stresses created in the ring during cooling in the oven, these stresses being transmitted to the ceramic by the metal fixing layer. The reduction of these longitudinal stresses increases the resistance of the ceramic to centrifugation for the high rotational speeds of the collector.
  • FIG. 3 shows an assembly also comprising two ceramic parts 1 and 2, as well as a metal ring 3, similar to those of FIG. 1, but in this case, the ring 3 is not not previously surface-oxidized.
  • metallization layers 16 and 17 are deposited on the cylindrical surfaces of the two ceramic parts, and a brazing sheet 18 is interposed between these layers and the ring 3.
  • Metallization is carried out in a known manner, for example by depositing a molybdenum-manganese paste, followed by baking at 1600 ° C. under humidified hydrogen, then electrolytic deposition of 10 microns of copper or nickel and diffusion annealing to 900 to 1000 ° C under dry hydrogen.
  • the assembly is placed in an oven 9, the ring 3 resting on a support 11 and the top of the assembly cone being directed downwards.
  • the temperature of the oven is raised so as to obtain the melting of the solder sheet 18.
  • the parts 1 and 2 descend progressively while maintaining good contact between the metallization layers and the solder sheet, the value of the axial interval 8 between parts 1 and 2 being substantially preserved.
  • the method of manufacturing the collector finally comprises the operation of separating the blades, similar to that described for the assembly of FIG. 1.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are used in methods of manufacturing a manifold similar to that illustrated by Figure 1, but which differ in the number and shape of the ceramic parts.
  • the assembly shown in FIG. 4 also comprises two ceramic parts 19 and 20.
  • the part 20 comprises, in addition to its conical surface, an external cylindrical surface 22 of revolution around the axis 4
  • the part 19 comprises in addition to its conical surface, an inner cylindrical surface 21 of revolution about the axis 4.
  • These surfaces 21 and 22 cooperate by sliding, so as to allow a slight mutual axial displacement of the two parts for example during the operation of heating in the oven, this movement can in no case remove the axial gap 8 between the two parts.
  • the assembly shown in FIG. 5 comprises three ceramic parts 23, 24 and 25.
  • the intermediate part 24 comprises on either side of its conical surface two external cylindrical surfaces 26 and 27 which cooperate respectively with two internal cylindrical surfaces of the parts 23 and 25 opposite the conical surfaces of these two parts.
  • an axial gap such as 28 and 29 is maintained between two adjacent parts, this gap possibly being of the order of 1 to 2 mm.
  • the number of ceramic pieces of the collector is chosen so that, for each piece, the axial height opposite the metal of the ring is less than 60 mm.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Current Collectors (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne un collecteur pour machine électrique tournante et un procédé de fabrication de ce collecteur.The present invention relates to a collector for a rotary electrical machine and a method of manufacturing this collector.

On a proposé de réaliser un collecteur d'un type comportant

  • un support en céramique présentant une surface latérale extérieure disposée suivant une première surface conique de révolution autour d'un axe,
  • et des lames métalliques disposées parallèlement audit axe, à côté l'une de l'autre, autour de la surface latérale extérieure du support, de manière que deux lames juxtaposées quelconques soient séparées par un espace, chaque lame étant fixée au support par une couche métallique reliant une surface de fixation de la lame à la surface latérale extérieure du support, les surfaces de fixation des lames étant disposées suivant une deuxième surface conique de révolution autour dudit axe, les génératrices de cette deuxième surface conique étant sensiblement parallèle à celles de la première surface conique. De plus, EP-A-0 127 801 propose un collecteur pour une machine électrique dans laquelle le support céramique présente une surface cylindrique.
It has been proposed to produce a collector of a type comprising
  • a ceramic support having an external lateral surface arranged along a first conical surface of revolution about an axis,
  • and metal blades arranged parallel to said axis, side by side, around the external lateral surface of the support, so that any two juxtaposed blades are separated by a space, each blade being fixed to the support by a layer metallic connecting a fixing surface of the blade to the external lateral surface of the support, the fixing surfaces of the blades being arranged along a second conical surface of revolution around said axis, the generatrices of this second conical surface being substantially parallel to those of the first conical surface. In addition, EP-A-0 127 801 proposes a collector for an electric machine in which the ceramic support has a cylindrical surface.

Dans ce collecteur, le support peut être formé par une pièce en alumine sensiblement tubulaire et les lames métalliques sont généralement en cuivre, la couche métallique fixant les lames sur le support pouvant être soit un eutectique du cuivre et de l'oxyde de cuivre, soit un élément métallique de brasure.In this collector, the support can be formed by a substantially tubular alumina piece and the metal blades are generally made of copper, the metal layer fixing the blades on the support can be either a eutectic of copper and copper oxide, or a metallic element of solder.

