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DE3785504D1 - Gassperrstrukturen. - Google Patents

Gassperrstrukturen.

Info

Publication number
DE3785504D1
DE3785504D1 DE8787306205T DE3785504T DE3785504D1 DE 3785504 D1 DE3785504 D1 DE 3785504D1 DE 8787306205 T DE8787306205 T DE 8787306205T DE 3785504 T DE3785504 T DE 3785504T DE 3785504 D1 DE3785504 D1 DE 3785504D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
gas blocking
blocking structures
structures
gas
blocking
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
DE8787306205T
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
DE3785504T2 (de
Inventor
Stan John Markiewicz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
DuPont Canada Inc
Original Assignee
DuPont Canada Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by DuPont Canada Inc filed Critical DuPont Canada Inc
Publication of DE3785504D1 publication Critical patent/DE3785504D1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE3785504T2 publication Critical patent/DE3785504T2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D65/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
    • B65D65/38—Packaging materials of special type or form
    • B65D65/42—Applications of coated or impregnated materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
    • C08J7/04—Coating
    • C08J7/042—Coating with two or more layers, where at least one layer of a composition contains a polymer binder
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
    • C08J7/04—Coating
    • C08J7/043—Improving the adhesiveness of the coatings per se, e.g. forming primers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
    • C08J7/04—Coating
    • C08J7/048—Forming gas barrier coatings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2429/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal, or ketal radical; Hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Derivatives of such polymer
    • C08J2429/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated alcohols
    • C08J2429/04—Polyvinyl alcohol; Partially hydrolysed homopolymers or copolymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2475/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2475/04—Polyurethanes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1324—Flexible food casing [e.g., sausage type, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1334—Nonself-supporting tubular film or bag [e.g., pouch, envelope, packet, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1341—Contains vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y10T428/1379—Contains vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit
    • Y10T428/1383—Vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit is sandwiched between layers [continuous layer]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/28—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and having an adhesive outermost layer
    • Y10T428/2813—Heat or solvent activated or sealable
    • Y10T428/2817—Heat sealable
    • Y10T428/2826—Synthetic resin or polymer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/28—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and having an adhesive outermost layer
    • Y10T428/2843—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and having an adhesive outermost layer including a primer layer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31562—Next to polyamide [nylon, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31565—Next to polyester [polyethylene terephthalate, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/31913—Monoolefin polymer
    • Y10T428/3192—Next to vinyl or vinylidene chloride polymer

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
DE87306205T 1986-07-17 1987-07-14 Gassperrstrukturen. Expired - Fee Related DE3785504T2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB868617535A GB8617535D0 (en) 1986-07-17 1986-07-17 Gas barrier structures

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE3785504D1 true DE3785504D1 (de) 1993-05-27
DE3785504T2 DE3785504T2 (de) 1993-10-21

Family

ID=10601262

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE87306205T Expired - Fee Related DE3785504T2 (de) 1986-07-17 1987-07-14 Gassperrstrukturen.

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US4927689A (de)
EP (1) EP0254468B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS6378748A (de)
AU (1) AU604713B2 (de)
CA (1) CA1328059C (de)
DE (1) DE3785504T2 (de)
DK (1) DK370887A (de)
ES (1) ES2041265T3 (de)
FI (1) FI873157L (de)
GB (1) GB8617535D0 (de)
IN (1) IN168336B (de)
NZ (1) NZ221099A (de)
PT (1) PT85351B (de)

