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EP0036295A2 - Handdruckapparat - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP0036295A2
EP0036295A2 EP81301030A EP81301030A EP0036295A2 EP 0036295 A2 EP0036295 A2 EP 0036295A2 EP 81301030 A EP81301030 A EP 81301030A EP 81301030 A EP81301030 A EP 81301030A EP 0036295 A2 EP0036295 A2 EP 0036295A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
carriage
hand
ink jet
jet printing
printing apparatus
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP81301030A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0036295A3 (de
Inventor
Grant Paterson Cross
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
PRINTOS BV
Original Assignee
PRINTOS BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by PRINTOS BV filed Critical PRINTOS BV
Publication of EP0036295A2 publication Critical patent/EP0036295A2/de
Publication of EP0036295A3 publication Critical patent/EP0036295A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J3/00—Typewriters or selective printing or marking mechanisms characterised by the purpose for which they are constructed
    • B41J3/28—Typewriters or selective printing or marking mechanisms characterised by the purpose for which they are constructed for printing downwardly on flat surfaces, e.g. of books, drawings, boxes, envelopes, e.g. flat-bed ink-jet printers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J3/00—Typewriters or selective printing or marking mechanisms characterised by the purpose for which they are constructed
    • B41J3/36—Typewriters or selective printing or marking mechanisms characterised by the purpose for which they are constructed for portability, i.e. hand-held printers or laptop printers

