CN212530438U

CN212530438U - Air bag type box board

Info

Publication number: CN212530438U
Application number: CN202020518317.5U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 胡吉万
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2020-04-05
Filing date: 2020-04-05
Publication date: 2021-02-12
Anticipated expiration: 2030-04-05

Abstract

The utility model relates to a boxboard of case, a gasbag formula boxboard promptly, the gasbag formula boxboard that flute and gasbag group alternate each other to make up the range and constitute. The air bag and the corrugated are made of the same material through hot processing and forming, and every two pieces of the material are buckled together, are bonded through heat seal and are simultaneously inflated to form the air bag. Not only can reduce the weight of the box, but also can reduce the cost of the box. The compression resistance and the shock absorption capacity of the box can be improved. And the strength is high, the wear resistance is high, the influence of moisture is avoided, and the durability is realized. The folding box is suitable for being applied to the box which can be repeatedly folded and unfolded for use.

Description

Air bag type box board

Technical Field

The utility model relates to a case board of case is used in folding expansion of repetition, concretely relates to case board of constituteing by gasbag and the mutual interval arrangement of flute is used in the case that can the folding expansion of repetition use many times.

Background

The box board material for making the box is generally compounded by corrugated paper, and is light and shock-absorbing. But are fragile and not moisture-proof and are not suitable for use in a box that can be folded and unfolded for use. The box board made of other boards is heavy and high in cost, and has no damping effect of corrugated paper box boards.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

The utility model aims at providing a durable, difficult damaged, the light in weight absorbing boxboard again, dampproofing and dampproofing, intensity high quality is good, is fit for being applied to the boxboard that can repetitious folds the expansion use case again.

In order to achieve the above object, the utility model provides a boxboard of case, especially a boxboard that can repeatedly fold and expand use the case, concrete structure is that the boxboard comprises a plurality of boxboard group each other superposes. The box plate group and the box plate group are bonded by high-frequency heat seal, and the box plate group can share one panel. The middle layer of the box board group is formed by mutually and circularly combining and arranging the corrugated layer and the air bag group at intervals in sequence, the outer layer is an outer surface board, the inner layer is a lining panel, and the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer are composed of three layers, namely an outer layer, a middle layer and an inner layer. The air bag group is provided with a plurality of air bags, the air bag shells and the V-shaped corrugations of the air bags are pre-processed and formed on the same sheet material, every two air bags are buckled together, the air bag shells are bonded into a whole by heat seal along the V-shaped corrugations and the edges of the intersection lines of the air bag shells and the plane of the sheet material, meanwhile, the air bag shells are inflated and bonded to seal the periphery of the air bag shells in a heat seal mode to form the cylindrical air bags, and the two ends of the cylindrical air bags are in the shape of semi-spheres with the same diameter as the cylinders. The corrugated is in a V-shaped structure, and two long straight lines formed by two V-shaped small arc top points of a flat quadrilateral shape formed after the corrugated is bonded are respectively bonded with the outer surface plate and the lining panel of the box plate group in a heat seal mode, so that the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer of the box plate group are integrated. The corrugated part is responsible for connecting the air bag group, the outer surface plate and the lining panel, and two sides of the air bag group are respectively connected with one corrugated part. Two long straight lines at two cylindrical outermost points of the air bag respectively support the outer surface plate and the lining panel, are in contact with the inner panel and the outer panel but are not adhered and fixed, and the rest parts of the air bag are in a free state except that the peripheral edge of the air bag shell is adhered and sealed, so that the compression and the bounce deformation of the air bag are facilitated without obstruction; the air bag can increase the thickness and the strength of the box plate without increasing the weight of the box plate group, so that the box plate has certain bending resistance and vibration reduction effects. Namely, the air bags enable the box board to have certain bending resistance and compressive strength, and bear the main load-bearing function in the box board, and the weight of the articles contained in the box is mainly borne by the air bags.

The air bag group is composed of a plurality of air bags. And a plurality of air bags, namely X air bags, wherein X is a positive integer which is greater than or equal to 1, and the value of X is determined by the size, the shape and the application of a specific box. According to different bearing parts of the box plate, the number of the air bags in the air bag groups at different parts of the box plate group can be different. That is, the value of X may be variable, that is, the number of air bags in different air bag groups may be the same or different.