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US5102699A (en) * 1990-08-10 1992-04-07 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Solvent blockers and multilayer barrier coatings for thin films
US5330831A (en) * 1991-12-20 1994-07-19 Mobil Oil Corp. Printable high barrier multilayer film
ES2135459T3 (es) * 1991-12-20 1999-11-01 Mobil Oil Corp Pelicula multicapa imprimible de gran permeabilidad.
AU677171B2 (en) * 1991-12-23 1997-04-17 Mobil Oil Corporation Low oxygen transmissive film
US5512338A (en) * 1991-12-23 1996-04-30 Mobil Oil Corp. Oxygen, flavor/odor, grease/oil and moisture barrier film structures
US5604042A (en) * 1991-12-23 1997-02-18 Mobil Oil Corporation Cellulose material containing barrier film structures
US5487940A (en) * 1991-12-23 1996-01-30 Mobil Oil Corp. Oxygen and moisture barrier metallized film structure
US5354588A (en) * 1992-07-13 1994-10-11 Moore Business Forms, Inc. Linerless labels with tie coat
CA2088000A1 (en) * 1992-09-22 1994-03-23 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Compostable disposable personal care articles
WO1995020010A1 (fr) * 1994-01-24 1995-07-27 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Composition, stratifie et film stratifie de resine
US5518762A (en) * 1994-06-03 1996-05-21 Moore Business Forms, Inc. Method and apparatus for manufacturing linerless labels
FI104887B (fi) * 1994-06-16 2000-04-28 Enso Gutzeit Oy Tuotepakkauksen kansi ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi
US5496649A (en) * 1994-07-21 1996-03-05 Mobil Oil Corp. Cross-linked PVOH coatings having enhanced barrier characteristics
TW345540B (en) 1994-08-31 1998-11-21 Nike Inc Laminated resilient flexible barrier membranes (1)
US5952065A (en) 1994-08-31 1999-09-14 Nike, Inc. Cushioning device with improved flexible barrier membrane
GB2297093B (en) * 1994-10-14 1998-06-10 Brown Forman Corp Alcoholic, ready-to-freeze beverage
US5508113A (en) * 1994-11-18 1996-04-16 Mobil Oil Corp. PVOH-based coating composition coated polymeric film
EP0794861A4 (de) * 1994-12-02 1998-08-12 Mobil Oil Corp Eine polyvinylalkoholschicht enthaltender heisssiegelbarer mehrschichtfilm
US5547764A (en) * 1994-12-22 1996-08-20 Mobil Oil Corporation Method of producing PVOH coatings with enhanced properties
US6444750B1 (en) 1995-03-06 2002-09-03 Exxonmobil Oil Corp. PVOH-based coating solutions
US6586063B1 (en) * 1995-04-15 2003-07-01 The Procter & Gamble Company Multiple layer container
DE69631655T2 (de) * 1995-05-17 2004-11-11 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Harzzusammensetzung und laminat zur lagerung von flüssigen nahrungsmitteln
CZ295382B6 (cs) 1995-06-07 2005-07-13 Nike International, Ltd. Membrána tvořící stěnu dutého předmětu a způsob její výroby
US6599597B1 (en) * 1995-06-07 2003-07-29 Nike, Inc. Barrier membranes including a barrier layer employing aliphatic thermoplastic urethanes
US6013340A (en) 1995-06-07 2000-01-11 Nike, Inc. Membranes of polyurethane based materials including polyester polyols
US5776618A (en) * 1996-07-25 1998-07-07 Mobil Oil Corporation Barrier film structures
US5952106A (en) * 1996-11-14 1999-09-14 Alliedsignal Inc. Coated nylon film
US6066376A (en) * 1997-06-17 2000-05-23 Pechiney Plastic Packaging, Inc. High barrier non-foil laminate composition
FR2766200B1 (fr) 1997-07-17 1999-09-24 Toray Plastics Europ Sa Films polyester composites metallises a proprietes barriere
GB9811175D0 (en) * 1998-05-22 1998-07-22 Okhai A A Barrier coatings and methods for manufacturing the same
CA2272512C (en) * 1998-06-03 2003-10-21 Kuraray Co., Ltd. Coating agent for film, laminate and method for producing it
US6106950A (en) * 1998-06-04 2000-08-22 H. B. Fuller Licesing & Financing Inc. Waterborne primer and oxygen barrier coating with improved adhesion
US6364987B1 (en) * 1999-03-10 2002-04-02 Kuraray Co., Ltd. Method for producing gas barrier film
US6911255B2 (en) 2001-05-08 2005-06-28 Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Llc Clear barrier coating and coated film
US6649279B2 (en) 2001-05-30 2003-11-18 Exxonmobil Oil Corporation Monoweb metallized film suitable for direct surface printing
US20040166206A1 (en) 2003-02-25 2004-08-26 Archibald William E. Vacuum packaged food products and methods of making same
US6709735B2 (en) 2001-11-14 2004-03-23 Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Llc Oxygen barrier coating and coated film
US6893722B2 (en) * 2002-04-29 2005-05-17 Exxonmobil Oil Corporation Cationic, amino-functional, adhesion-promoting polymer for curable inks and other plastic film coatings, and plastic film comprising such polymer
US7195818B2 (en) * 2002-05-01 2007-03-27 Exxonmobil Oil Corporation Sealable multi-layer opaque film
US20040008303A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2004-01-15 Eastman Kodak Company Nematic liquid crystal compensator with barrier layer and process
SE527531C2 (sv) * 2002-08-28 2006-04-04 Amcor Flexibles Lund Ab Material för förpackningsändamål, förfarande för framställning av materialet och förpackningsförfarande
US20040075795A1 (en) * 2002-10-17 2004-04-22 Eastman Kodak Company Compensator with photochemically cured barrier layer and process
DE10254172B4 (de) 2002-11-20 2005-07-21 Kuhne Anlagenbau Gmbh Mehrschichtige, flächen- oder schlauchförmige Nahrungsmittelhülle oder -folie
US20040105994A1 (en) * 2002-12-03 2004-06-03 Pang-Chia Lu Thermoplastic film structures with a low melting point outer layer
DE102004006134A1 (de) * 2004-02-07 2005-08-25 Kalle Gmbh Nahrungsmittelhülle mit übertragbarer, eßbarer Innenbeschichtung
US20060046005A1 (en) * 2004-08-24 2006-03-02 Mcgee Dennis E Coating for polymeric labels
KR102103541B1 (ko) 2005-08-12 2020-04-23 캄브리오스 필름 솔루션스 코포레이션 나노와이어 기반의 투명 도전체
WO2008046058A2 (en) 2006-10-12 2008-04-17 Cambrios Technologies Corporation Nanowire-based transparent conductors and applications thereof
US9452592B2 (en) * 2007-08-28 2016-09-27 Cryovac, Inc. Multilayer film having an active oxygen barrier layer with radiation enhanced active barrier properties
US8815360B2 (en) * 2007-08-28 2014-08-26 Cryovac, Inc. Multilayer film having passive and active oxygen barrier layers
EP2539943B1 (de) 2010-02-24 2021-01-06 Cambrios Film Solutions Corporation Transparente leiter auf nanodrahtbasis und verfahren zu ihrer strukturierung
JP5711743B2 (ja) * 2010-07-29 2015-05-07 久光製薬株式会社 医療用貼付剤
WO2012020426A1 (en) * 2010-08-10 2012-02-16 Essel Propack Ltd. Multi-layer sheet and method thereof.
US20150291753A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2015-10-15 Toray Industries, Inc. Gas barrier film
DE102017109567A1 (de) 2017-05-04 2018-11-08 Südpack Verpackungen GmbH & Co. KG Kunststofffolie
FR3073867B1 (fr) * 2017-11-17 2019-11-08 Arkema France Materiau textile souple etirable et anti-bouloches a base de copolymere a blocs
GB2628562A (en) 2023-03-28 2024-10-02 Innovia Films Ltd Barrier film