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to hand-held printing apparatus and specifically to a hand-held ink jet printing apparatus for printing alpha-numeric characters onto a suitable printing substrate such as a large container.
  • an object of the present invention to provide a hand-held printing device for applying alpha-numeric characters to cartons, boxes, and the like which is compact and conveneint to use.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a hand-held printing device which is simple in design and can be manufactured from commercially available parts.
  • the hand-held printing apparatus of the present invention has a carriage adapted to be held in the hand of the user. Rollers mounted on the carriage allow the carriage to be moved over a surface to be printed such as the exterior of a container.
  • Ink jet printing means are mounted on the carriage and are controlled by an electrical control means remotely located from the carriage.
  • Signal generating means mounted on the carriage supply electrical signals to the electrical control means indicative of the rate at which the carriage is moved over the surface to be printed by the user.
  • a plurality of nozzles are located in a common nozzle block mounted on carriage. Electrically operated solenoid valves associated with each nozzle control the supply of ink to the nozzles. A microcomputer remotely located from the carriage controls the operation of the solenoid valves. An encoder disk assembly mounted on the carriage and associated with the rollers supplies electrical signals to the microcomputer which indicate the rate at which the carriage is moved over the printing surface.
  • the nozzles in the common nozzle block are preferably arranged in a single row in alignment with and at equally spaced intervals from one another.
  • the nozzles are jeweled orifice nozzles having orifices in the range of 0.025mm to 0.215mm in diameter.
  • the electrical cycle time of the electrically operated solenoid valves is in the range of 0.1 to 10 milliseconds.
  • the encoder disk assembly has an encoder disk which is mounted on a drive shaft and a photodetector subassembly. The drive shaft of the encoder disk is driven by the movement of the wheels over the printing surface.
  • the ink jet printing means are connected to a source of ink under pressure remote from the apparatus by a flexible conduit.
  • the remotely located electronic control means is connected to the ink jet printing means by a flexible electric cable.
  • a hand-held printing apparatus of the present invention illustrated generally as 11.
  • the hand-held printing apparatus 11 has a carriage 13 adapted to be held in the hand of the user which is connected by flexible cable 15 to a remotely located electrical control means 17 and remote source of pressurized ink 19.
  • a remotely located electrical control means 17 and ink source 19 are shown mounted on a wagon or dolly 21 it should be understood that the same could be mounted in a pack which would be worn by the user 23.
  • the hand-held unit is designated generally as 25 and includes a handle 27 extending from a generally rectangular carriage or housing 29.
  • Roller means such as wheels 31 are mounted on the carriage for moving the carriage 29 over a surface to be printed such as a box or container.
  • Wheels 31 are mounted on carriage 29 by suitable bushings 33 and an axle 35.
  • an ink jet printing means is mounted on the carriage and includes a plurality of nozzles 37.
  • Nozzles 37 are preferably located in a common nozzle block 39 which fits within a slot 41 in the front wall 43 of carriage 29.
  • Nozzles 37 are preferably aligned in a single row which extends laterally of the direction of movement of the carriage 29 over the surface to be printed.
  • the nozzles 37 are located between the paths of travel of wheels 31 so that when the apparatus is in use the wheels 31 will not pass over any printing produced on the printing surface by the ink jet printing means.
  • a follower wheel 45 can be provided to add stability to the carriage as print is being applied or wheels could be provided at four corners of the carriage 29.
  • Each nozzle 37 comprises a single aperture for the passage of ink.
  • each nozzle 37 can comprise a plurality of apertures which provide the same cross-sectional area as the single aperture.
  • the nozzles 37 are preferably jeweled orifice nozzles such as the sapphire jewels used in acetylene torches and the like.
  • Each jeweled orifice nozzle as shown in Fig. 6 and 7 has a generally circular body 47 having an orifice 49 of relatively smaller diameter on one face 51 and an opening 53 of relatively greater diameter on the opposite face 55.
  • the diameter of orifice 49 is in the range of 0.025mm to 0.215mm, and preferably is in the range of 0.145mm to 0.185mm.
  • each nozzle 37 is set in a nozzle block 39 preferably made of an inert material such as a suitable plastic.
  • the nozzle block 39 has a series of generally circular recesses 57 having an internal diameter selected to receive the external diameter of the nozzle bodies 47. Recesses 57 are of sufficient depth to allow the nozzles 37 to fit flush with the top surface 59 of the block 39 when the nozzles are in place.
  • the nozzles 37 are placed in recesses 57 with the opening 53 being first to enter the recess 57.
  • the distance between the center of each orifice 49 when the orifices are vertically aligned is in the range of 0.01mm to 5.0mm and preferably is in the range of 0.05mm to 0.50mm.
  • a series of rigid tubes 61 lead from the nozzle recesses 57 in block 39 and project outwardly from the side of block 39 opposite recesses 57.
  • Tubes 61 and hence nozzles 37 are each in fluid communication with the output port 63 of a valve 65 (Fig. 2) located within the carriage 29 by means of fluid conduits 67.
