CN1719890A - Apparatus for implementing video frequency sequential to interlaced conversion and converting method - Google Patents
Apparatus for implementing video frequency sequential to interlaced conversion and converting method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
This invention discloses a device realizing the conversion of video from line by line to interleaving used in video form conversion between the image sensor and TV encoder including: a first frame storage and a second frame storage, among which, the two frame storages work alternately, the second is read while the first one is written and the first one is read while the second is written frame is the form for writing and filed is the form for reading used in receiving image fames from the image sensor in turn to be fetched by the TV decoder orderly. This invention also discloses a realizing method.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to video processing technologies, and in particular, to a device and a method for converting a video from progressive to interlaced.
Background
The conventional analog TV signal adopts a method named Interlace Scan to reproduce picture information transmitted by signal lines, and due to the technical limitation at that time, the data processing speed cannot keep pace, and the conventional TV information transmission medium cannot meet the requirement of transmitting a large number of data packets, it first extracts odd-numbered lines of data to form an image contour, and then supplements with even-numbered lines of data, taking 60Hz of NTSC as an example, basically 60 pictures are passed through per second on the TV, the first frame of the 60 pictures is obtained by using an interlaced scanning method, the interlaced scanning means that only odd-numbered lines of pictures or even-numbered lines of pictures can be displayed in the same field of picture on the display side, for example, when the TV restores 1/60 pictures in 1 second, odd-numbered lines such as 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 are scanned, and when restoring 2/60 picture, it is changed to scanning restoration 2, even row information of 4, 6, 8, 10; progressive scanning works in a completely different way from interlaced scanning, in which the order of scanning is such that the information of line 1 is restored every time the scanning is performed, followed by line 2, line 3 and so on.
With the development of electronic technology, the development of television is gradually changed from analog television to digital television. The processing of a conventional analog television system can be summarized as sampling, encoding, transmitting, decoding from the camera tube to the display of the picture tube. Due to technical limitation, the process from image pickup, transmission to display is processed by taking a field as a unit; for digital television systems, due to the development of CCD and CMOS image sensor technologies, the video sampling process has revolutionized, and based on CCD, the images acquired by CMOS image sensors are generally in units of frames, one frame is equal to two fields, but the problem is that most of the current televisions are interlaced, and only video signals in units of fields can be displayed.
In addition, the output image rate of a CMOS image sensor is limited mainly by the exposure time of the sensor due to the CCD, and the output image frame rate is also different when the illumination conditions are different. In the case of dark lighting conditions, the exposure time needs to be increased in order to achieve better image quality, resulting in a decrease in the output frame rate. For television displays, the rate of displaying images is fixed, for example, 50 fields/second for PAL and 60 fields/second for NTSC, so that even if progressive to interlaced conversion is supported, the frame rate is too slow to be received by the television.
Finally, for a general CCD or CMOS image sensor, the output image size is fixed, while there are many tv systems, most commonly NTSC and PAL systems. Different television systems have different image sizes, and in order to support both NTSC and PAL systems, it is necessary to be able to support the change of image size without affecting the display quality, so that both PAL and NTSC television signals can be output.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the main object of the present invention is to provide a device for converting video from progressive to interlaced, which can convert one frame of image data into two fields of data, thereby supporting the display of the progressive image obtained by CCD, CMOS image sensor on the interlaced television.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method for converting video from progressive to interlaced, which supports the display of progressive images captured by CCD and CMOS image sensors on interlaced television, and ensures that the rate of displaying images is fixed in case of changing frame rate of the sensor output images.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for converting video from progressive to interlaced, which can support different tv systems while completing the above conversion function.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
an apparatus for performing progressive to interlaced video conversion between an image sensor and a television encoder, comprising:
a first frame memory, and
the second frame memory is provided with a second frame memory,
wherein,
the two frame memories operate in a ping-pong fashion, reading the second frame memory when writing to the first frame memory, reading the first frame memory when writing to the second frame memory, writing in a frame format, reading in a field format for alternately receiving image frames from the image sensor and sequentially reading by the television decoder.
Furthermore, the device also comprises an image size conversion module which is used for carrying out size conversion on the image data in the two frame memories and transmitting the converted data to a television encoder for encoding and outputting.
Furthermore, the writing speed of the image frame of the device supports n frames/second, the reading speed supports m frames/second, and 2n is less than or equal to m.
The image size conversion module changes the image size of the image frame by using a bilinear interpolation method.
The basic calculation formula of the bilinear interpolation is as follows:
p＝(1-x)*p(n)+x*p(n+1)；
wherein p represents the pixel to be calculated, p (n) represents the previous pixel of the pixel to be calculated, p (n +1) represents the next pixel of the pixel to be calculated, and x represents the distance from the pixel to be calculated to p (n).
In the above method, all interpolated pixels need not be calculated, but only interpolated pixels corresponding to the scaled actual pixels are calculated.
Further, the image sensor in the above device may be a CCD or a CMOS.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention further provides a method for converting video from progressive to interlaced, which is used in the above converting apparatus, and comprises the following steps:
writing a frame memory:
when an image sensor starts to output frame data, firstly checking whether two frame memories are empty, and sequentially checking a first frame memory and then a second frame memory;
step two, writing data into an empty frame memory as long as one frame memory is empty;
and,
reading a frame memory:
firstly, when a frame of data needs to be read out from a frame memory, checking whether the data read out from the previous frame come from a first frame memory or a second frame memory;
and step two, reading the data in another frame memory.
Further, the method also comprises the following characteristics:
in the step of writing the frame memory, the processing step is one, if neither of the two frame memories is empty, the frame memory currently being read is checked, if the first time is completely read, the frame memory currently being read can be written, and if the first time is not completely read, the current frame is skipped, and the next frame data is waited for.
Further, the method also comprises the following characteristics:
in the step of reading the frame memory, in the second step, whether the data of the other frame memory is written is checked, if the data is written, the data of the frame memory is read, and if the data is not written, the data of the previous frame memory is read repeatedly.
Further, the image sensor in the above method may be a CCD or a CMOS.
According to the technical scheme, the two frame memories are utilized, so that the effective conversion of the video from progressive to interlaced can be supported, and the complexity of implementation is reduced;
meanwhile, by the method, the variable input frame rate can be supported on the premise of keeping better image quality, and the stability of an output image is kept;
in addition, the effect of supporting various television systems can be achieved by carrying out size conversion on the image, only a small number of pixel points are calculated in the interpolation calculation process, and the calculation amount can be reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a preferred embodiment of an apparatus for implementing video progressive-to-interlace conversion according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a write frame memory in the method of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of reading a frame memory according to the method of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a basic calculation method of bilinear interpolation according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of one-dimensional bilinear interpolation according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
As shown in fig. 1, in order to simplify the structure of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus for converting video from progressive to interlaced according to the present invention, image data in units of frames from the image sensor 1 is first stored in the frame memory, and there are two frame memories in total, a first frame memory 21 and a second frame memory 22.
In the case where both frame memories are empty, the data is first stored in the first frame memory 21, and after the first frame data is stored, the second frame data is stored in the second frame memory 22, which is the other frame memory. Meanwhile, the first frame data can be read out and sent to the image size conversion module 3, and then sent to the television encoder 4 for encoding and outputting after image size conversion. Then, the television encoder 4 reads the second frame data in the second frame memory 22, and at the same time, the next frame image is written in the first frame memory 21; the two frame memories are used for receiving image frames from the image sensor by turns and are read in sequence.
Each frame of data is written in a frame unit during writing, and is read out in a field unit during reading, and each frame needs to be read by two fields. The field-to-frame relationship is interlace-to-progressive, that is, writing to the frame memory is performed in the order of 1, 2, 3, 4, …, 479, 480 (in units of lines), and reading is performed in the order of 1, 3, 5, 7, …, 479 (first field), 2, 4, 6, 8, …, 478, 480 (second field).
As shown in fig. 2, which is a flow chart of writing frame memories in the method of the present invention, when the image sensor 1 starts to output a frame of data, it is first checked whether two frame memories are empty, and the sequence is to check the first frame memory 21 and then check the second frame memory 22; writing data into an empty frame memory whenever one frame memory is empty; if neither frame memory is empty, it is checked which frame memory is currently being read, if the first pass has been read out, the frame memory being read can be written, if not, the current frame is skipped, waiting for the next frame data to arrive.
As can be seen from this, since each frame needs to output two fields, and since the image size conversion module 3 needs to output two frames, it is actually necessary to read out two times after each frame is written to complete the output of two fields of data. Since the output frame rate of the image sensor 1 is variable, 30 frames/sec is supported at the fastest, and the output frame rate of the frame memory is fixed, 50 frames/sec in the case of the PAL system and 60 frames/sec in the case of the NTSC system. That is, for the frame memory, it is required that the reading speed is at least twice as fast as the writing speed for each frame of data.