The plurality of box plate groups are N box plate groups, and N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1. The value of N is determined by the particular box size, shape and use and the strength requirements for the box board.

The corrugated and the air bag groups are sequentially and mutually arranged and combined at intervals in a circulating way, namely corrugated-air bag group-air bag.

The air bag shell is a shell of an air bag for wrapping compressed air. In practical applications, the specific size and shape of the pre-formed airbag shell before inflation are determined according to the specific thickness and thickness of the airbag shell, the material and the forming process. So as to ensure that the overall dimension and the pressure resistance of the inflated cylindrical air bag meet the design requirements of the specific box plate.

The pre-processing and forming refers to the first pre-forming processing of the shape of the corrugated pipe and the air bag before heat sealing and bonding according to the requirements of the forming process, and generally adopts a plastic suction or mould pressing process.

The air bags and the corrugations are generally made of thermoplastic materials or rubber-like sheet materials which have good tensile properties but poor vertical compression resistance. Vertical compression resistance means that two ends of the flaky material along the length direction are stressed, and the pressure bearing capacity of the flaky material is detected.

If the box board is made of a V-shaped corrugated structure, although the box board is light and thick, the compression resistance and rebound performance of the box board are poor, and the box board cannot be bounced after being flattened easily. The bearing capacity and the shock absorption effect are not good, the repeated use of the box is influenced, and therefore the box plate made of single corrugated paper is only suitable for the box containing light objects.

The air bag group and the corrugation are combined at intervals, so that the pressure borne by the air bag can be converted into the compressed deformation of the air bag, the compressed deformation of the air in the air bag converts the pressure into the expansion force on the air bag shell, and the action of the expansion force on the air bag shell is equivalent to the action of the tension force on the sheet material. Therefore, the pressure can be successfully converted into the expansion force by using the air bag, most of the pressure borne by the sheet material is converted into the tensile force borne by the sheet material, and the defects of good tensile property and poor compression resistance of the sheet material are fully exerted. Therefore, the box plate can bear larger pressure, namely the box can contain heavier objects, not only can the box plate deform under pressure, but also can absorb most of pressure through the compressed gas and the local deformation of the air bag, and after the external acting pressure disappears, the box can quickly recover the original shape under the expansion action of the compressed gas in the air bag. Thereby the box can be repeatedly recycled, and the service life of the box is prolonged.

Meanwhile, the air bag has good damping effect due to the compressibility of the air in the air bag. When the box is acted by impact force, the air bag can compress air to absorb the impact force due to local deformation, so that the damage of the objects in the box caused by impact can be well reduced.

The long straight line formed by two V-shaped small arc top points of the flat quadrilateral shape formed by buckling and bonding the two V-shaped corrugations is respectively bonded with the lining panel and the outer surface panel, so that the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer of the box board are connected into a whole, the integral strength and the bending resistance of the box board are enhanced, and the box board is convenient to be assembled with other box parts. The air bag supports both the lining panel and the outer panel, and can be freely deformed under pressure because of contact without fixed connection. The air bag group and the air bag group are separated by the corrugated grooves, and the air bag are independent and sealed and are not ventilated.

The corrugations mainly serve to couple the inner and outer panels and the air bag unit. When the single sheet is used, the sheet is in a V shape. After the two sheets are buckled and bonded, the two V-shaped sheets are buckled to form a flat quadrilateral shape, the flat side edges of two points in the middle of the quadrilateral and the long straight lines of two vertexes are bonded and fixed, and the function and the action of the corrugated sheet are not changed, so that the flat quadrilateral corrugated sheet is also called corrugated sheet for short.

And the included angle of the V-shaped corrugations is set as Q, and the Q value is selected to be larger than or equal to 0 degrees and smaller than 180 degrees. When the Q value is equal to 0 degrees, namely two sides of the V-shaped corrugation are parallel, the corrugation is changed into a U shape from the V shape. Namely, the U-shaped corrugation is a special case when the included angle Q of the V-shaped corrugation is equal to 0 degree. The U-shaped corrugation has no triangular stability of the V-shaped corrugation, but the pulling force and the supporting force of the U-shaped corrugation on the inner and outer panels are more visual and concise, and the design and the calculation are more convenient.