Un tel collecteur peut être réalisé par un procédé comprenant les opérations suivantes

  • un assemblage d'une bague métallique, présentant une surface intérieure conique de révolution autour d'un axe, avec un support en céramique, présentant une surface extérieure conique, de même conicité que celle de la surface intérieure de la bague, de manière à mettre en contact suivant ledit axe les surfaces coniques du support et de la bague,
  • une disposition de cet assemblage dans un four de manière que ledit axe soit vertical, la pointe virtuelle de la surface conique du support et de la bague étant vers le bas, le support étant immobilisé par rapport à la base du four, la bague reposant librement sur la surface extérieure du support,
  • une élévation de la température du four à une valeur suffisante pour provoquer après refroidissement la fixation de la bague sur le support
  • et un usinage de la bague de manière à obtenir les lames du collecteur selon des plans radiaux.
Such a collector can be produced by a method comprising the following operations
  • an assembly of a metal ring, having a conical inner surface of revolution about an axis, with a ceramic support, having a conical outer surface, of the same conicity as that of the inner surface of the ring, so as to put in contact along said axis the conical surfaces of the support and of the ring,
  • an arrangement of this assembly in an oven so that said axis is vertical, the virtual point of the conical surface of the support and of the ring being downwards, the support being immobilized relative to the base of the oven, the ring resting freely on the outside surface of the support,
  • a rise in the temperature of the oven to a value sufficient to cause, after cooling, the fixing of the ring on the support
  • and machining the ring so as to obtain the blades of the collector according to radial planes.

Dans ce procédé, la température du four peut être portée à une valeur de l'ordre de 1075°C de façon à former, entre la bague et le support, un eutectique du métal de la bague et d'un oxyde de ce métal, cet eutectique constituant, après refroidissement, une couche métallique de fixation de la bague sur le support. On peut aussi, avant l'assemblage, métalliser la surface extérieure du support et interposer entre le support et la bague une feuille métallique de brasure, l'élévation de température du four voisine de 850° C étant alors suffisante pour fondre cette feuille de brasure.In this process, the temperature of the furnace can be brought to a value of the order of 1075 ° C. so as to form, between the ring and the support, a eutectic of the metal of the ring and of an oxide of this metal, this eutectic constituting, after cooling, a metal layer for fixing the ring on the support. It is also possible, before assembly, to metallize the external surface of the support and to interpose between the support and the ring a metallic sheet of solder, the rise in temperature of the oven in the region of 850 ° C. then being sufficient to melt this solder sheet .

Le collecteur ainsi réalisé peut résister à une température de fonctionnement élevée, de l'ordre de 200 à 300 degrés centigrades. Cependant on constate, dans certains cas, que ce collecteur présente une résistance mécanique insuffisante pour des vitesses de rotation élevées : dans ce cas, les lames de cuivre se détachent en emportant une pellicule de céramique.The collector thus produced can withstand a high operating temperature, of the order of 200 to 300 degrees centigrade. However, it can be seen, in certain cases, that this collector has insufficient mechanical strength for high rotational speeds: in this case, the copper blades are detached by carrying a ceramic film.

Ceci est dû essentiellement à une fragilisation de la couche superficielle du support en céramique, par suite des contraintes axiales produites pendant le refroidissement, en dessous de la température à laquelle s'effectue l'adhérence des matériaux en présence, et consécutives à la différence des coefficients de dilatation entre lesdits matériaux.This is mainly due to a weakening of the surface layer of the ceramic support, due to the axial stresses produced during cooling, below the temperature at which the adhesion of the materials present takes place, and consecutive to the difference of the expansion coefficients between said materials.

Ces contraintes sont d'autant plus importantes que la longueur des génératrices en contact est élevée.These constraints are all the more important as the length of the generators in contact is high.

La présente invention a pour but de pallier cet inconvénient et de réaliser un collecteur capable à la fois de fonctionner à des températures élevées et de résister mécaniquement à des grandes vitesses de rotation.The present invention aims to overcome this drawback and to provide a collector capable of both operating at high temperatures and mechanically withstanding high rotational speeds.

La présente invention a pour objet un collecteur pour machine électrique tournante, du type mentionné plus haut, dans laquelle le support comporte plusieurs pièces en céramique, disposées le long dudit axe, deux pièces juxtaposées quelconques étant séparées l'une de l'autre par un intervalle axial, de façon a réduire la longueur des génératrices en contact entre le support et la bague.The subject of the present invention is a collector for a rotary electrical machine, of the type mentioned above, in which the support comprises several ceramic parts, arranged along said axis, any two juxtaposed parts being separated one from the other by an axial interval, so as to reduce the length of the generators in contact between the support and the ring.