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DE1571029C3 (de) * 1965-02-15 1975-01-30 Kalle Ag, 6202 Wiesbaden-Biebrich Verfahren zur Herstellung hydrophiler Polyvinylalkoholschichten
JPS6043304B2 (ja) * 1976-09-14 1985-09-27 日本合成化学工業株式会社 レトルト食品用多層ラミネ−ト構造物
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US4565742A (en) * 1983-10-20 1986-01-21 Du Pont Canada Inc. Process for forming a sealant WEB-PVDC-base film laminate
CA1251103A (en) * 1983-12-09 1989-03-14 Teruo Iwanami Process for forming film of hydrolysed ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
WO1986002655A1 (en) * 1984-11-02 1986-05-09 Chemulack Chemische-Und Lackfabrik Gmbh & Co. Kg Process for providing plastics with a primer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2041265T3 (es) 1993-11-16
AU7503887A (en) 1988-01-21
PT85351B (pt) 1990-04-30
DK370887A (da) 1988-01-18
EP0254468B1 (de) 1993-04-21
DK370887D0 (da) 1987-07-16
EP0254468A3 (en) 1989-06-14
DE3785504T2 (de) 1993-10-21
NZ221099A (en) 1990-07-26
CA1328059C (en) 1994-03-29
GB8617535D0 (en) 1986-08-28
US4927689A (en) 1990-05-22
FI873157A0 (fi) 1987-07-16
EP0254468A2 (de) 1988-01-27
FI873157L (fi) 1988-01-18
IN168336B (de) 1991-03-16
JPS6378748A (ja) 1988-04-08
PT85351A (en) 1987-08-01
AU604713B2 (en) 1991-01-03

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8363 Opposition against the patent
8339 Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee