EP0007865B1 - Electron tube with a cylindrical pyrolytic graphite grid - Google Patents
Electron tube with a cylindrical pyrolytic graphite grid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0007865B1 EP0007865B1 EP79400518A EP79400518A EP0007865B1 EP 0007865 B1 EP0007865 B1 EP 0007865B1 EP 79400518 A EP79400518 A EP 79400518A EP 79400518 A EP79400518 A EP 79400518A EP 0007865 B1 EP0007865 B1 EP 0007865B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- grid
- electron tube
- pyrolytic graphite
- central pole
- tongues
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 21
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 claims 5
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J19/00—Details of vacuum tubes of the types covered by group H01J21/00
- H01J19/42—Mounting, supporting, spacing, or insulating of electrodes or of electrode assemblies
- H01J19/48—Mountings for individual electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J19/00—Details of vacuum tubes of the types covered by group H01J21/00
- H01J19/28—Non-electron-emitting electrodes; Screens
- H01J19/38—Control electrodes, e.g. grid
Definitions
- the invention relates to electronic tubes with coaxial cylindrical electrodes comprising at least one grid in pyrolytic graphite.
- the subject of the invention is in particular the mounting of such a grid when it is necessary to have, in addition to the electrical connection of the lower end of the grid with the base of the tube, a second electrical connection to the upper end of the grid, in particular to allow the mounting of the “cathode to ground” tube, according to the arrangement described in French patent application 7043740, in which the upper end of the grid is connected to a central conductor, or mast, crossing the electrodes.
- the central conductive mast is in contact with the grid by means of a set of blades distributed over a circular conductive periphery separated by slots. It possibly carries on its upper part a conductive disc either of metal or of graphite.
- said set of graphite blades is produced on the periphery of the conical skirt of a bell flat bottom pyrolytic graphite; the bell is fixed by its bottom to the mast or to the disc fixed to the upper part of it, preferably a metal disc, and the grid is then lowered onto the bell, the diameter of the upper bore of the grid being between the extreme diameters of the bell.
- the blades are produced on the upper part of the grid itself, a part which is then conical, and bears directly on the disc, then preferably in pyrolytic graphite itself .
- the grid-mast contact direct or not, is an elastic contact, uniformly distributed, well accommodating the differences in expansion between these two elements at operating temperature.
- FIG. 1 in diagrammatic vertical section, we see in 1 a pyrolytic graphite grid connected according to the invention to the upper part of the conductive mast 5.
- the grid has at its base a sleeve 1.1. fitted onto the metal crown 3, itself mounted on the base 4; we have deliberately omitted all the details concerning this part of the grid, its machining, its fixing, as external to the invention.
- a disc 5.1 On the upper part of the central mast 5 is fixed a disc 5.1. whose outside diameter is less than that of the grid bore. This disc has a series of tapped holes 5.1.1. It is made of metal.
- the skirt 6.3. of the frustoconical bell has slots 6.4. regularly distributed around its periphery and defining a set of blades 6.5.
- the diameter of the upper bore of the grid is between the extreme diameters of the conical skirt as shown in detail in Figure 3; the grid is lowered onto the bell on which it comes to press elastically thanks to the blades 6.5. that it tightens slightly, without any risk of sticking or de.frittage because the contact is made graphite on graphite.
- the bell also has holes 6.6. fixing on the plate 5.1.
- the fixing screws are represented shunts constituted by tantalum blades fixed at one of their ends under the heads of the screws 7 and welded to the other on the mast.
- the upper part of the grid assumes the shape of a conical skirt 1.4. cut into strips 1.6. by slots 1.5. ; in this variant the 5.1 disc. is preferably graphite; it has rounded edges.
- This assembly which has the same advantages as the previous one, is simpler but it requires that the grid be machined specially for this purpose, so as to present the strips 1.6.5.2. represents a central fixing screw for the disc 5.1., in graphite, on the mast 5.
- FIG. 5 is an overall view in section of a lamp with four electrodes or tetrode, comprising a screen grid 1 mounted like that of the variant of FIG. 1.
- the cathode carrying the reference 10 a first control grid, disposed inside the grid 1 and bearing the reference 50, the designated anode by the mark 2 and the queusot 20 of the vacuum enclosure.
- the figure also shows in its lower part the metal cups 41 to 45 for connection of the different electrodes to the voltage sources, not shown, which supply them, cups isolated from each other by shims of insulating material 46.
- the references 30 and 40 respectively designate a radiator and a protective cover.