Dans différents modes de réalisation, le collecteur selon l'invention peut présenter en outre les caractéristiques suivantes :

  • pour chaque pièce en céramique, la hauteur de la surface conique en contact avec le métal des lames, comptée parallèlement audit axe, est inférieure à 60 mm,
  • l'une desdites deux pièces juxtaposées comporte en outre une surface cylindrique extérieure de révolution autour dudit axe, l'autre desdites deux pièces juxtaposées comporte en outre une surface cylindrique intérieure de révolution autour dudit axe, lesdites surfaces cylindriques extérieure et intérieure coopérant de façon à pouvoir glisser axialement l'une sur l'autre,
  • la couche métallique est un eutectique du métal des lames et d'un oxyde de ce métal,
  • la couche métallique est un élément métallique de brasure.
In different embodiments, the collector according to the invention can also have the following characteristics:
  • for each ceramic part, the height of the conical surface in contact with the metal of the blades, counted parallel to said axis, is less than 60 mm,
  • one of said two juxtaposed pieces further comprises an outer cylindrical surface of revolution around said axis, the other of said two juxtaposed pieces further comprises an inner cylindrical surface of revolution around said axis, said outer and inner cylindrical surfaces cooperating so as to ability to slide axially one over the other,
  • the metal layer is an eutectic of the metal of the blades and of an oxide of this metal,
  • the metallic layer is a metallic element of brazing.

La présente invention a aussi pour objet un procédé de fabrication d'un collecteur pour machine électrique tournante, caractérisé en ce comprenant les opérations suivantes

  • un assemblage d'une bague métallique présentant une surface intérieure conique de révolution autour d'un axe, avec plusieurs pièces en céramique présentant chacune une surface extérieure conique de même conicité que celle de la surface intérieure de la bague, de manière à mettre en contact les surfaces extérieures des pièces avec la surface conique intérieure de la bague, les pièces étant alors séparées entre elles par un intervalle axial,
  • une disposition de cet assemblage dans un four de manière que ledit axe soit vertical, la pointe virtuelle des surfaces coniques des pièces et de la bague étant vers le bas, la bague étant immobilisée par rapport à la base du four, lesdites pièces reposant librement sur la surface intérieure de la bague,
  • une élévation de la température du four à une valeur suffisante pour obtenir après refroidissement la fixation des pièces sur la bague
  • et un usinage de la bague de manière à obtenir des lames de collecteur selon des plans radiaux.
The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a manifold for a rotary electrical machine, characterized in that comprising the following operations
  • an assembly of a metal ring having a conical inner surface of revolution about an axis, with several ceramic pieces each having a conical outer surface of the same conicity as that of the inner surface of the ring, so as to bring into contact the outer surfaces of the parts with the inner conical surface of the ring, the parts then being separated from one another by an axial gap,
  • an arrangement of this assembly in an oven so that said axis is vertical, the virtual point of the conical surfaces of the parts and of the ring being downwards, the ring being immobilized relative to the base of the oven, said parts resting freely on the inner surface of the ring,
  • a rise in the oven temperature to a value sufficient to obtain, after cooling, the attachment of the parts to the ring
  • and machining the ring so as to obtain manifold blades along radial planes.

Dans ce procédé, la valeur de l'élévation de température du four peut être suffisante pour former entre les pièces en céramique et la bague une couche d'un eutectique du métal de la bague et d'un oxyde de ce métal.In this process, the value of the rise in temperature of the furnace can be sufficient to form between the ceramic parts and the ring a layer of a eutectic of the metal of the ring and of an oxide of this metal.

Dans un autre mode de mise en oeuvre de ce procédé, avant ledit assemblage, on dispose une couche de métallisation sur la surface extérieure conique des pièces en céramique et on interpose une feuille de brasure entre la couche de métallisation des pièces et la surface intérieure conique de la bague, la valeur de l'élévation de température du four étant suffisante pour faire fondre la feuille de brasure.In another embodiment of this method, before said assembly, a metallization layer is placed on the conical outer surface of the ceramic parts and a brazing sheet is interposed between the metallization layer of the parts and the conical inner surface of the ring, the value of the rise in temperature of the oven being sufficient to melt the solder sheet.