In order to ensure that data is not overflowed due to too fast and not ready to be written, the device of the present invention ensures that the speed of writing data can support 30 frames/second (NTSC) or 25 frames/second (PAL) and the speed of reading data is 60 frames/second (NTSC) or 50 frames/second (PAL), so that when the input frame rate is 30 frames/second (NTSC) or 25 frames/second (PAL), a balance can be achieved, the writing and reading speeds of data per frame are exactly equal, and data can never overflow.
Generally, for an image with VGA size, the maximum frame rate output by the image sensor 1 can reach 30 frames/second, but if the ambient lighting condition is dark and the exposure time needs to be lengthened to ensure a certain image quality, the frame rate output by the image sensor 1 will be lower than 30 frames/second, and the darker the environment, the lower the frame rate. This brings about a problem that since the frequency of television refresh is fixed, the PAL system is 50 fields/second, and the NTSC system is 60 fields/second, so that the image output from the image size conversion module must be 50 fields/second (PAL) or 60 fields/second (NTSC), and thus the speed of reading data from the frame memory must be fixed, and 50 frames/second for the PAL system and 60 frames/second for the NTSC system, the writing speed and the reading speed of the frame memory may not be proportional to each other, which is not exactly 2 times, that is, when the first frame data is completely read, the second frame data may not be completely written.
As mentioned above, the reading speed is faster than the writing speed on average, so if the second frame data which has not been written is read at this time, it is likely that the reading will catch up with the writing, causing data corruption, which is unacceptable in practical operation. For example, when operating in NTSC system, assuming that the output frame rate of the image sensor is 20 frames/second, since the read speed is 60 frames/second, when the first frame data is read out, the second frame data is not written yet and only 2/3 frames are written, and if the second frame memory is read out, the read may catch up with the write, thereby causing the image data to be damaged.
To solve this problem, the present invention determines a rule: the start of reading is only allowed when a certain frame of data has been completely written into the frame memory. If the first frame data is completely read and the second frame data is not completely written, the first frame data is repeatedly read. Although the continuity of the image is affected, the reason is that the illumination condition is too poor, and the exposure time needs to be lengthened to achieve better image quality, which results in a decrease in frame rate, and the result is also acceptable.
Also, since the first frame data is repeatedly read, there is a possibility that the second frame data is written, the third frame data starts to arrive, and the first frame data is not completely read in the case of repeated reading. As described above, since each frame of data needs to be read twice during reading, each time representing one field, there are two cases, namely, the first frame of data is read once and the second frame of data is being read, that is, the data of the first field is sent out; another case is where the first frame data is being read for the first pass and the first field data has not yet ended.
In the first case, as described above, since the reading speed is faster than the writing speed, even if the third frame data starts to be written at this time, it is impossible to catch up with the reading, and the first frame data is destroyed, so the third frame data can be written; for the second case, since the first frame data needs to be read out for the second pass, if the third frame data is written, the first frame data is overwritten, resulting in an error in reading the second field data. In this case, the present invention chooses to drop the third frame data that is needing to be written, waiting for the fourth frame data. Thus, although the continuity of the final image is affected, it is ensured that each frame of data displayed is correct, and this processing method is also acceptable when the output frame rate of the image sensor 1 is low.
Referring to the previous example, assuming that the output frame rate of the image sensor 1 is 20 frames/second and the output frame rate of the frame memory is 60 frames/second, after the first frame is completely read, since the second frame is only 2/3 frames, according to the above-defined rule of the present invention, it takes 1/30 seconds to repeatedly read the first frame, but after a period of time, the second frame is completely written, and the third frame data starts to arrive, at this time, the time that it has taken to repeatedly read the first frame is (1/20-1/30) 1/60 seconds, which means that the first field is just completely read, and since the reading speed is greater than the writing speed, the writing data does not destroy the speed required to be read, and the third frame data can be written.
As shown in fig. 3, which is a flow chart of reading a frame memory in the method of the present invention, when a frame of data needs to be output, it is checked whether the data read from the previous frame of data is from the first frame memory 21 or the second frame memory 22, and then it is checked whether the data in the other frame memory has been written, if so, the data in the other frame memory is read, and if not, the data in the previous frame memory is read repeatedly.