  • Conduits 67 are of any suitable commercially available conduit, e.g., of metal or plastic material and are preferably in the range of 0.127mm to 1.270mm in diameter.
  • Valves 65 may be any suitable commercially available fast acting valve having an electrical time in the range of from 0.1 to 10 milliseconds, preferably in the range of 1.0 to 4.5 milliseconds. Suitable valves can be either a single-acting spring return, a double-acting electromagnetic solenoid valve or a piezoelectric valve. Preferably a single-acting spring return solenoid valve such as is shown in Fig. 7 is used. Such a valve 65 typically has an output port 63 and an input port 69 leading to a fluid chamber 71 within an outer housing 73.
  • a plunger 75 closes off output port 63 when in the position shown and has an elongated body 77 which is slidably received within a solenoid coil 79 held in place by mounting collars 81, 83.
  • the solenoid coil and valve housing 73 are preferably coated with a suitable epoxy resin to prevent ink fluid damage.
  • the solenoid coil 79 when energized exerts an electro-magnetic force on plunger body 77 to cause the plunger 75 to move out of sealing engagement with the output port 63, allowing ink to flow out the output port.
  • Wires 87, 89 run from solenoid coil 79 to the control circuit of the electrical control means 17 by way of a flexible electrical cable 91.
  • valves 65 are each in fluid communication with a common ink manifold 93-by means of fluid conduits 95 which are similar to fluid conduits 69.
  • Ink manifold 93 communicates with the pressurized ink source 19 (Fig. 1) by means of a flexible ink line 97.
  • the pressurized ink source 19 can comprise a reservoir and pressure means such as a vibrator pump to supply air pressure to the reservoir.
  • An on-off switch 99 on handle 27 is provided between solenoid valves 65 and the electrical control means 17.
  • timing pulley 101 is mounted in carriage 29 on a drive shaft 103.
  • Timing pulley 101 is connected to and driven by axle 35 of front wheel 31 by means of timing belt 105.
  • the end of drive shaft 103 opposite carriage wall 107 has an encoder disk 109 mounted thereon by suitable bushings 111 said encoder disk being associated with a photo detector assembly 113.
  • photo detector 113 includes an elongated bar 115 having a side flange 117 in which is mounted a light source 127 and a matching side flange 119 in which is mounted a photo electric sensor 129.
  • Encoder disk 109 is suitably positioned on drive shaft 103 so that the path of travel of holes 121 along the outer periphery of disk 109 is in the path of light from the light source 127 in flange 117 and the photo detector 129 located in flange 113.
  • Electrical leads 123, 125 running from the photo detector subassembly 113 to the electrical control means 17 carry electrical pulses created by the movement of disk 109 and holes 121 through the light beam 131 between the source 127 and the photo cell 129.
  • Encoder disk 109 and photo detector subassembly 113 thus comprise signal generating means associated with wheel 31 for supplying to the microcomputer electrical signals indicative of the rate at which the carriage 29 is moved over the surface to be printed.
  • signal generating means can be utilized such as fluidic or electro-magnetic to perform the same function.
  • the source of pressurized ink 19 is shown in greater detail in Fig. 9.
  • Pressure means such as a vibrator pump 135 supply air pressure through a hose 137 to a reservoir 133 which is filled with ink from the top by means of a cap 139.
  • Pump 135 is suspended within reservoir housing 141 by means of resilient bands 143.
  • a vent valve 145 in air hose 147 allows the air pressure to reservoir 133 to be adjusted. Air pressure in the range of 0.5 to 7 psi is acceptable for the present purpose.
  • a filter 149 can be utilized to filter the ink passing through ink line 97 to manifold 93.
  • Fig. 5 The operation of the electrical control means 17 is shown schematically in Fig. 5. Movement of the hand-held unit 25 by the user across the surface to be pri.nted causes axle 35 (Fig. 2) attached to wheel 31 to rotate. Rotation of axle 35 causes corresponding rotation of drive shaft 103 through belt 105. Movement of drive shaft 103 causes holes 121 in encoder disk 109 (Fig. 4) to pass between the light source 127 and photo cell 129 which are mounted in the opposing flanges 117, 119 of photo detector subassembly 113. Interruption of light beam 131 causes electrical pulses to be sent through lines 123, 125 to the microcomputer 17 indicative of the speed in which the hand-held unit 25 is being moved over the printing surface.
  • Microcomputer 17 has been programmed by the user through an input device 151 (Fig. 5) to direct the printing of a desired character message on the printing surface.
  • the control circuit of microcomputer 17 is electrically connected to the solenoid valves 65 (Fig. 2). Valves 65 are thus selectively and intermittently actuated by the microcomputer 17 to allow ink to flow from manifold 93 through output ports 63 to jeweled orifice nozzles 37 and onto the printing surface.
  • the selective actuation of valves 65 by the microcomputer 17 as the carriage 29 is moved over the printing surface allows a message to be printed in dot-matrix format with columns of the dot-matrix being printed only when holes 121 in encoder disk 109 are aligned with light beam 131.
  • the ink jet printing apparatus is suitable for printing large size alpha-numeric characters on a printing surface such as that of a container in a warehouse and is portable and compact.
  • the device is also simple in design and utilizes commercially available parts making it economically feasible for the intended application.