Des formes particulières d'exécution de l'objet de la présente invention sont décrites ci-dessous, à titre d'exemple, en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels

  • la figure 1 montre, en coupe par un plan axial, un assemblage de deux pièces en céramique et d'une bague métallique, cet assemblage étant placé dans un four et utilisé dans un mode de mise en oeuvre du procédé de l'invention,
  • la figure 2 est une vue, suivant une direction axiale, de l'assemblage de la figure 1, partiellement pendant l'opération de chauffage au four et partiellement pendant l'opération de séparation des lames du collecteur,
  • la figure 3 est une vue en coupe par un plan axial, d'un autre type d'assemblage, analogue à celui illustré par la figure 1, placé dans un four et utilisé dans un autre mode de mise en oeuvre du procédé de l'invention,
  • la figure 4 est une vue, partiellement en coupe par un plan axial, d'un assemblage analogue à celui de la figure 1, mais utilisant une variante de réalisation des pièces en céramique
  • et la figure 5 est une vue, partiellement en coupe par un plan axial, d'un assemblage utilisant trois pièces en céramique réalisées suivant un principe voisin de celui illustré par la figure 4.
Particular embodiments of the object of the present invention are described below, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which
  • FIG. 1 shows, in section through an axial plane, an assembly of two ceramic parts and a metal ring, this assembly being placed in an oven and used in an embodiment of the method of the invention,
  • FIG. 2 is a view, in an axial direction, of the assembly of FIG. 1, partially during the heating operation in the oven and partially during the separation operation of the blades of the collector,
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view through an axial plane, of another type of assembly, similar to that illustrated in Figure 1, placed in an oven and used in another embodiment of the method of invention,
  • Figure 4 is a view, partially in section through an axial plane, of an assembly similar to that of Figure 1, but using an alternative embodiment of the ceramic parts
  • and FIG. 5 is a view, partially in section through an axial plane, of an assembly using three ceramic parts produced according to a principle similar to that illustrated in FIG. 4.

Le procédé de fabrication d'un collecteur comprend d'abord, comme illustré par la figure 1, l'assemblage de deux pièces en céramique 1 et 2 avec une bague métallique 3, de préférence en cuivre.The method of manufacturing a manifold first comprises, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the assembly of two ceramic parts 1 and 2 with a metal ring 3, preferably made of copper.

La bague 3 est de révolution autour d'un axe 4 et présente une surface intérieure conique 5. La valeur de l'angle au sommet du cône n'est pas critique. L'angle A de l'axe 4 avec la génératrice du cône sera par exemple compris entre arctg 1/20 et arctg 1/50.The ring 3 is of revolution around an axis 4 and has a conical inner surface 5. The value of the angle at the top of the cone is not critical. The angle A of axis 4 with the generator of the cone will for example be between arctg 1/20 and arctg 1/50.

La pièce en céramique 2, de préférence en alumine, présente une surface extérieure conique 6 de même angle de conicité A que celui de la surface intérieure conique 5 de la bague 3. Cette pièce 2, de révolution, est disposée coaxialement à l'intérieur de la bague 3 de façon que la surface conique 6 de cette pièce soit en contact avec la surface 5 de la bague 3, sur une hauteur h₂.The ceramic part 2, preferably of alumina, has a conical outer surface 6 of the same conical angle A as that of the conical inner surface 5 of the ring 3. This part 2, of revolution, is arranged coaxially inside of the ring 3 so that the conical surface 6 of this part is in contact with the surface 5 of the ring 3, over a height h₂.

La pièce en céramique 1, également en alumine, présente une surface extérieure conique 7 de même angle de conicité A que celui de la surface intérieure 5 de la bague 3. Cette pièce 1, également de révolution, est disposée coaxialement à l'intérieur de la bague 3 de façon que sa surface conique 7 soit en contact avec la surface conique 5 de la pièce 3, sur une hauteur h₁.The ceramic part 1, also made of alumina, has a conical outer surface 7 of the same conical angle A as that of the inner surface 5 of the ring 3. This part 1, also of revolution, is arranged coaxially inside the ring 3 so that its conical surface 7 is in contact with the conical surface 5 of the part 3, over a height h₁.

Les surfaces coniques 6 et 7 sont usinées de façon qu'après assemblage dans la bague 3 les pièces 6 et 7 soient séparées entre elles par un intervalle axial 8, de l'ordre de 1 à 2 mm.The conical surfaces 6 and 7 are machined so that after assembly in the ring 3 the parts 6 and 7 are separated from one another by an axial gap 8, of the order of 1 to 2 mm.

L'assemblage est disposé dans un four 9 de façon que l'axe 4 soit vertical et que la bague 3 repose sur la base 10 du four 9 par l'intermédiaire d'un support cylindrique 11 par exemple en acier réfractaire. De plus, le sommet vertical du cône de contact entre les pièces 1, 2 et la bague 3 est situé vers le bas, en dessous de la bague 3. Les pièces 1 et 2 reposent ainsi sur la surface conique 5 de la bague 3.The assembly is arranged in an oven 9 so that the axis 4 is vertical and that the ring 3 rests on the base 10 of the oven 9 by means of a cylindrical support 11, for example made of refractory steel. In addition, the vertical top of the contact cone between the parts 1, 2 and the ring 3 is located downward, below the ring 3. The parts 1 and 2 thus rest on the conical surface 5 of the ring 3.