The image resolutions supported by different television systems are different, and in order to support different television systems, a function capable of controlling image size conversion is required. For the image sensor 1, the image resolution can generally support 1280 × 960, VGA (640 × 480), QVGA (320 × 240), CIF (352 × 288), etc., but for the image of 1280 × 960, only 15 frames/second of output frame rate can be supported, since the output frame rate of the image of VGA size of the current image sensor can support 30 frames/second at maximum, and the display frame rate of NTSC is also 30 frames/second, and the display frame rate of PAL is 25 frames/second, in order to ensure the final image quality and image continuity, the embodiment of the present invention selects the VGA mode closest to the resolution of the current television, and converts it into the image resolution required by PAL or NTSC by the image size conversion module.
Among various algorithms for controlling image scaling, the bilinear interpolation method is widely used due to its simple implementation and good output effect, and the image size conversion module 3 of the present invention also uses the bilinear interpolation method to change the size of an image.
Since the image size conversion module 3 uses a bilinear interpolation method to realize the conversion of the image size, this method needs adjacent row and adjacent column data when calculating the current data. Therefore, although the data output from the image size conversion block 3 is interlaced, the data read out from the above-described frame memory is still progressive in order to complete the image size conversion.
The image size conversion module 3 converts the VGA image into the image size required by the NTSC system or PAL system; for the NTSC system, the image resolution is 720 × 480, and each field is 720 × 240; for the PAL system, the resolution is 720X 576 and 720X 288 per field. And the input image is VGA, i.e., 640 × 480. Therefore, the image size conversion module 3 of the present invention performs the functions of converting the size of NTSC system in the horizontal direction at a conversion ratio of 640-720, not converting the size of NTSC system in the vertical direction, and outputting odd lines or even lines according to the difference between odd fields and even fields; for PAL, the horizontal conversion is the same as NTSC, with a conversion ratio of 640-720, and the vertical conversion ratio of 480-576, and only odd or even lines are output according to the difference between odd and even fields.
The basic calculation formula of the bilinear interpolation is as follows:
p＝(1-x)*p(n)+x*p(n+1)；
as shown in fig. 4, p represents the pixel to be calculated, p (n) represents the previous pixel of the pixel to be calculated, p (n +1) represents the next pixel of the pixel to be calculated, and x represents the distance from the pixel to be calculated to p (n).
According to the above formula, a one-dimensional scaling can be performed for an image of a given size: setting the size of an input image as b, the size of an output image as a, a and b are relatively prime, and after image size conversion, a/b scaling result is required to be achieved, firstly amplifying the input image by a times according to the bilinear interpolation method described above, namely inserting (a-1) pixels between adjacent pixels, wherein the value of the inserted pixels can be calculated according to a bilinear interpolation formula; then the enlarged image is reduced by b times, and the method is that one pixel is extracted from each b pixels, thus achieving the scaling effect of a/b.
For the present invention, the input image is 640 × 480 and the output image is 720 × 480 or 720 × 576, according to the foregoing description. Therefore, the zoom effect of 640/720-8/9 needs to be achieved in the horizontal direction, and the zoom effect of 480/576-5/6 needs to be achieved in the vertical direction. For the horizontal direction, a equals 9 and b equals 8 according to the previous description.
The interpolation calculation is performed as shown in fig. 5, wherein solid pixels represent pixels of the input image, hollow pixels represent values obtained by bilinear interpolation between adjacent pixels of the input image, and pixels of the black grid represent pixels of the output image. It can be seen that the input image is first enlarged by 9 times according to the bilinear interpolation formula and then reduced by 8 times, thereby obtaining an image enlarged by 9/8 times compared with the input image.
As can be seen from fig. 5, the hollow pixels need not be calculated all the way through, only those pixels where the hollow pixels coincide with the black grid pixels. The above describes the process of performing one-dimensional scaling on the input image, which can be generalized to two-dimensional implementation. Thus, for a given input image, a scaled output image may be obtained according to the algorithm described above.
It will be seen from the foregoing description that the apparatus and method of the present invention can be fully used in, for example, a monitoring system with a camera and a conventional television display device, in addition to video conversion for a conventional television, and the above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it will be understood that modifications and variations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principles of the present invention, and such modifications and variations are to be considered as within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An apparatus for performing progressive to interlaced video conversion between an image sensor and a television encoder, comprising: a first frame memory and a second frame memory for receiving image frames from the image sensor in turn and being read in turn by the television decoder, wherein,
the two frame memories operate in a ping-pong fashion, reading the second frame memory when writing the first frame memory, reading the first frame memory when writing the second frame memory, writing in a frame format, and reading in a field format.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an image size conversion module for size converting the image data in the two frame memories and transmitting the converted data to a television encoder for encoding and outputting.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image sensor in the apparatus can be a CCD or CMOS image sensor.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the writing speed of said apparatus image frame supports n frames/second and the reading speed supports m frames/second, where 2n ≦ m.
