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EP0037763B1 - Fernsteuerungsvorrichtung für an eine Wechselstromversorgungsanlage angeschlossene Heizungsapparate - Google Patents

Fernsteuerungsvorrichtung für an eine Wechselstromversorgungsanlage angeschlossene Heizungsapparate Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0037763B1
EP0037763B1 EP81400438A EP81400438A EP0037763B1 EP 0037763 B1 EP0037763 B1 EP 0037763B1 EP 81400438 A EP81400438 A EP 81400438A EP 81400438 A EP81400438 A EP 81400438A EP 0037763 B1 EP0037763 B1 EP 0037763B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pulses
pulse
circuit
zero
supply
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP81400438A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0037763A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Michel Grimaud
Michel Poumey
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe Generale de Fonderie SA
Original Assignee
Societe Generale de Fonderie SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Societe Generale de Fonderie SA filed Critical Societe Generale de Fonderie SA
Priority to AT81400438T priority Critical patent/ATE8552T1/de
Publication of EP0037763A1 publication Critical patent/EP0037763A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0037763B1 publication Critical patent/EP0037763B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00007—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
    • H02J13/0001—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission using modification of a parameter of the network power signal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/20—Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/50—Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications
    • Y04S10/52—Outage or fault management, e.g. fault detection or location
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
    • Y04S40/121—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a remote control device for heating appliances connected to an AC power supply installation.
  • a particular field of application of the invention is that of the transmission of on-off control information, or of modification of operation, to domestic or even collective electric heating appliances.
  • heating apparatus is meant here direct or storage heating apparatus, domestic water heating apparatus, boilers, heat pumps, etc. and all combinations of different heating generators.
  • the invention is particularly applicable to the case of devices whose start and stop are controlled by a clock or a remote control relay at the time of the daily changes in tariff period.
  • This command called day / night, is generally carried out by means of a particular conductor or pilot wire.
  • the installation of a day / night control device then requires a modification of the electrical installation for the installation of the pilot wire.
  • a pilot wire must be connected to each of them.
  • a start control signal is produced in the form of three pulses at determined intervals and a stop control signal is produced in a similar manner.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a remote control device in which the control information is transmitted by pulses superimposed on the supply voltage in a form such that, on the one hand, the detection of this information can be carried out. very easily, and, on the other hand, the operational safety with regard to parasites is guaranteed.
  • the invention also aims to provide a device in which the pulses are produced without introducing significant disturbances in particular in the distribution network to which the installation is connected or in the radio environment.
  • each pulse superimposed on the zero crossing of the supply voltage has a polarity equal to that of this voltage after its zero crossing. The presence of a pulse is then detected if, immediately after zero crossing, the supply voltage has an amplitude very different from zero.
  • the same number of pulses of opposite polarity and of the same duration are superimposed on the supply voltage, always at zero crossings of that -ci, so as to keep it a zero mean value.
  • FIG. 1 shows a device capable of being used for the day / night remote control of heating appliances 10.
  • Each appliance is supplied by means of a standard plug connected to a normal socket of a power supply installation 11 electric alternative.
  • the installation 11 is for example a domestic subscriber installation connected to a network 12 for distributing electrical energy notably by means of a circuit breaker 13 and a meter (not shown).
  • the device according to the invention essentially comprises a transmitter 20, receivers 30 in number equal to that of the devices 10 to be remote-controlled and a filtering circuit 15 interposed between the transmitter 20 and the network 12. Each receiver is directly incorporated into the associated device. Only one receiver is shown in the drawing.
  • the transmitter comprises a shaping circuit 21 transforming the supply voltage VO into a signal V1 formed of rectangular pulses and of the same frequency and phase as the voltage VO (see FIG. 2).
  • the front and rear edges of the pulses 11 of the signal V1 coincide with the zero crossings of VO, the circuit 21 thereby constituting a zero crossing detector of V0.
  • An oscillator 22 is triggered when the devices 10 are to be controlled.
  • the triggering of the oscillator is for example carried out by means of a clock (not shown) which produces a signal at the time of the change of tariff period, as in the case of the remote control by pilot wire, so as to maintain the oscillator in operation during the reduced rate pricing period ("off-peak" rate).
  • the oscillator 22 produces a signal V2 (FIG. 2) formed of pulses 12 of duration D2 equal to several times the period TO of the supply voltage and of relatively long period T2.
  • the duration D2 is equal to several tens of times T0, for example 2 seconds
  • the period T2 is equal to one or more minutes, for example 5 minutes.
  • a ratio greater than 50 and even 100 is chosen between the period and duration of the pulses produced by the oscillator 22.
  • the signal V2 is applied to a counter 23 to control the reset of the counter by the leading edge of each pulse 12 and authorize the counting of the pulses 11 for the duration D2 of each pulse 12.
  • the counter 23 is used as a frequency divider . When a predetermined number of pulses 11 is counted, the counter 23 returns to zero, produces an output signal S3 which controls a monostable circuit 24.
  • the monostable circuit 24 produces a signal V3 (FIG. 2) formed of pulses 13 of period T3 multiple of TO and of duration D3 equal to a fraction of half of the period T0, for example approximately a few milliseconds.