Dans un premier mode de réalisation, la bague 3, préalablement oxydée superficiellement, par exemple par chauffage à l'air à 400° C pendant 3 min, est assemblée comme ci-dessus indiqué, et placé dans un four contenant un gaz neutre avec une proportion de 0,05 à 0,5 % d'oxygène.In a first embodiment, the ring 3, previously surface-oxidized, for example by heating in air at 400 ° C. for 3 min, is assembled as above indicated, and placed in an oven containing a neutral gas with a proportion of 0.05 to 0.5% oxygen.

On élève progressivement la température du four.The oven temperature is gradually raised.

Par suite de la différence de dilatation entre le cuivre et la céramique, les pièces 1 et 2 se déplacent par gravité légèrement vers le bas au cours du chauffage, la valeur de l'intervalle axial 8 étant sensiblement conservée. Lorsque la température atteint 1065°C, la couche d'oxyde de cuivre comprise entre la bague 3 et les pièces 1 et 2 se transforme en pellicule liquide formée d'un eutectique cuivre-oxyde de cuivre, cette pellicule étant très adhérente sur la céramique.As a result of the difference in expansion between the copper and the ceramic, the parts 1 and 2 move by gravity slightly downwards during heating, the value of the axial interval 8 being substantially retained. When the temperature reaches 1065 ° C, the copper oxide layer between the ring 3 and the parts 1 and 2 transforms into a liquid film formed of a copper-copper oxide eutectic, this film being very adherent on the ceramic.

La température du four est élevée jusqu'à 1075°C puis abaissée progressivement de façon à solidifier la pellicule métallique et former deux couches métalliques 12 et 13 constituées dudit eutectique. Le refroidissement provoque un serrage de la bague 3 sur les pièces en céramique 1 et 2. Ce serrage entraîne une compression des couches métalliques 12 et 13, ce qui assure une bonne fixation de la bague 3 sur les pièces en alumine 1 et 2.The temperature of the oven is raised to 1075 ° C. then gradually lowered so as to solidify the metallic film and form two metallic layers 12 and 13 made up of said eutectic. The cooling causes a tightening of the ring 3 on the ceramic parts 1 and 2. This tightening causes a compression of the metallic layers 12 and 13, which ensures a good fixing of the ring 3 on the alumina parts 1 and 2.

Le procédé de fabrication du collecteur comprend ensuite un usinage de la bague 3 de manière à obtenir des lames de collecteur selon des plans radiaux.The method of manufacturing the collector then comprises a machining of the ring 3 so as to obtain collector blades along radial planes.

Cet usinage peut s'effectuer par tout moyen approprié, par exemple par fraisage, à l'aide d'une scie à fils ou par électroérosion à fils.This machining can be carried out by any suitable means, for example by milling, using a wire saw or by wire EDM.

La partie gauche de la figure 2 montre l'assemblage pendant l'opération de fixation de la bague sur les pièces en céramique. La partie droite de la figure 2 montre les premières lames 14 et 15 taillées dans la bague 3 par des entailles effectuées selon des plans radiaux.The left part of Figure 2 shows the assembly during the operation of fixing the ring on the ceramic parts. The right part of Figure 2 shows the first blades 14 and 15 cut in the ring 3 by notches made along radial planes.

Le collecteur est ensuite usiné aux cotes définitives.The collector is then machined to final dimensions.

Le collecteur réalisé par le procédé décrit ci-dessus, à l'aide de deux pièces en céramique séparées, assurant des liaisons de hauteurs axiales h₁ et h₂, présente l'avantage d'avoir, aux vitesses de rotation élevées, une résistance mécanique très supérieure à celle d'un collecteur connu réalisé à l'aide d'une seule pièce en céramique assurant une liaison de hauteur axiale h₁ + h₂. On constate en effet que, l'effort d'arrachement des lames par unité de surface est trois fois plus important pour un collecteur selon l'invention, réalisé à l'aide de deux pièces en céramiques séparées, de 40 mm de hauteur, que pour un collecteur réalisé avec une pièce en céramique de hauteur 80 mm selon l'art connu cité plus haut.The collector produced by the method described above, using two separate ceramic parts, ensuring connections of axial heights h₁ and h₂, has the advantage of having, at high rotational speeds, very high mechanical strength. greater than that of a known collector produced using a single ceramic part ensuring an axial height connection h₁ + h₂. In fact, it can be seen that the force for tearing off the blades per unit of area is three times greater for a collector according to the invention, produced using two separate ceramic pieces, 40 mm in height, than for a collector made with a ceramic piece 80 mm high according to the known art mentioned above.