5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the image size conversion module changes the image size of the image frame by using bilinear interpolation.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the basic calculation formula of the bilinear interpolation is as follows:
p＝(1-x)*p(n)+x*p(n+1)；
wherein p represents the pixel to be calculated, p (n) represents the previous pixel of the pixel to be calculated, p (n +1) represents the next pixel of the pixel to be calculated, and x represents the distance from the pixel to be calculated to p (n).
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein in the method, only interpolated pixels corresponding to scaled real pixels are calculated without calculating all interpolated pixels.
8. A conversion method for realizing video progressive-to-interlace conversion is used for the conversion device and comprises the following steps:
writing a frame memory:
when an image sensor starts to output frame data, firstly checking whether two frame memories are empty, and sequentially checking a first frame memory and then a second frame memory;
step two, writing data into an empty frame memory as long as one frame memory is empty;
and,
reading a frame memory:
firstly, when a frame of data needs to be read out from a frame memory, checking whether the data read out from the previous frame come from a first frame memory or a second frame memory;
and step two, reading the data in another frame memory.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein in the step of writing frame memory, the processing step one, if neither frame memory is empty, then checking which frame memory is currently being read, if the first pass has been completed, then writing to the frame memory being read, and if not, skipping the current frame and waiting for the next frame data.
10. The method according to claim 8, wherein in the step of reading the frame memory, in the step two, it is checked whether data of another frame memory has been written, if so, the data of the frame memory is read, and if not, the data of the previous frame memory is read repeatedly.
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN100493193C (en) * | 2006-12-08 | 2009-05-27 | 北京中星微电子有限公司 | A method and device for carrying out buffer control to real time digital video stream |
| CN102769731A (en) * | 2012-03-26 | 2012-11-07 | 新奥特（北京）视频技术有限公司 | Method for converting file non-interlaced scanning mode and file interstage scanning mode |
| CN102769732A (en) * | 2012-03-26 | 2012-11-07 | 新奥特（北京）视频技术有限公司 | Method for converting video fields |
| CN103888705A (en) * | 2012-12-12 | 2014-06-25 | 联美新视信息科技（上海）有限公司 | Image refreshing method of display screen in equipment and equipment with display screen |
| CN104270585A (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2015-01-07 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十四研究所 | CMOS image sensor data read-write control method |
| CN112188137A (en) * | 2019-07-01 | 2021-01-05 | 北京华航无线电测量研究所 | Method for converting high frame frequency progressive image to standard definition PAL interlaced image based on FPGA |
| CN113079336A (en) * | 2020-01-03 | 2021-07-06 | 深圳市春盛海科技有限公司 | High-speed image recording method and device |
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2005
- 2005-08-08 CN CNB2005100877669A patent/CN100473143C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100493193C (en) * | 2006-12-08 | 2009-05-27 | 北京中星微电子有限公司 | A method and device for carrying out buffer control to real time digital video stream |
| CN102769731A (en) * | 2012-03-26 | 2012-11-07 | 新奥特（北京）视频技术有限公司 | Method for converting file non-interlaced scanning mode and file interstage scanning mode |
| CN102769732A (en) * | 2012-03-26 | 2012-11-07 | 新奥特（北京）视频技术有限公司 | Method for converting video fields |
| CN102769732B (en) * | 2012-03-26 | 2018-06-26 | 新奥特（北京）视频技术有限公司 | A kind of conversion method for realizing video field |
| CN103888705A (en) * | 2012-12-12 | 2014-06-25 | 联美新视信息科技（上海）有限公司 | Image refreshing method of display screen in equipment and equipment with display screen |
| CN104270585A (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2015-01-07 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十四研究所 | CMOS image sensor data read-write control method |
| CN112188137A (en) * | 2019-07-01 | 2021-01-05 | 北京华航无线电测量研究所 | Method for converting high frame frequency progressive image to standard definition PAL interlaced image based on FPGA |
| CN112188137B (en) * | 2019-07-01 | 2022-07-08 | 北京华航无线电测量研究所 | Method for converting high frame frequency progressive image to standard definition PAL interlaced image based on FPGA |
| CN113079336A (en) * | 2020-01-03 | 2021-07-06 | 深圳市春盛海科技有限公司 | High-speed image recording method and device |
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