  • Each pulse 13 controls the closing of a static switch 25, for example a transistor or a thyristor, connected in series with a capacitor 26 at the terminals of the power supply 11.
  • a static switch 25 for example a transistor or a thyristor
  • Each front edge of a pulse 13 corresponds to the front or rear edge of a pulse 10, depending on whether the counter 23 is incremented in response to a rising or falling edge.
  • each pulse 13 is produced at the moment when the polarity of the voltage VO becomes negative.
  • the closing of the switch 25 causes the discharge of the capacitor 26 which then superimposes a negative pulse 14 (FIG. 2) on the voltage VO at the moment when the latter passes through zero in the decreasing direction.
  • the switch 25 is reopened and the capacitor 26 is charged via the series diode 27-resistor circuit, 28 connected in parallel with the switch 25.
  • the resistor 28 has a high impedance so as to limit the charging current of the capacitor 26. This charging is therefore progressive and does not introduce any noticeable disturbance on the supply voltage.
  • the time constant is not chosen too high, however, in order to be able to bring the capacitor 26 to the desired charge level in the time interval separating two consecutive closings of the switch 25.
  • the charging circuit could include a transformer supplied to the primary by the voltage VO and supplying the secondary with the voltage allowing, after rectification, the charging of the capacitor.
  • the capacitor 26 is a polarized capacitor.
  • a Zener diode 29 connected in parallel with the capacitor 26 makes it possible to limit the voltage across the terminals of the capacitor 26 to a predetermined value independent of the amplitude of the voltage V0.
  • a filter 15 formed of an inductance L and a capacity C is mounted on the supply circuit 10 in amount of the branch connection formed by the capacitor 26 and the switch 25 so as to prevent the pulses 14 from being transmitted on the network 12 where they could be the cause of disturbances on neighboring installations connected on the same network.
  • the inductor L is connected in series with one of the supply conductors while the capacitor of capacitance C is connected in parallel between these conductors.
  • the values of L and C can be chosen equal to 1 mH and 20 fLF, respectively. Since the disturbances to be filtered are only pulses which occur at zero crossings of V0, it will be possible to choose a coil L whose saturation threshold is relatively low, for example 5 A.
  • the devices 10 are therefore supplied with a voltage to which the pulses 14 are superimposed.
  • Each receiver 30 includes a shaping circuit 31 analogous to circuit 21 and producing the same signal V1.
  • the signal V1 is applied, on the one hand, to a pulse detector circuit 32 at the zero crossing of VO and, on the other hand, to the counting input of a counter 33 forming a frequency divider with the same division ratio as the counter 23.
  • the circuit 32 includes a comparator 34 receiving, on the one hand, the voltage VO and, on the other hand, a constant reference voltage VS and producing an output signal V5 (FIG. 2) when the amplitude of VO exceeds, in absolute value, the VS value.
  • the circuit 32 further comprises a monostable 35 triggered by the falling edges of the pulses 10 and producing pulses 16 (FIG. 2) of short duration, for example of the order of 0.1 ms.
  • the reference value VS is chosen so as to be exceeded during the duration of each pulse 16 only in the case of an abrupt variation in the value of V0, that is to say in the case of the presence of a pulse 14 superimposed on VO on the passage of the latter to zero in the decreasing direction.
  • the signals produced by the comparator 34 and the monostable 35 are applied to the two inputs of an AND gate 36 which therefore delivers a pulse 17 (FIG. 2) at the output of the circuit 32 in response to the presence of a pulse 14.
  • the first pulse 17 resets counter 33 on its trailing edge.
  • the counter 33 then counts the pulses 10. If a second pulse 17 is produced when the counter 33 returns to zero by producing a signal S4, this means that two successive pulses have been detected in the signal VO with an equal time interval at the period of pulses 13 and 14.
  • An AND gate 37 whose inputs are connected to the outputs of the detector circuit 32 and of the counter 33 produces an identification signal in the form of a pulse 18 (FIG. 2) in response to the simultaneous appearance of the signal S4 and a impulse 17.
  • the pulse 18 is applied to the input of a re-triggerable monostable circuit 38 of period T9 greater than the period of the oscillator-22, for example equal to 10 minutes.
  • the circuit 38 therefore produces an output signal V9 (FIG. 2) as soon as the first pulse 18 appears and as long as it receives on its input pulses separated from each other by time intervals less than T9.
  • the monostable 38 is re-triggered as long as successive trains of pulses 13 are produced, that is to say as long as the oscillator 22 is operating.
  • the signal V9 is maintained and supplies the excitation coil of a relay 39, the closing of which connects the load 19 of the device 10 to the supply 11.
  • the remote control information is transmitted in the form of pulse trains superimposed on the supply voltage at the zero crossing thereof, the pulses having in each train a fixed period multiple of that of the supply voltage.
  • the remote control information is recognized if at least two successive pulses separated from each other by said period are detected in each of the successive trains.
  • the system has great immunity to noise, since the pulses are sent when the supply voltage is zero and the receiver is synchronized with the zero crossing of this voltage (synchronous detection).
  • the average transmission power is very low since the duty cycle, that is to say the ratio between transmission time and downtime is small in the example indicated above).
  • the radio disturbance is low due to the fact that the transmission is made by trains of short duration pulses (2 seconds) spaced by a much longer time interval (300 seconds).
  • the device according to the invention also finds not only an application for single-phase installations, but also for multi-phase installations, for example three-phase with or without neutral.
  • a transmitter and one or more corresponding receivers are associated with each phase and operate independently, without inter-phase disturbances.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)
  • Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)