Dans le procédé selon l'invention, pour chaque pièce en céramique, la hauteur axiale h₁, h₂ de la surface conique en contact avec le métal de la bague est inférieure de préférence à 60 mm. La résistance mécanique accrue du collecteur selon l'invention peut s'expliquer par les considérations suivantes : la réduction de cette longueur axiale permet de diminuer les contraintes longitudinales crées dans la bague au cours du refroidissement dans le four, ces contraintes étant transmises à la céramique par la couche métallique de fixation. La réduction de ces contraintes longitudinales provoque une augmentation de la résistance de la céramique à la centrifugation pour les grandes vitesses de rotation du collecteur.In the method according to the invention, for each ceramic part, the axial height h₁, h₂ of the conical surface in contact with the metal of the ring is preferably less than 60 mm. The increased mechanical strength of the manifold according to the invention can be explained by the following considerations: the reduction of this axial length reduces the longitudinal stresses created in the ring during cooling in the oven, these stresses being transmitted to the ceramic by the metal fixing layer. The reduction of these longitudinal stresses increases the resistance of the ceramic to centrifugation for the high rotational speeds of the collector.

Dans un deuxième mode de réalisation, la figure 3 montre un assemblage comprenant aussi deux pièces en céramique 1 et 2, ainsi qu'une bague métallique 3, analogues à celles de la figure 1, mais dans ce cas, la bague 3 n'est pas préalablement oxydée superficiellement.In a second embodiment, FIG. 3 shows an assembly also comprising two ceramic parts 1 and 2, as well as a metal ring 3, similar to those of FIG. 1, but in this case, the ring 3 is not not previously surface-oxidized.

Avant l'assemblage, on dépose sur les surfaces cylindriques des deux pièces en céramique des couches de métallisation 16 et 17, et on interpose entre ces couches et la bague 3 une feuille de brasure 18.Before assembly, metallization layers 16 and 17 are deposited on the cylindrical surfaces of the two ceramic parts, and a brazing sheet 18 is interposed between these layers and the ring 3.

La métallisation est réalisée de manière connue, par exemple par dépôt d'une pâte au molybdène-manganèse, suivi d'une cuisson à 1600°C sous hydrogène humidifié, puis dépôt électrolytique de 10 microns de cuivre ou de nickel et recuit de diffusion vers 900 à 1000°C sous hydrogène sec.Metallization is carried out in a known manner, for example by depositing a molybdenum-manganese paste, followed by baking at 1600 ° C. under humidified hydrogen, then electrolytic deposition of 10 microns of copper or nickel and diffusion annealing to 900 to 1000 ° C under dry hydrogen.

Pour la clarté du dessin, l'épaisseur des couches de métallisation et de la feuille de brasure ont été fortement exagérées.For clarity of the drawing, the thickness of the metallization layers and of the solder sheet have been greatly exaggerated.

Comme dans le cas de la figure 1, l'assemblage est placé dans un four 9, la bague 3 reposant sur un support 11 et le sommet du cône d'assemblage étant dirigé vers le bas. On élève la température du four de façon à obtenir la fusion de la feuille de brasure 18. Par suite des dilatations différentielles, les pièces 1 et 2 descendent progressivement tout en maintenant un bon contact entre les couches de métallisation et la feuille de brasure, la valeur de l'intervalle axial 8 entre les pièces 1 et 2 étant sensiblement conservée.As in the case of FIG. 1, the assembly is placed in an oven 9, the ring 3 resting on a support 11 and the top of the assembly cone being directed downwards. The temperature of the oven is raised so as to obtain the melting of the solder sheet 18. As a result of the differential expansions, the parts 1 and 2 descend progressively while maintaining good contact between the metallization layers and the solder sheet, the value of the axial interval 8 between parts 1 and 2 being substantially preserved.

On obtient, après refroidissement, une excellente fixation des pièces 1 et 2 sur la bague 3.After cooling, an excellent attachment of the parts 1 and 2 to the ring 3 is obtained.

Le procédé de fabrication du collecteur comprend enfin l'opération de séparation des lames, analogue à celle décrite pour l'assemblage de la figure 1.The method of manufacturing the collector finally comprises the operation of separating the blades, similar to that described for the assembly of FIG. 1.

Les assemblages montrés sur les figures 4 et 5 sont utilisés dans des procédés de fabrication de collecteur analogues à celui illustré par la figure 1, mais qui en diffèrent par le nombre et la forme des pièces en céramique.The assemblies shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 are used in methods of manufacturing a manifold similar to that illustrated by Figure 1, but which differ in the number and shape of the ceramic parts.