- a grid 200 mm high and 90 mm in diameter in its central part has been mounted with a bell having a diameter of 31 mm at its base and a slope of 2 ° 30 for a total height of 10 mm; the height of the slots was 7 mm and the central bore of the bell 15 mm.
- the grid bore was slightly less than the previous diameter.
Landscapes
- Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
- Electrodes For Cathode-Ray Tubes (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
Description
L'invention concerne les tubes électroniques à électrodes cylindriques coaxiales comportant au moins une grille en graphite pyrolytique.The invention relates to electronic tubes with coaxial cylindrical electrodes comprising at least one grid in pyrolytic graphite.
L'invention a pour objet en particulier le montage d'une telle grille lorsqu'il est nécessaire d'avoir, en plus de la connexion électrique de l'extrémité inférieure de la grille avec l'embase du tube, une seconde connexion électrique à l'extrémité supérieure de la grille, notamment pour permettre le montage du tube « cathode à la masse •, suivant la disposition décrite dans la demande de brevet français 7043740, dans lequel l'extrémité supérieure de la grille est connectée à un conducteur central, ou mât, traversant les électrodes.The subject of the invention is in particular the mounting of such a grid when it is necessary to have, in addition to the electrical connection of the lower end of the grid with the base of the tube, a second electrical connection to the upper end of the grid, in particular to allow the mounting of the “cathode to ground” tube, according to the arrangement described in French patent application 7043740, in which the upper end of the grid is connected to a central conductor, or mast, crossing the electrodes.
De telles grilles en graphite pyrolytique (dit encore graphite orienté) ont été décrites, notamment dans plusieurs brevets déposés au nom de la demanderesse, par exemple les brevets français 1 523 248 et 1 344 220.Such grids made of pyrolytic graphite (also called oriented graphite) have been described, in particular in several patents filed in the name of the applicant, for example French patents 1,523,248 and 1,344,220.
Leur montage et leur fixation ont fait l'objet d'une demande de brevet déposée par la demanderesse le 23 juin 1978, sous le numéro 78 18 834 concernant un procédé qui permet de résoudre les problèmes tant mécaniques que thermiques (différences des dilatations de la grille et de l'embase notamment) et électriques, lorsqu'il suffit que la grille ne comporte qu'une seule connexion électrique, c'est-à-dire lorsque l'on peut se contenter d'un montage du tube du type dit « grille à la masse ».Their mounting and fixing were the subject of a patent application filed by the plaintiff on June 23, 1978, under the number 78 18 834 concerning a process which makes it possible to solve both mechanical and thermal problems (differences in the expansion of the grid and base in particular) and electrical, when it suffices that the grid has only one electrical connection, that is to say when one can be satisfied with mounting the tube of the so-called type "Ground grid".
Cependant, dans le cas de grilles en graphite pyrolytique, lorsque, pour augmenter le gain en puissance du tube par exemple, on est conduit à adopter pour le tube le montage dit « cathode à la masse », dont il a été question plus haut, avec conducteur central, la liaison de la grille avec l'extrémité supérieure de ce conducteur, c'est-à-dire son extrémité opposée à celle par laquelle il traverse l'embase, pose un problème analogue à celui de la fixation de la grille à l'embase. Cette liaison doit permettre d'absorber les écarts de dilatation entre la grille et le conducteur central, écarts qui peuvent être très importants si le mât est en métal (molybdène par exemple) ; les contraintes tant longitudinales que transversales doivent être évitées car elles entraîneraient des déformations de la grille et de son décentrage.However, in the case of pyrolytic graphite grids, when, to increase the power gain of the tube for example, we are led to adopt for the tube the so-called “cathode to ground” assembly, which was discussed above, with central conductor, the connection of the grid with the upper end of this conductor, that is to say its end opposite to that by which it passes through the base, poses a problem similar to that of the fixing of the grid at the base. This connection must make it possible to absorb the differences in expansion between the grid and the central conductor, differences which can be very significant if the mast is made of metal (molybdenum for example); both longitudinal and transverse stresses must be avoided because they would cause deformations of the grid and its off-center.
Suivant l'invention, le mât conducteur central est en contact avec la grille par l'intermédiaire d'un ensemble de lames réparties sur un pourtour circulaire conducteur séparées par des fentes. Il porte éventuellement à sa partie supérieure un disque conducteur soit en métal, soit en graphite.According to the invention, the central conductive mast is in contact with the grid by means of a set of blades distributed over a circular conductive periphery separated by slots. It possibly carries on its upper part a conductive disc either of metal or of graphite.