Landscapes

  • Ink Jet (AREA)
EP81301030A 1980-03-14 1981-03-12 Handdruckapparat Withdrawn EP0036295A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8008794 1980-03-14
GB8008794 1980-03-14

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0036295A2 true EP0036295A2 (de) 1981-09-23
EP0036295A3 EP0036295A3 (de) 1981-10-07

Family

ID=10512121

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP81301030A Withdrawn EP0036295A3 (de) 1980-03-14 1981-03-12 Handdruckapparat

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0036295A3 (de)
AU (1) AU6839881A (de)
CA (1) CA1165379A (de)
DK (1) DK113581A (de)
ES (1) ES8207465A1 (de)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0088630A2 (de) * 1982-03-08 1983-09-14 Kiwi Coders Corporation Tintendruckverfahren und -anordnung zum Darstellen von Zeichen variabeler Schriftgrösse
WO1983003574A1 (en) * 1982-04-15 1983-10-27 Ncr Co Ink jet printer
FR2535250A1 (fr) * 1982-11-02 1984-05-04 Du Pin Cellulose Marquage de produits par jets d'encre
DE3314041A1 (de) * 1983-04-19 1984-10-25 Ncr Corp., Dayton, Ohio Handpunktmatrixdrucker
FR2573011A1 (fr) * 1984-11-15 1986-05-16 Imaje Sa Procede de commande de tete d'impression a jet d'encre et atelier flexible ainsi equipe
FR2592337A1 (fr) * 1985-12-27 1987-07-03 Cga Alcatel Imprimante integree dans un boitier deplace manuellement
DE3627494A1 (de) * 1986-08-13 1988-02-25 Yannikos Sibylle Drucker mit beweglichem druckkopf
GB2266863A (en) * 1992-05-15 1993-11-17 Charles Francis Thompson Selective marking of large areas such as landscapes.
WO1994009988A1 (en) * 1992-11-05 1994-05-11 Videojetsystems International, Inc. Ink jet printing
GB2278088A (en) * 1993-05-04 1994-11-23 Markem Corp Supplying hot melt ink to a printhead adjustable in height and/or orientation.
DE19522600A1 (de) * 1995-06-19 1997-01-02 Francotyp Postalia Gmbh Anordnung für eine Handfrankiermaschine
EP0816108A1 (de) * 1996-06-24 1998-01-07 ITW Limited Drucker zum Bedrucken von einem bandförmigen Aufzeichnungsträger
US5816719A (en) * 1997-02-26 1998-10-06 Itw Limited Printer for printing on a continuous print medium
US5880448A (en) * 1995-06-19 1999-03-09 Francotyp-Postalia Ag & Co. Electronic manual postage meter machine having a recharging and cleaning adapter
DE19915072A1 (de) * 1999-04-01 2000-10-05 Still Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Aufbringen einer Beschriftung
WO2003068515A1 (en) * 2002-02-13 2003-08-21 Silverbrook Research Pty. Ltd. Manually moveable printer with speed sensor
EP1613476A2 (de) * 2003-03-31 2006-01-11 Segan Industries, Inc. Vorrichtungen, verfahren und medien für analogen/digitalen ferndirektdruck
WO2006007901A1 (de) * 2004-07-21 2006-01-26 Wolke Inks & Printers Gmbh Kennzeichnungsvorrichtung und kennzeichnungsverfahren
KR100584520B1 (ko) 2005-11-23 2006-05-29 김성진 잉크젯 마킹장치용 핸드건 및 핸드건의 잉크분사량제어방법
US7083266B2 (en) 2002-10-30 2006-08-01 Lexmark International, Inc. Micro-miniature fluid jetting device
EP2814673B1 (de) * 2012-02-16 2018-10-10 EBS Ink-Jet Systeme GmbH Tintenstrahldrucker für die beschriftung von waren
WO2020009699A1 (en) * 2018-07-04 2020-01-09 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Liquid delivery system for an inkjet type dispenser

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3656169A (en) * 1969-05-23 1972-04-11 Casio Computer Co Ltd Method and apparatus for writing characters

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3656169A (en) * 1969-05-23 1972-04-11 Casio Computer Co Ltd Method and apparatus for writing characters

Cited By (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0088630A2 (de) * 1982-03-08 1983-09-14 Kiwi Coders Corporation Tintendruckverfahren und -anordnung zum Darstellen von Zeichen variabeler Schriftgrösse
EP0088630A3 (de) * 1982-03-08 1985-04-10 Kiwi Coders Corporation Tintendruckverfahren und -anordnung zum Darstellen von Zeichen variabeler Schriftgrösse
WO1983003574A1 (en) * 1982-04-15 1983-10-27 Ncr Co Ink jet printer
FR2535250A1 (fr) * 1982-11-02 1984-05-04 Du Pin Cellulose Marquage de produits par jets d'encre
EP0108683A1 (de) * 1982-11-02 1984-05-16 La Cellulose Du Pin Bedrucken von Gegenständen mittels Tintenstrahl
DE3314041A1 (de) * 1983-04-19 1984-10-25 Ncr Corp., Dayton, Ohio Handpunktmatrixdrucker
AU579209B2 (en) * 1984-11-15 1988-11-17 Imaje S.A. Method for the control of an ink jet printing head and flexible workshop provided therewith
WO1986002884A1 (fr) * 1984-11-15 1986-05-22 Imaje Sa Procede de commande de tete d'impression a jet d'encre et atelier flexible ainsi equipe
FR2573011A1 (fr) * 1984-11-15 1986-05-16 Imaje Sa Procede de commande de tete d'impression a jet d'encre et atelier flexible ainsi equipe
FR2592337A1 (fr) * 1985-12-27 1987-07-03 Cga Alcatel Imprimante integree dans un boitier deplace manuellement
DE3627494A1 (de) * 1986-08-13 1988-02-25 Yannikos Sibylle Drucker mit beweglichem druckkopf
GB2266863A (en) * 1992-05-15 1993-11-17 Charles Francis Thompson Selective marking of large areas such as landscapes.
WO1994009988A1 (en) * 1992-11-05 1994-05-11 Videojetsystems International, Inc. Ink jet printing
US5461401A (en) * 1992-11-05 1995-10-24 Videojet Systems International, Inc. Frequency optimized ink jet printer
GB2278088B (en) * 1993-05-04 1997-02-19 Markem Corp Ink jet printing system
GB2278088A (en) * 1993-05-04 1994-11-23 Markem Corp Supplying hot melt ink to a printhead adjustable in height and/or orientation.
US5489925A (en) * 1993-05-04 1996-02-06 Markem Corporation Ink jet printing system
US5880448A (en) * 1995-06-19 1999-03-09 Francotyp-Postalia Ag & Co. Electronic manual postage meter machine having a recharging and cleaning adapter
DE19522600A1 (de) * 1995-06-19 1997-01-02 Francotyp Postalia Gmbh Anordnung für eine Handfrankiermaschine
DE19522600C2 (de) * 1995-06-19 1998-06-04 Francotyp Postalia Gmbh Anordnung für eine elektronische Handfrankiermaschine mit Tintendruckkopf und Reinigungsteil
US5778347A (en) * 1995-06-19 1998-07-07 Francotyp-Postalia Ag & Co. Arrangement for an electronic postage meter machine
EP0816108A1 (de) * 1996-06-24 1998-01-07 ITW Limited Drucker zum Bedrucken von einem bandförmigen Aufzeichnungsträger
US5816719A (en) * 1997-02-26 1998-10-06 Itw Limited Printer for printing on a continuous print medium
DE19915072A1 (de) * 1999-04-01 2000-10-05 Still Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Aufbringen einer Beschriftung
US8029130B2 (en) 2002-02-13 2011-10-04 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Hand-held printer with capping device
WO2003068515A1 (en) * 2002-02-13 2003-08-21 Silverbrook Research Pty. Ltd. Manually moveable printer with speed sensor
AU2003202632B2 (en) * 2002-02-13 2005-07-14 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Manually moveable printer with speed sensor
US7470021B2 (en) 2002-02-13 2008-12-30 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Hand-held printer with movement sensor
US7252379B2 (en) 2002-02-13 2007-08-07 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Manually moveable printer with speed sensor
CN1319751C (zh) * 2002-02-13 2007-06-06 西尔弗布鲁克研究有限公司 具有速度传感器的手持移动打印机
US7083266B2 (en) 2002-10-30 2006-08-01 Lexmark International, Inc. Micro-miniature fluid jetting device
EP1613476A4 (de) * 2003-03-31 2010-03-17 Segan Ind Inc Vorrichtungen, verfahren und medien für analogen/digitalen ferndirektdruck
EP1613476A2 (de) * 2003-03-31 2006-01-11 Segan Industries, Inc. Vorrichtungen, verfahren und medien für analogen/digitalen ferndirektdruck
WO2006007901A1 (de) * 2004-07-21 2006-01-26 Wolke Inks & Printers Gmbh Kennzeichnungsvorrichtung und kennzeichnungsverfahren
KR100584520B1 (ko) 2005-11-23 2006-05-29 김성진 잉크젯 마킹장치용 핸드건 및 핸드건의 잉크분사량제어방법
EP2814673B1 (de) * 2012-02-16 2018-10-10 EBS Ink-Jet Systeme GmbH Tintenstrahldrucker für die beschriftung von waren
WO2020009699A1 (en) * 2018-07-04 2020-01-09 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Liquid delivery system for an inkjet type dispenser
US11235585B2 (en) 2018-07-04 2022-02-01 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Liquid delivery system for an inkjet type dispenser

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1165379A (en) 1984-04-10
EP0036295A3 (de) 1981-10-07
ES500364A0 (es) 1982-09-16
DK113581A (da) 1981-09-15
ES8207465A1 (es) 1982-09-16
AU6839881A (en) 1981-09-17

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