L'assemblage montré sur la figure 4 comporte aussi deux pièces en céramique 19 et 20. Mais la pièce 20 comporte, en plus de sa surface conique, une surface cylindrique extérieure 22 de révolution autour de l'axe 4, et la pièce 19 comporte en plus de sa surface conique une surface cylindrique intérieure 21 de révolution autour de l'axe 4. Ces surfaces 21 et 22 coopèrent par glissement, de façon à autoriser un léger déplacement axial mutuel des deux pièces par exemple au cours de l'opération de chauffage dans le four, ce déplacement ne pouvant en aucun cas supprimer l'intervalle axial 8 entre les deux pièces.The assembly shown in FIG. 4 also comprises two ceramic parts 19 and 20. However, the part 20 comprises, in addition to its conical surface, an external cylindrical surface 22 of revolution around the axis 4, and the part 19 comprises in addition to its conical surface, an inner cylindrical surface 21 of revolution about the axis 4. These surfaces 21 and 22 cooperate by sliding, so as to allow a slight mutual axial displacement of the two parts for example during the operation of heating in the oven, this movement can in no case remove the axial gap 8 between the two parts.

L'assemblage montré sur la figure 5 comporte trois pièces en céramique 23, 24 et 25. La pièce intermédiaire 24 comporte de part et d'autre de sa surface conique deux surfaces cylindriques extérieures 26 et 27 qui coopèrent respectivement avec deux surfaces cylindriques intérieures des pièces 23 et 25 opposées aux surfaces coniques de ces deux pièces. Comme dans le cas des figures 1, 3 et 4, un intervalle axial tel que 28 et 29 est maintenu entre deux pièces voisines, cet intervalle pouvant être de l'ordre de 1 à 2 mm. De préférence, le nombre de pièces en céramique du collecteur est choisi de manière que, pour chaque pièce, la hauteur axiale en regard du métal de la bague soit inférieure à 60 mm.The assembly shown in FIG. 5 comprises three ceramic parts 23, 24 and 25. The intermediate part 24 comprises on either side of its conical surface two external cylindrical surfaces 26 and 27 which cooperate respectively with two internal cylindrical surfaces of the parts 23 and 25 opposite the conical surfaces of these two parts. As in the case of FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, an axial gap such as 28 and 29 is maintained between two adjacent parts, this gap possibly being of the order of 1 to 2 mm. Preferably, the number of ceramic pieces of the collector is chosen so that, for each piece, the axial height opposite the metal of the ring is less than 60 mm.

Claims (8)

1. A commutator for a rotary electric machine, the commutator comprising:
- a ceramic support (1, 2) having a lateral outside surface disposed along a first conical surface of revolution (6, 7) about an axis, and
- metal segments (14, 15) disposed side-by-side parallel to said axis around the lateral outside surface of the support in such a manner that any two adjacent segments are separated by a space, each segment being fixed to the support by a metal layer (12, 13) connecting a fixing surface of the segment to the lateral outside surface of the support, the fixing surfaces of the segments being disposed along a second conical surface of revolution around said axis, the generator lines of said second conical surface being substantially parallel to those of said first conical surface,
- the support comprising a plurality of ceramic parts (1, 2) disposed along said axis (4), any two adjacent parts (1, 2) being separated from each other by an axial gap (8).
2. A commutator according to claim 1, characterized in that the height (h₁, h₂) of the conical surface (7, 6) of each ceramic part (1, 2) in contact with the metal of the segments and as measured parallel to the axis (4) is less than 60 mm.
3. A commutator according to claim 1, characterized in that one (20) of said two juxtaposed parts (19, 20) further includes an outside cylindrical surface (22) of revolution about said axis (4) and that the other (19) of said two juxtaposed parts further includes an inside surface of revolution (21) about said axis (4), said outside and inside cylindrical surfaces (22, 21) cooperating so as to be capable of sliding axially over each other.
4. A commutator according to claim 1, characterized in that said metal layer (12, 13) is a eutectic of the metal segments and of an oxide of said metal.
5. A commutator according to claim 1, characterized in that said metal layer is a brazing metal element (16, 17, 18).
6. A method of manufacturing a commutator for a rotary electric machine comprising the following operations:
- a metal ring (3) having a conical inside surface of revolution about an axis (4) is assembled with a plurality of ceramic parts (1, 2) each having a conical outside surface having the same taper angle as said inside surface of the ring, such that the outside surfaces of the parts get into contact with the inside conical surface of the ring, with the parts then being mutually separated by respective axial gaps (8),
- said assembly is placed in an oven (9) with said axis (4) being vertical, with the virtual apex of the conical surfaces of the ring (3) and of the parts (1, 2) being downwards, with the ring (3) being fixed relative to the bottom (10) of the oven (9), and with said parts (1, 2) resting freely on the inside surface of the ring (3),
- the temperature of the oven (9) is raised to a sufficiently high value in order to ensure that after cooling the parts (1, 2) are fixed on the ring (3), and
- the ring (3) is machined in such a manner as to obtain commutator segments (14, 15) in radial planes.
7. A method according to claim 6, characterized in that the temperature of the oven is raised to a value which is high enough to form a layer (12, 13) of a eutectic of the metal of the ring (3) and of an oxide of said metal between the ring and the ceramic parts.
8. A method according to claim 6, characterized in that prior to making said assembly, metallization layers (16, 17) are deposited on the conical outside surfaces of the ceramic parts (1, 2) and a brazing sheet (18) is interposed between the conical inside surface of the ring (3) and the layer of metallization on the parts, the value of the temperature to which the oven is raised being sufficient to melt the brazing sheet (18).
EP88401083A 1987-05-04 1988-05-04 Commutator for an electrical rotating machine, and production process of this commutator Expired - Lifetime EP0290341B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8706240 1987-05-04
FR8706240A FR2615049B1 (en) 1987-05-04 1987-05-04 MANIFOLD FOR ROTATING ELECTRIC MACHINE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