The V-shaped corrugation is called a triangular corrugation, and the U-shaped corrugation is called a right-angle corrugation.

In addition, because the flat sides of the middle two points of the quadrangle and the long straight lines of the two vertexes are adhered and fixed, the stability of the corrugated V-shaped triangle is not changed by the flat quadrangle.

The long straight lines of the outermost two points of the flat quadrilateral corrugations, namely the long straight lines formed by the arc vertexes of the V shape. Because of the effect of the hot-press bonding, the long plane is actually a long plane with a certain width dimension, but the long plane is also called a long straight line for convenience of description because the wide opening part of the V-shaped structure is much narrower. The long straight line is a long straight line having a certain width dimension.

The V-shaped corrugation is formed by hot pressing the top of the circular arc into a small plane and bonding the small plane with the inner and outer panels into a whole according to the forming characteristics of the thermoplastic material.

The box plate group is an outer surface plate of an outer layer, which is called as outer for short; the middle layer formed by the air bag and the corrugated is referred to as middle layer; the lining panel of the lining is called lining for short; the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer. The three layers are taken as a group and called a box plate group.

The box board is a board which forms six surfaces of the box, namely the length, the width and the height. One box plate is formed by mutually overlapping a plurality of box plate groups. At least one box plate group can be formed. If the strength and the impact resistance of the box plate are further improved, the box plate can be formed by mutually overlapping a plurality of box plate groups. The box plate group and the box plate group can share one panel. Also called air bag type box board, called box board for short.

The air bag cylinder is respectively contacted with the lining panel and the outer panel, wherein the first condition is virtual contact, namely a certain gap is formed between the air bag cylinder and the inner panel and between the air bag cylinder and the outer panel; secondly, line contact is carried out, namely the air bag cylinder is just contacted with the inner panel and the outer panel; the third is over-contact, that is, the air bag cylinder is in certain interference contact with the inner and outer panels, that is, the air bag cylinder is compressed by the inner and outer panels at the contact position, so that the contact line becomes a narrow and long strip with certain width dimension.

The long straight lines of two outermost points of the cylindrical air bag, namely the two long straight lines of the cylindrical air bag, which are respectively contacted with the lining panel and the outer surface plate. In actual production, due to manufacturing errors, a part of the air bag may be in virtual contact with the inner panel and the outer panel, that is, a certain gap exists between the air bag and the inner panel and between the air bag and the outer panel. In order to reduce the virtual contact as much as possible, the method that the inner panel and the outer panel are connected on the corrugated surface and are pulled by the corrugated surface to generate certain pre-pressure on the cylinder of the air bag so that the air bag has smaller deformation is adopted to reduce the virtual contact. So that the two long straight lines also have a certain width dimension. But is also referred to as a long straight line because of its relatively small width dimension.

The peripheral edge of the air bag shell is a closed heat-seal adhesive tape which is close to a closed intersection line formed by intersecting the cylindrical shell of the air bag and the plane part of the sheet material. The width of the tape is equal to the width of the heat sealing head of the heat sealing machine.

The integration means that after an air bag shell and a V-shaped corrugation of an air bag are pre-processed and formed on the same sheet material, every two sheets of the air bag are buckled together and are bonded into a whole through heat seal, and a long straight line formed by two V-shaped small arc top points of a flat quadrilateral shape formed after the corrugation is bonded is respectively bonded with an outer surface plate and a lining panel of a box plate group through heat seal, so that the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer of the box plate group are connected into a whole. That is, the connecting parts of the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer are bonded by heat seal to form the box board group, which can not be disassembled without damage, namely, the box board group is an integral body.

The deformation is unimpeded, which means that the pressure generated on the air bag causes the deformation of the air bag when the inner panel and the outer panel deform under the action of external force. Because the middle of the air bag is fixed, the other two semi-cylindrical shapes are not fixed, and other objects do not exist in the spaces between the air bag and between the air bag and the corrugated container. Therefore, the compression deformation and the bounce of the air bag are influenced by the acting force of the inner panel and the outer panel, the deformation is not obstructed, but no other objects except the inner panel and the outer panel can obstruct.