Claims (4)

1. Fernsteuerungsvorrichtung für Heizgeräte, die an eine Wechselstromzuführeinrichtung angeschlossen sind, mit:
- einem zentralen Sender (20) mit einem Nulldurchgangsdetektor (21) für die Zuführungsspannung, einem mit einem Unterbrecherkreis (25) von den Klemmen der Einrichtung in Serie abzweigenden Kondensator (26), einem Ladekreis (27, 28) des Kondensators (26), der zwischen diesem und einer der Klemmen der Zuführeinrichtung zur Ermöglichung der Ladung des Kondensators nach jedem Öffnen des Unterbrecherkreises zwischengeschaltet ist, und einem Generator für durch Impulse (22, 23, 24) kodierte Informationen, der zur Steuerung des Schließens des Unterbrecherkreises in Antwort auf einen vom Generator zum Zeitpunkt eines Nulldurchgangs der Zuführungsspannung erzeugten Impuls vom Detektor synchronisiert wird, und
- einem Empfänger (30), der mit jedem Gerät verbunden ist und einen Nulldurchgangslmpulsdetektor (32) für die Zuführungsspannung und einen Dekodierkreis (33, 37) umfaßt, der zur Lieferung eines Identifikationssignals bei Erkennung der gesendeten Information mit dem Impulsdetektor verbunden ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
- ein Filterkreis (15) zwischen der Zuführeinrichtung und einem Verteilernetz (12), von dem die Einrichtung abzweigt, zwischengeschaltet ist, so daß die Weiterverbreitung in das Netz der durch den Sender (20) er- 'zeugten Impulse (14) verhindert wird,
-der Impulsgenerator (22, 23, 24) periodische Impulszüge erzeugt, die jeweils von Impulsen (13) von vorbestimmter Periodendauer (T3), die gleich oder ein Vielfaches der halben Periodendauer der Zuführungsspannung ist, gebildet werden, wobei die Periodendauer (T2) der Impulszüge zumindest gleich mehreren Zehnfachen ihrer Dauer (D2) ist, und
- der Dekodierkreis eine Koinzidenzschaltung (37) umfaßt, die in Antwort auf die Erkennung von zumindest zwei getrennten Impulsen eines Zeitintervalls, der gleich der vorbestimmten Periodendauer (T3) der Impulse jedes Zugs ist, ein Signal (18) erzeugt.
2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Dekodierkreis einen monostabilen Kreis (38) umfaßt, der durch das vom Koinzidenzkreis (37) erzeugte Signal getriggert wird und bei Fehlen eines Empfangs eines Signals vom Koinzidenzkreis während eines vorbestimmten Zeitintervalls, das größer als die Taktzeit der vom Sender (20) erzeugten Impulszüge ist, in Ruhestellung zurückkehrt.
3. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeder der Zuführungsspannung (VO) im Nulldurchgang überlagerte Impuls (14) eine Polarität hat, die gleich ist jener dieser Spannung nach dem Nulldurchgang.
4. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß bei Kodierung der zu übertragenden Information in Form von Impulsen gleicher Polarität eine gleiche Zahl an Impulsen gegensätzlicher Polarität und gleicher Dauer der Zuführungsspannung überlagert ist, so daß diese einen Null-Mittelwert beibehält.
EP81400438A 1980-03-21 1981-03-20 Fernsteuerungsvorrichtung für an eine Wechselstromversorgungsanlage angeschlossene Heizungsapparate Expired EP0037763B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT81400438T ATE8552T1 (de) 1980-03-21 1981-03-20 Fernsteuerungsvorrichtung fuer an eine wechselstromversorgungsanlage angeschlossene heizungsapparate.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8006392 1980-03-21
FR8006392A FR2478856A1 (fr) 1980-03-21 1980-03-21 Dispositif de telecommande d'appareils de chauffage raccordes a une installation d'alimentation en courant alternatif

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0037763A1 EP0037763A1 (de) 1981-10-14
EP0037763B1 true EP0037763B1 (de) 1984-07-18

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EP81400438A Expired EP0037763B1 (de) 1980-03-21 1981-03-20 Fernsteuerungsvorrichtung für an eine Wechselstromversorgungsanlage angeschlossene Heizungsapparate

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EP (1) EP0037763B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE8552T1 (de)
DE (1) DE3164827D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2478856A1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110865633A (zh) * 2019-12-04 2020-03-06 国网湖北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 一种变电站集成测控主机用检测系统以及检测方法

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8115606B2 (en) 2005-10-18 2012-02-14 Computime, Ltd. Matching a transmitter and a receiver supplied by the same power module

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1153908A (en) * 1966-11-07 1969-06-04 London Electricity Board Information Transmission Systems
FR2101287A5 (fr) * 1970-07-08 1972-03-31 Ifra Ag Recepteur statique de telecommande a frequence sonore
US4024528A (en) * 1975-10-30 1977-05-17 Boggs Luther M Remote switching system
FR2391506A1 (fr) * 1977-05-18 1978-12-15 Energy Master Inc Dispositif de commande de temperature
GB2008299A (en) * 1977-11-17 1979-05-31 Consumer Elec Prod Remote control over power lines

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1017840A (fr) * 1950-03-29 1952-12-19 Achat Soc Pour Perfectionnements aux transmissions à distance par ondes porteusés

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1153908A (en) * 1966-11-07 1969-06-04 London Electricity Board Information Transmission Systems
FR2101287A5 (fr) * 1970-07-08 1972-03-31 Ifra Ag Recepteur statique de telecommande a frequence sonore
US4024528A (en) * 1975-10-30 1977-05-17 Boggs Luther M Remote switching system
FR2391506A1 (fr) * 1977-05-18 1978-12-15 Energy Master Inc Dispositif de commande de temperature
GB2008299A (en) * 1977-11-17 1979-05-31 Consumer Elec Prod Remote control over power lines

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110865633A (zh) * 2019-12-04 2020-03-06 国网湖北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 一种变电站集成测控主机用检测系统以及检测方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3164827D1 (en) 1984-08-23
FR2478856B1 (de) 1984-03-16
FR2478856A1 (fr) 1981-09-25
ATE8552T1 (de) 1984-08-15
EP0037763A1 (de) 1981-10-14

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