Plus précisément, les tubes électroniques à électrodes cyclindriques suivant l'invention, comportant un mât central à l'une des extrémités duquel est connectée une grille en graphite pyrolytique, sont remarquables par la combinaison d'une ouverture circulaire à la partie supérieure de la grille et d'un ensemble de lames de graphite, solidaire ou non de la grille, par lequel a lieu le contact entre le mât et la partie supérieure du corps de la grille.More specifically, the electronic tubes with cylindrical electrodes according to the invention, comprising a central mast at one end of which is connected a grid in pyrolytic graphite, are remarkable for the combination of a circular opening at the top of the grid and a set of graphite blades, whether or not integral with the grid, through which the contact takes place between the mast and the upper part of the body of the grid.
Suivant un mode préféré de mise en oeuvre de l'invention, qui permet d'utiliser une grille monobloc en graphite pyrolytique ayant subi l'usinage standard, ledit ensemble de lames de graphite est réalisé sur le pourtour de la jupe conique d'une cloche en graphite pyrolytique à fond plat ; la cloche est fixée par son fond sur le mât ou sur le disque fixé à la partie supérieure de celui-ci, disque de préférence en métal, et la grille est ensuite descendue sur la cloche, le diamètre de l'alésage supérieur de la grille étant compris entre les diamètres extrêmes de la cloche.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, which makes it possible to use a one-piece grid in pyrolytic graphite having undergone standard machining, said set of graphite blades is produced on the periphery of the conical skirt of a bell flat bottom pyrolytic graphite; the bell is fixed by its bottom to the mast or to the disc fixed to the upper part of it, preferably a metal disc, and the grid is then lowered onto the bell, the diameter of the upper bore of the grid being between the extreme diameters of the bell.
Suivant un autre mode de mise en oeuvre de l'invention, les lames sont réalisées sur la partie supérieure de la grille elle-même, partie qui est alors conique, et appuie directement sur le disque, alors de préférence en graphite pyrolytique lui-aussi.According to another embodiment of the invention, the blades are produced on the upper part of the grid itself, a part which is then conical, and bears directly on the disc, then preferably in pyrolytic graphite itself .
Dans tous les cas, le contact grille-mât, direct ou non, est un contact élastique, uniformément réparti, accommodant bien les différences de dilatation entre ces deux éléments à la température de fonctionnement.In all cases, the grid-mast contact, direct or not, is an elastic contact, uniformly distributed, well accommodating the differences in expansion between these two elements at operating temperature.
La fixation de la grille, et la connexion électrique à son autre extrémité, c'est-à-dire son extrémité inférieure, sont par exemple avantageusement réalisées de la manière indiquée dans la demande de brevet déjà citée.The fixing of the grid, and the electrical connection at its other end, that is to say its lower end, are for example advantageously carried out in the manner indicated in the patent application already cited.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui suit et des figures qui s'y rapportent parmi lesquelles :
- la figure 1 montre en coupe axiale schématique un premier exemple de mise en oeuvre de l'invention ;
- la figure 2 est une vue agrandie d'un des éléments de la figure 1 ;
- la figure 3 est une vue en coupe de la partie supérieure de la grille de la figure 1 ;
- la figure 4 montre, également en coupe axiale schématique, un second exemple de mise en oeuvre de l'invention ;
- la figure 5 est une vue d'ensemble en coupe d'un tube électronique comportant une grille conforme à celle de la figure 1.
- Figure 1 shows in schematic axial section a first example of implementation of the invention;
- Figure 2 is an enlarged view of one of the elements of Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a sectional view of the upper part of the grid of Figure 1;
- Figure 4 shows, also in schematic axial section, a second example of implementation of the invention;
- FIG. 5 is an overall sectional view of an electronic tube comprising a grid conforming to that of FIG. 1.
On voit à la figure 1, en coupe verticale schématique, en 1 une grille en graphite pyrolytique connectée suivant l'invention à la partie supérieure du mât conducteur 5.In FIG. 1, in diagrammatic vertical section, we see in 1 a pyrolytic graphite grid connected according to the invention to the upper part of the
La grille comporte à sa base un manchon 1.1. emboîté sur la couronne métallique 3, elle-même montée sur l'embase 4 ; on a omis volontairement tous les détails concernant cette partie de la grille, son usinage, sa fixation, comme extérieurs à l'invention.The grid has at its base a sleeve 1.1. fitted onto the metal crown 3, itself mounted on the
A la partie supérieure de la grille 1 est réalisé un alésage central de précision 1.2.At the upper part of the grid 1 is produced a central bore of precision 1.2.
Sur la partie supérieure du mât central 5 est fixé un disque 5.1. dont le diamètre extérieur est inférieur à celui de l'alésage de la grille. Ce disque comporte une série de trous taraudés 5.1.1. Il est réalisé en métal.On the upper part of the
Une cloche 6, à fond plat, représentée à plus grande échelle figure 2, en graphite pyrolytique, est montée sur le plateau 5.1. Le fond de la choche comporte un alésage circulaire 6.1., par lequel elle s'engage sur le plateau 5.1. ; elle est munie de fentes de dilatation 6.2., quatre sur l'exemple représenté.A
La jupe 6.3. de la cloche tronconique, comporte des fentes 6.4. réparties régulièrement sur sa périphérie et définissant un ensemble de lames 6.5. Le diamètre de l'alésage supérieur de la grille est compris entre les diamètres extrêmes de la jupe conique comme le montre le détail de la figure 3 ; la grille est descendue sur la cloche sur laquelle elle vient appuyer élastiquement grâce aux lames 6.5. qu'elle resserre légèrement, sans aucun risque de collage ou de.frittage du fait que le contact est réalisé graphite sur graphite.The skirt 6.3. of the frustoconical bell, has slots 6.4. regularly distributed around its periphery and defining a set of blades 6.5. The diameter of the upper bore of the grid is between the extreme diameters of the conical skirt as shown in detail in Figure 3; the grid is lowered onto the bell on which it comes to press elastically thanks to the blades 6.5. that it tightens slightly, without any risk of sticking or de.frittage because the contact is made graphite on graphite.
La cloche comporte d'autre part des trous 6.6. de fixation sur le plateau 5.1. On voit en 7 les vis de fixation. Dans l'exemple de la figure, en 8, sont représentés des shunts constitués par des lames de tantale fixées à l'une de leurs extrémités sous les têtes des vis 7 et soudées à l'autre sur le mât.The bell also has holes 6.6. fixing on the plate 5.1. We see in 7 the fixing screws. In the example of the figure, at 8, are represented shunts constituted by tantalum blades fixed at one of their ends under the heads of the screws 7 and welded to the other on the mast.
Le montage peut encore être complété par des shunts 9 similaires aux shunts 8, soudés d'une part à l'embase 4 et pris d'autre part sous les vis de fixation 1.1.1. de la grille sur la couronne 3, suivant une disposition connue par ailleurs.The assembly can also be completed by
Dans la variante de l'invention représentée sur la figure 4, où les mêmes références indiquent les mêmes éléments que sur la figure 1, la partie supérieure de la grille affecte la forme d'une jupe conique 1.4. découpée en lamelles 1.6. par des fentes 1.5. ; dans cette variante le disque 5.1. est de préférence en graphite ; il présente des bords arrondis.In the variant of the invention shown in Figure 4, where the same references indicate the same elements as in Figure 1, the upper part of the grid assumes the shape of a conical skirt 1.4. cut into strips 1.6. by slots 1.5. ; in this variant the 5.1 disc. is preferably graphite; it has rounded edges.
Ce montage qui présente les mêmes avantages que le précédent est plus simple mais il exige que la grille soit usinée spécialement à cet effet, de façon à présenter les lamelles 1.6.5.2. représente une vis de fixation centrale du disque 5.1., en graphite, sur le mât 5.This assembly, which has the same advantages as the previous one, is simpler but it requires that the grid be machined specially for this purpose, so as to present the strips 1.6.5.2. represents a central fixing screw for the disc 5.1., in graphite, on the
La figure 5 est une vue d'ensemble en coupe d'une lampe à quatre électrodes ou tétrode, comportant une grille écran 1 montée comme celle de la variante de la figure 1.FIG. 5 is an overall view in section of a lamp with four electrodes or tetrode, comprising a screen grid 1 mounted like that of the variant of FIG. 1.
On retrouve sur cette figure avec les mêmes repères les éléments décrits précédemment et, en outre, la cathode portant le repère 10, une première grille de commande, disposée à l'intérieur de la grille 1 et portant le repère 50, l'anode désignée par le repère 2 et le queusot 20 de l'enceinte à vide. La figure montre également dans sa partie inférieure les coupelles métalliques 41 à 45 de connexion des différentes électrodes aux sources de tension, non représentées, qui les alimentent, coupelles isolées les unes des autres par des cales en matière isolante 46. Les repères 30 et 40 désignent respectivement un radiateur et un capot de protection.We find in this figure with the same references the elements described above and, in addition, the cathode carrying the
A titre d'exemple non limitatif une grille de 200 mm de hauteur et 90 mm de diamètre dans sa partie centrale a été montée avec une cloche ayant un diamètre de 31 mm à sa base et une pente de 2°30 pour une hauteur totale de 10 mm ; la hauteur des fentes était de 7 mm et l'alésage central de la cloche de 15 mm. L'alésage de la grille était légèrement inférieur au diamètre précédent.By way of nonlimiting example, a grid 200 mm high and 90 mm in diameter in its central part has been mounted with a bell having a diameter of 31 mm at its base and a slope of 2 ° 30 for a total height of 10 mm; the height of the slots was 7 mm and the central bore of the bell 15 mm. The grid bore was slightly less than the previous diameter.
Dans des variantes également comprises dans l'invention, le disque 5.1., au lieu d'être rapporté et fixé sur le conducteur central 5, peut en être une partie intégrante ou soudé sur celui-ci.In variants also included in the invention, the disc 5.1., Instead of being attached and fixed to the
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR7822265A FR2432215A1 (en) | 1978-07-27 | 1978-07-27 | ELECTRONIC TUBE WITH CYLINDRICAL GRID IN PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE |
| FR7822265 | 1978-07-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0007865A1 EP0007865A1 (en) | 1980-02-06 |
| EP0007865B1 true EP0007865B1 (en) | 1982-02-03 |
Family
ID=9211260
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP79400518A Expired EP0007865B1 (en) | 1978-07-27 | 1979-07-20 | Electron tube with a cylindrical pyrolytic graphite grid |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4387320A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0007865B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2962047D1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2432215A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2520553A1 (en) * | 1982-01-22 | 1983-07-29 | Cameca | ELECTRONIC OPTICAL APPARATUS COMPRISING PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE ELEMENTS |
| FR2661778A1 (en) * | 1990-05-04 | 1991-11-08 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | GRID AMPLIFIER TUBE WITH VARIABLE WIDTH BARS. |
| DE59106482D1 (en) * | 1991-01-21 | 1995-10-19 | Thomson Elektronenroehren Ag | Controllable high-performance electron tube. |
| GB9405139D0 (en) * | 1994-03-16 | 1994-05-18 | Eev Ltd | Electron gun arrangements |
| FR2775118B1 (en) * | 1998-02-13 | 2000-05-05 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | GRID FOR ELECTRONIC TUBE WITH AXIAL BEAM WITH IMPROVED PERFORMANCE |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE528755A (en) * | ||||
| US3164740A (en) * | 1960-04-29 | 1965-01-05 | Rca Corp | Electron tube grids and method of making the same |
| FR1344220A (en) * | 1962-03-02 | 1963-11-29 | Thomson Houston Comp Francaise | Grid for electron tubes |
| US3737711A (en) * | 1968-11-21 | 1973-06-05 | Varian Associates | Electron tube having an improved filamentary cathode and support therefor and method of making same |
| FR2276681A1 (en) * | 1974-06-28 | 1976-01-23 | Thomson Csf | GRID FOR ELECTRONIC TUBE AND TUBE WITH SUCH GRID |
| GB1514591A (en) * | 1976-01-29 | 1978-06-14 | English Electric Valve Co Ltd | Electronic valves |
| FR2429490A1 (en) * | 1978-06-23 | 1980-01-18 | Thomson Csf | PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE GRID FOR HIGH POWER ELECTRONIC TUBE, AND MOUNTING METHOD THEREOF |
| US4302701A (en) * | 1978-07-07 | 1981-11-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Directly heated cathode for an electron tube with coaxial electrode design |
-
1978
- 1978-07-27 FR FR7822265A patent/FR2432215A1/en active Granted
-
1979
- 1979-07-20 EP EP79400518A patent/EP0007865B1/en not_active Expired
- 1979-07-20 DE DE7979400518T patent/DE2962047D1/en not_active Expired
-
1981
- 1981-04-06 US US06/250,923 patent/US4387320A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0007865A1 (en) | 1980-02-06 |
| FR2432215A1 (en) | 1980-02-22 |
| FR2432215B1 (en) | 1980-12-12 |
| DE2962047D1 (en) | 1982-03-11 |
| US4387320A (en) | 1983-06-07 |
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