The lining panel and the outer surface panel are both made of sheet materials, namely sheets which can be processed for the second time, and are generally made of thermoplastic materials and similar rubber materials.

The heat seal bonding is generally carried out by an ultrasonic high-frequency vibration heating method.

The case comprises a case which is described in three patent applications (a), (b), (c) and (d) which can be repeatedly folded and unfolded for use.

The utility model discloses following beneficial effect has:

the air bags and the corrugated structures are combined at intervals, so that the bearing capacity of the box plate can be improved, and the air bags and the corrugations are made of sheet materials, so that the box plate is light in weight and high in strength, can bear larger weight, has a good damping effect and is good in local deformation resistance.

The air bag type box plate is applied to the box which can be repeatedly folded and unfolded for use, so that the weight of the box can be reduced, the cost of the box can be reduced, and the compression resistance, bending resistance and shock absorption capacity of the box can be improved. And has high strength, high wear resistance and no moisture influence. The box is durable and is very suitable for being applied to the boxes which are repeatedly folded and unfolded for use.

Description of the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of the combination of the air bag and the corrugation of example 1;

FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the bladder and corrugation stack of example 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of the case plate made of the combination of the air bag and the straight corrugations and the case plate of example 2;

fig. 4 is an isometric view of the combination of the air bag with straight corrugations and the combination of the box board as a box board in example 2.

In the figure: 1-upper half of corrugated air bag; 2-the lower half of the corrugated air bag; 3-a liner panel; 4-an outer surface plate; 5-a middle panel; 6-outer box plate group; 7-inner box plate group.

Detailed Description

Example 1:

fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the combination of the air bag and the corrugation, and fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of an isometric side of the combination of the air bag and the corrugation. The reference numbers and names of the parts in fig. 1 and fig. 2 are the same.

Figure 2 shows a schematic isometric view of the bladder, the corrugations, the upper half 1 of the bladder in relation to the lower half 2 of the corrugated bladder and the inner and

outer panels

3 and 4, respectively, and the peripheral, heat-sealed, inflated shape of the bladder.

The number of air bags in the air bag group is 1, namely the air bag group only has one air bag. Only one box plate group is arranged in the box plate, and N is equal to 1.

The single-sided corrugated structure is V-shaped and triangular, the single-sided air bag is hollow semi-cylindrical, and a new cylindrical air bag is formed by oppositely buckling an initial air bag shell and a corrugated part which are preformed by hot pressing into a whole, filling air with proper pressure into the initial air bag shell by adopting ultrasonic high-frequency hot-pressing adhesion and sealing the peripheral edge part of the air bag. The upper half 1 of the corrugated air bag and the lower half 2 of the corrugated air bag have the same shape, and the material and thickness are the same. After the corrugated air bag and the air bag are formed by hot pressing, the upper half part 1 of the corrugated air bag and the lower half part 2 of the corrugated air bag are buckled together as shown in figure 1, and are bonded into a whole by hot pressing along the periphery of each air bag, and the air bags are filled with gas with proper pressure. The air bags and the corrugations are arranged at intervals, and the two triangular corrugations are buckled with each other to form a parallelogram. The two half hollow cylinders are buckled with each other to form a cylindrical air bag, and two cylindrical ends are in a semi-spherical shape with the same diameter as the cylinder. The two outermost vertexes of the quadrangle are flush with the two outermost vertexes of the air bag. The lining panel 3 and the outer surface panel 4 are respectively bonded at two vertexes of the two quadrangles, the air bag is in contact with the two panels but is not fixedly connected, so that the air bag can freely deform and can support the inner panel and the outer panel, and the air bag and the corrugated shape bear the gravity and the vibration force borne by the box panel together.

The liner panel 3 and the outer surface plate 4 are bonded with the corrugated paper to form a whole, so that the combination of the corrugated paper and the air bag is connected into a whole, the integral strength and the bending resistance of the box board are improved, the inner and the outer surface plates have certain protection effect on the corrugated paper and the air bag, and the box board and other box spare and accessory parts can be conveniently assembled. The triangular corrugation enables the box board to be stressed uniformly, can bear larger pressure and can be quickly restored after being stressed and deformed. After the air bag is pressed and deformed, the pressure is transferred to gas, the gas is pressed and expanded, and the pressure is transferred back to the air bag, so that the air bag is acted by expansion force, the expansion force of the air bag is equivalent to the action of tensile force, and the tensile property of the thermoplastic material is generally good. Therefore, the compression and vibration resistance of the air bag is higher than that of the triangular corrugation, and the shape of the air bag after being compressed and deformed is recovered by the automatic expansion of compressed gas, so that the deformation recovery is fast. The corrugated, air bag and liner panels 3 and the outer face panel 4 are bonded to each other and are connected to each other to support the construction as a unit. The strength and rigidity of the box board is not provided by a component alone, but rather as a result of a combination of interactions. Therefore, each component can adopt relatively thin materials, thereby reducing the weight of the box board and reducing the cost. Meanwhile, the service performance of the box board is improved.

Example 2:

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the combination of the air bag with straight corrugations and the combination of the box board in this embodiment as a box board;

fig. 4 is an isometric view of the combination of the air bag with straight corrugations and the combination of the box board in this example.

The number of air bags in the air bag group is 2, namely the air bag group comprises two air bags. The box plate is composed of two box plate groups, and N is 2. The number of the air bags in the air bag group is increased, the number of the corrugations can be reduced, and the vibration damping performance of the box plate is properly improved.

The single-sided corrugated structure is in a U-shaped right-angle edge shape, and the single-sided air bag is in a hollow semi-cylindrical shape. The heat bonding and assembly method of the upper half 1 and the lower half 2 of the corrugated air bag are the same as those of example 1.

The outer box plate group 6 and the inner box plate group 7 share the middle panel 5, so that the inner box plate group and the outer box plate group are integrated into a new box plate. The strength and the bending resistance of the box plate are much higher than those of a box plate formed by a single box plate group, and the vibration damping performance is also much better.

The operation and processing method of the back surface plate 3 and the outer surface plate 4 are the same as those of example 1, and will not be described in detail.

The specific application of the box board in three kinds of repeatedly foldable and unfoldable boxes (i), (ii) and (iii) is to cut the box board into required sizes according to the specific size of the box, hot press the table edge and other structures required to be installed and seal the edges, and then respectively install each connector and rotating shaft.

Main vocabulary annotation:

1. air bag-a cylindrical object formed by filling gas with proper pressure between two sheet materials and sealing through heat seal and adhesion.

2. Airbag group-is composed of 1 or N airbags arranged, and N is a positive integer.

3. Buckling-the mouth is overlapped to the mouth.

4. And (4) thermal bonding, in general, ultrasonic high-frequency vibration heating is adopted to bond the two materials into a whole.

5. Exterior surface panel-the panel of the box panel facing the outside of the box. Referred to as outer panel or outer.

6. Liner panel-the panel of the box with the box panel facing the inside of the box. Called inner panel or inner for short.

7. Damping-the local deformation of the airbag, by compressing the gas in the airbag, absorbs the vibration energy.

8. Major load bearing-means that the air bag bears most of the weight of the articles in the box. The rest is borne by the inner and outer panels and the corrugated sheets.

9. Bending resistance-the maximum pressure at which the box board test piece begins to deform as the two ends of the box board test piece are supported and gradually pressurized in the middle of the box board.

10. Compressive strength-the two ends of the box plate test piece are gradually pressurized, and the maximum pressure when the box plate test piece begins to deform is divided by the cross-sectional area of the box plate test piece.

11. Boxboard-a board that constitutes six sides of the box, length, width and height.

12. The box board group refers to a group of box boards consisting of an outer surface board, a middle interlayer corrugation, an air bag and a lining panel. A plurality of box plate groups are mutually overlapped to form a box plate.

13. Preprocessing and forming, namely performing first forming processing on the shape of the corrugated container and the initial air bag shell before heat sealing according to the forming process requirement, wherein a plastic suction or mould pressing process is generally adopted.

14. Air bag type box board-refers to a box board composed of an outer surface board, a middle interlayer corrugation, an air bag and a lining panel. I.e. a box board containing air bags. Also included are boxboards formed by stacking groups of boxboards. Middle interlayer corrugation and air bag are abbreviated.

15. Air bag shell-is the shell that the gasbag wraps up the compressed gas.

16. Initial capsule shell-not the final shape of the capsule shell. Is the pre-formed shape of the balloon shell prior to inflation of the balloon.

17. The corrugated and the air bag groups are sequentially arranged and combined at intervals in a circulating way, namely corrugated, air bag group, corrugated, air bag group and corrugated, are sequentially arranged in a circulating way, and are arranged at the head by the corrugated and are ended by the corrugated.

18. Unfolding refers to the working state of the case when the case is installed to be similar to the state of the case with articles in and the bottom of the case cover is just closed.

19. Folding-the process of disassembling and turning the empty boxes according to a certain sequence to reduce the occupied space volume.

20. Sheet material-thin sheets that can be reworked, typically thermoplastic and similar rubber-like materials.

21. Several-i.e., X or N, X, N are positive integers greater than or equal to 1. In the present specification, X represents the number of air bags in an air bag group; n represents the number of sets of panels in the box.

22. The box plate group formed by thermally bonding the connecting parts of the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer is integrated, and can not be disassembled without damage, namely the box plate group is integrated.

23. The edge of the air bag shell is a closed heat-seal adhesive tape which is close to a closed intersection line formed by the intersection of the cylindrical shell of the air bag and the plane part of the sheet material.

24. The V-shaped corrugation is called a triangular corrugation, the included angle of the V-shaped corrugation is set to be Q, and the Q value is selected to be larger than or equal to 0 degree and smaller than 180 degrees.

25. The U-shaped corrugation is also called a right-angle side corrugation. When the Q value is equal to 0 degrees, namely two sides of the V-shaped corrugation are parallel, the corrugation is changed into a U shape from the V shape. Namely, the U-shaped corrugation is a special case when the included angle Q of the V-shaped corrugation is equal to 0 degree.

Claims

1. An air bag type box board is characterized in that the box board is formed by mutually overlapping a plurality of box board groups; the middle layer of the box plate group is formed by mutually and circularly combining and arranging the corrugated layer and the air bag group at intervals in sequence, the outer layer is an outer surface plate, the inner layer is a lining panel, and the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer are formed; the air bag group is internally provided with a plurality of air bags, after the air bag shells and the V-shaped corrugations of the air bags are pre-processed and formed on the same sheet material, every two air bags are buckled together, the air bag shells and the edges of the intersection line of the air bag shells and the plane of the sheet material are bonded into a whole by high-frequency heat seal, and meanwhile, the air bag shells are inflated and bonded to seal the periphery of the air bag shells to form the cylindrical air bags; the corrugated is in a V-shaped structure, and two long straight lines at the vertexes of two small V-shaped circular arcs of a flat quadrilateral shape formed after the corrugated is bonded are respectively bonded with the outer surface plate and the lining panel of the box plate group in a heat seal manner, so that the outer layer, the middle layer and the lining layer of the box plate group are integrated; two long straight lines of two cylindrical outermost points of the air bag respectively support the outer surface plate and the lining panel, are in contact with the inner panel and the outer panel but are not connected and fixed, and the rest parts of the air bag are in a free state except the periphery of the air bag shell which is bonded and sealed, so that the compression and the bounce deformation of the air bag are facilitated without obstruction; the thickness and the strength of the box plate group can be increased by the air bag under the condition that the weight of the box plate is not increased, so that the box plate has the bending resistance and the vibration reduction function.

2. A gas-bag type panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein said plurality of gas bags, X, are positive integers greater than or equal to 1, the value of X being determined by the particular size, shape and use of the box; the value of X can be changed, namely the number of the air bags in different air bag groups can be the same or different.

3. An air-bag type panel as claimed in claim 1 wherein said plurality of panel groups are N panel groups, N being a positive integer greater than or equal to 1; the value of N is determined by the particular box size, shape and use and the strength requirements for the box board.

4. An air-bag box board as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the "V" shaped included angle Q of said "V" shaped corrugation is selected to be 0 ° or more and less than 180 °; when Q is equal to 0 °, the corrugations are deformed from "V" to "U".