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DE69613275D1 - Transparentes Substrat mit einer Häufung von Schichten mit Infrarot und/oder Sonnenstrahlung reflektierenden Eigenschaften - Google Patents

Transparentes Substrat mit einer Häufung von Schichten mit Infrarot und/oder Sonnenstrahlung reflektierenden Eigenschaften

Info

Publication number
DE69613275D1
DE69613275D1 DE69613275T DE69613275T DE69613275D1 DE 69613275 D1 DE69613275 D1 DE 69613275D1 DE 69613275 T DE69613275 T DE 69613275T DE 69613275 T DE69613275 T DE 69613275T DE 69613275 D1 DE69613275 D1 DE 69613275D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
substrate
solar radiation
transparent substrate
layers
accumulation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE69613275T
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
DE69613275T2 (de
Inventor
Olivier Guiselin
Philippe Macquart
Veronique Rondeau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Glass France SAS, Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA filed Critical Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Publication of DE69613275D1 publication Critical patent/DE69613275D1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE69613275T2 publication Critical patent/DE69613275T2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
    • C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
    • C03C17/3613—Coatings of type glass/inorganic compound/metal/inorganic compound/metal/other
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/3411—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials
    • C03C17/3423—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials at least one of the coatings comprising a suboxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/3411—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials
    • C03C17/3429—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials at least one of the coatings being a non-oxide coating
    • C03C17/3447—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials at least one of the coatings being a non-oxide coating comprising a halide
    • C03C17/3452—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials at least one of the coatings being a non-oxide coating comprising a halide comprising a fluoride
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
    • C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
    • C03C17/3615—Coatings of the type glass/metal/other inorganic layers, at least one layer being non-metallic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
    • C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
    • C03C17/3621—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer one layer at least containing a fluoride
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
    • C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
    • C03C17/3639—Multilayers containing at least two functional metal layers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
    • C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
    • C03C17/3644—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer the metal being silver
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
    • C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
    • C03C17/3652—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer the coating stack containing at least one sacrificial layer to protect the metal from oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
    • C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
    • C03C17/3657—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer the multilayer coating having optical properties
    • C03C17/366—Low-emissivity or solar control coatings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
    • C03C17/42—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating of an organic material and at least one non-metal coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
    • C03C2217/70—Properties of coatings
    • C03C2217/73—Anti-reflective coatings with specific characteristics
    • C03C2217/734—Anti-reflective coatings with specific characteristics comprising an alternation of high and low refractive indexes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
    • Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
    • Y10T428/24967—Absolute thicknesses specified
    • Y10T428/24975—No layer or component greater than 5 mils thick
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y10T428/263—Coating layer not in excess of 5 mils thick or equivalent
    • Y10T428/264—Up to 3 mils
    • Y10T428/265—1 mil or less

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
DE69613275T 1995-06-01 1996-05-29 Transparentes Substrat mit einer Häufung von Schichten mit Infrarot und/oder Sonnenstrahlung reflektierenden Eigenschaften Expired - Lifetime DE69613275T2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9506541A FR2734811B1 (fr) 1995-06-01 1995-06-01 Substrats transparents revetus d'un empilement de couches minces a proprietes de reflexion dans l'infrarouge et/ou dans le domaine du rayonnement solaire

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE69613275D1 true DE69613275D1 (de) 2001-07-19
DE69613275T2 DE69613275T2 (de) 2002-04-25

Family

ID=9479593

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69613275T Expired - Lifetime DE69613275T2 (de) 1995-06-01 1996-05-29 Transparentes Substrat mit einer Häufung von Schichten mit Infrarot und/oder Sonnenstrahlung reflektierenden Eigenschaften

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US5965246A (de)
EP (1) EP0745569B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4216352B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE202060T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69613275T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2159701T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2734811B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (91)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CA2129488C (fr) 1993-08-12 2004-11-23 Olivier Guiselin Substrats transparents munis d'un empilement de couches minces, application aux vitrages d'isolation thermique et/ou de protection solaire
FR2728559B1 (fr) * 1994-12-23 1997-01-31 Saint Gobain Vitrage Substrats en verre revetus d'un empilement de couches minces a proprietes de reflexion dans l'infrarouge et/ou dans le domaine du rayonnement solaire
US6231971B1 (en) * 1995-06-09 2001-05-15 Glaverbel Glazing panel having solar screening properties
FR2745284B1 (fr) * 1996-02-22 1998-04-30 Saint Gobain Vitrage Substrat transparent muni d'un revetement de couches minces
DE29606493U1 (de) * 1996-04-10 1996-06-20 Vegla Vereinigte Glaswerke Gmbh, 52066 Aachen Wärmedämmende Glasscheibe mit niedriger Emissivität und hoher Transmission
EP0918044A1 (de) * 1997-11-19 1999-05-26 Glaverbel Sonnenschutzverglasung
JPH11228185A (ja) * 1998-02-06 1999-08-24 Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd 日射遮蔽性透光板およびこれを用いた日射遮蔽性複層透光板
US6592996B1 (en) 1998-02-06 2003-07-15 Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. Solar-shading light-transmissive panel and solar-shading multi-layer light-transmissive panel using same
EP0963960A1 (de) * 1998-06-08 1999-12-15 Glaverbel Durchsichtiges Substrat mit Silberbeschichtung
CH693138A5 (de) * 1998-06-19 2003-03-14 Unaxis Trading Ag Verbundglas und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer beschichteten Kunststoffolie hierfür.
US6165598A (en) * 1998-08-14 2000-12-26 Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. Color suppressed anti-reflective glass
FR2784985B1 (fr) * 1998-10-22 2001-09-21 Saint Gobain Vitrage Substrat transparent muni d'un empilement de couches minces
GB9826293D0 (en) * 1998-12-01 1999-01-20 Pilkington Plc Inprovements in coating glass
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US6610410B2 (en) 1998-12-18 2003-08-26 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Glazing panel
KR100667637B1 (ko) 1998-12-28 2007-01-12 아사히 가라스 가부시키가이샤 적층체 및 그의 제조 방법
FR2801684B1 (fr) * 1999-11-26 2002-04-26 Commissariat Energie Atomique Filtre anticalorique et procede de fabrication de ce filtre
FR2806076B1 (fr) * 2000-03-08 2002-09-20 Saint Gobain Vitrage Substrat transparent revetu d'une couche polymere
FR2810118B1 (fr) * 2000-06-07 2005-01-21 Saint Gobain Vitrage Substrat transparent comportant un revetement antireflet
DE10163625A1 (de) * 2001-12-21 2003-07-17 Schott Glas Transparentes beschichtetes Substrat
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US6676859B2 (en) 2001-09-19 2004-01-13 Gentex Corporation Substrate mounting for organic, dielectric, optical film
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US7265323B2 (en) * 2001-10-26 2007-09-04 Engineered Glass Products, Llc Electrically conductive heated glass panel assembly, control system, and method for producing panels
JP4295624B2 (ja) * 2001-12-21 2009-07-15 日本板硝子株式会社 光触媒機能を有する部材及びその製造方法
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US8524051B2 (en) * 2004-05-18 2013-09-03 Centre Luxembourg de Recherches pour le Verre et al Ceramique S. A. (C.R.V.C.) Coated article with oxidation graded layer proximate IR reflecting layer(s) and corresponding method
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JP5132068B2 (ja) * 2006-03-27 2013-01-30 株式会社東芝 半導体装置及びその製造方法
JP4207083B2 (ja) * 2006-04-04 2009-01-14 セイコーエプソン株式会社 光学多層膜フィルタ、光学多層膜フィルタの製造方法および電子機器装置
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US20080011599A1 (en) 2006-07-12 2008-01-17 Brabender Dennis M Sputtering apparatus including novel target mounting and/or control
US7695785B2 (en) * 2006-07-14 2010-04-13 Guardian Industries Corp. Coated article with oxides and/or oxynitrides of antimony and/or zinc dielectric layer(s) and corresponding method
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EP0745569A1 (de) 1996-12-04
ATE202060T1 (de) 2001-06-15
US5965246A (en) 1999-10-12
ES2159701T3 (es) 2001-10-16
FR2734811B1 (fr) 1997-07-04
FR2734811A1 (fr) 1996-12-06
JP4216352B2 (ja) 2009-01-28
DE69613275T2 (de) 2002-04-25
EP0745569B1 (de) 2001-06-13
JPH09104085A (ja) 1997-04-22

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