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EP0290341A1 EP0290341A1 (en) 1988-11-09
EP0290341B1 true EP0290341B1 (en) 1992-08-12

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EP88401083A Expired - Lifetime EP0290341B1 (en) 1987-05-04 1988-05-04 Commutator for an electrical rotating machine, and production process of this commutator

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EP (1) EP0290341B1 (en)
DE (1) DE3873599T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2615049B1 (en)

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FR2665986B1 (en) * 1990-07-30 1994-03-18 Peugeot Automobiles BRUSH HOLDER DEVICE FOR AN ELECTRICAL COLLECTOR MACHINE.
IT1245838B (en) * 1990-11-15 1994-10-24 Getters Spa ELECTRIC MOTOR WITHOUT BRUSHES AND RELATIVE ROTOR.
JPH05219690A (en) * 1991-02-28 1993-08-27 Hitachi Ltd Ceramic sliding current collector
US5184041A (en) * 1991-03-12 1993-02-02 Shop Vac Corporation Structure for coupling field windings to motor brushes
JPH05226047A (en) * 1991-03-18 1993-09-03 Hitachi Ltd Commutator with built-in capacitor and manufacture thereof
DE19617524A1 (en) * 1996-05-02 1997-11-13 Bosch Gmbh Robert Method of manufacturing a commutator
NO963687A (en) * 1996-09-03 1997-12-22 Svein Hestevik Commutator
DE19854843A1 (en) 1998-11-27 2000-06-08 Kirkwood Ind Gmbh Device for turning the current, in particular commutator, and method for producing such a device
DE10352829A1 (en) * 2003-11-12 2005-06-23 Hilti Ag Commutator for commutator motors has supporting body consisting glass, e.g. transparent, bright glass, with electrically conductive segments on external peripheral surface; supporting body can be section of glass tube

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US3777367A (en) * 1971-12-02 1973-12-11 Ametek Inc Method of fabricating a commutator
US3781981A (en) * 1972-02-28 1974-01-01 Nippon Denko Method for making armature-commutator assembly having armature winding of very small diameter
US3766634A (en) * 1972-04-20 1973-10-23 Gen Electric Method of direct bonding metals to non-metallic substrates
DE3036128C2 (en) * 1980-09-25 1983-08-18 Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim Process for direct bonding of copper foils to oxide ceramic substrates
US4500383A (en) * 1982-02-18 1985-02-19 Kabushiki Kaisha Meidensha Process for bonding copper or copper-chromium alloy to ceramics, and bonded articles of ceramics and copper or copper-chromium alloy
JPS5972963A (en) * 1982-10-20 1984-04-25 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Commutator
JPS59184008A (en) * 1983-03-31 1984-10-19 Nhk Spring Co Ltd Rolling stock suspender
DE3461040D1 (en) * 1983-06-03 1986-11-27 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Commutator for an electric machine and method of making it
US4746054A (en) * 1985-08-29 1988-05-24 Northrop Corporation Method of joining concentric cylinders

Also Published As

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FR2615049B1 (en) 1989-06-16
DE3873599T2 (en) 1993-02-18
US4845395A (en) 1989-07-04
FR2615049A1 (en) 1988-11-10
EP0290341A1 (en) 1988-11-09
DE3873599D1 (en) 1992-09-17

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