CN1300186A - 杀菌剂 - Google Patents
杀菌剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1300186A CN1300186A CN99806115A CN99806115A CN1300186A CN 1300186 A CN1300186 A CN 1300186A CN 99806115 A CN99806115 A CN 99806115A CN 99806115 A CN99806115 A CN 99806115A CN 1300186 A CN1300186 A CN 1300186A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- eucalyptus
- fungicide
- chitosan
- extract
- bacteria
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019294 sodium fumarate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940005573 sodium fumarate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001394 sodium malate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940074404 sodium succinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZDQYSKICYIVCPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium succinate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O ZDQYSKICYIVCPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940001941 soy protein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013555 soy sauce Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003456 sulfonamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 231100000820 toxicity test Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930007845 β-thujaplicin Natural products 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
杀菌剂,它安全性高、即使在低浓度下其杀菌力强且具有持续性,并且可重复使用。这些杀菌剂包含脱乙酰壳多糖和桉树属叶的极性溶剂提取物。尤其是该极性溶剂选用低级醇类或二元醇类。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及来源于天然产物的杀菌剂,尤其是包含脱乙酰壳多糖和桉树属植物叶极性有机溶剂提取物的杀菌剂,或者还添加了甘油脂肪酸酯的杀菌剂,该杀菌剂的杀菌效果强、杀菌力持久且安全性高。
本发明的杀菌剂可在家庭、饭店、治疗设置、老人院、肉食加工设施、畜棚、鸡舍等地施用。尤其是可作为预防痤疮、脚癣的杀菌剂应用。
技术背景
桉树属存在大约600多种,其挥发油和乙醇提取物等可作为香料、食品添加剂、保健药品、医药品使用,如哮喘药、防腐剂、芳香剂等(西村弘行著,未来的生物资源桉树属,1987年)。报道桉树属挥发油的主要成分桉树脑具有防腐剂效果,可增强抗菌活性物质(ビス-ビグァニド化合物)的作用(特开昭62-289511号)。另有报道从Eucalyptus perriniana有机溶剂提取物中分离出的Grandinol(Agric.Biol.Chem.,54,1,231,1990)和从Eucalyptusmacrocarpa分离出的macrocarpal-A(Agric.Biol.Chem.54,12,3221)对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌有抗菌活性。
脱乙酰壳多糖是蟹甲中含有的壳多糖脱乙酰基化的产物,也可用作食品添加剂。报道脱乙酰壳多糖对镰刀菌属、Esherichiacoli(大肠杆菌)、Staphylococcus aurens(金黄色葡萄球菌)、Bacillussubtilus(枯草杆菌)等有抗菌活性(Experimental Mycology,8,276,1984;食品化学2,22,1988)。
有2种以上的抗菌成分混和时产生协同作用的报道例,如利福平和脱乙酰壳多糖(特开昭59-46208)。磺胺类和脱乙酰壳多糖(特开昭59-46223)、脱乙酰壳多糖和抗坏血酸(特开平2-35063)、桉树属有机溶剂提取物(种类不明)和烷基硫酸钠(特开昭58-39615),但没有桉树属和脱乙酰壳多糖联合应用的报道。但是有桉树属提取物、脱乙酰壳多糖联合应用用作花的防腐剂(特开4-316506)、植物有害生物防除剂(特开平7-033602)的报道,而无有关抗菌活性起协同作用的报道。
痤疮是因存在于皮脂腺中的痤疮丙酸杆菌(Propionibacteriumacnes)增殖而诱发的。脚癣是由于感染须发癣菌(Trichophytonmentagrophytcs)而引发的。因此,若能有效地杀灭痤疮菌和须发癣菌就可预防痤疮和脚癣。
近年来,在医疗设施和老年公寓中因MRSA(耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌)、VRE(万古霉素耐药肠球菌)等病原菌引起的医院内感染增加,有效杀灭这些病原菌成为一紧急课题。
另外,在肉食加工场所存在病原性大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoil)、肠炎沙门菌(Salmonella enteritidis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)等引起食物中毒的菌群污染肉食加工机器(搅肉机、无声切削机、切片机、混和机、充填机、肉食脱水机等)和加工设施的问题。
以往的食品加工场中,食物杀菌过程中使用次氯酸钠作为杀菌剂。也就是说将分割胴体等的尸肉浸泡在次氯酸钠溶液中,浸泡一定时间的方法。但是,该方法中存在的问题是次氯酸钠与肉类以及肉中流出的肉汁中的蛋白质起反应,其杀菌力降低、消失。而且,附着在肉类上的次氯酸钠反应物对人体的安全性也是一个问题。
因此需要一种对肉类灭菌时其杀菌力不降低、对人体安全性高、且能长时间维持杀菌力的杀菌剂。如果有这样的杀菌剂就能长时间保持肉类新鲜,也能减轻、防止输送过程中商品的劣化。
此外,减轻家畜自身病原菌污染也能防止肉食加工场的污染。其手段之一是畜棚的杀菌。尤其是造成问题的病原性大肠杆菌(E.coli),它生长在牛、羊、猪等家畜上,尤其是牛的污染率高。肠炎沙门菌(Salmonella enteritidis)通过鸡和鸡卵传染,造成问题。例如,如果畜棚中污染了病原菌,通过畜棚内的家畜以及接触了家畜的人的手可把污染扩大。因此,畜棚灭菌对有效排除病原菌是非常重要的。
在牛、猪、鸡等家畜饲养场所也可发生这样的问题,如饲料被病原菌污染,细菌在饲料中繁殖等。一旦饲料被病原菌污染,就不仅会延及动物,而且动物的粪便成为污染源,再扩大污染。以往,为了促进动物的生长发育曾设计添加抗生素的饲料,但存在的问题是耐药菌出现及抗生素残留等,现在限制了抗生素的使用。另外,为了预防、治疗病原菌感染对鱼也施用了抗生素,同样成问题。
近年来在鸡蛋和蛋加工食品中,尤其是因沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒有年年增加的趋势,对鸡蛋壳灭菌有可能减轻、防止污染。
据报道尿素分解菌与尿布疹相关,若将杀菌剂配合到尿布中有可能减轻、防止尿布疹的发生。
对抗上述各种病原菌的杀菌剂常使用酒精、合成杀菌剂、次氯酸钠等盐酸类药剂。但是酒精存在杀菌力的持续性问题,合成杀菌剂和盐酸类药品存在对人体安全性的问题。因此要求针对上述病原菌的杀菌剂是安全性高的杀菌剂,因为它们有可能直接接触到人和动物的皮肤,或须口摄入。
因此本发明的目的是提供安全性高、在低浓度下对上述病原菌有杀菌力、且其杀菌力的持续性高,因而在肉食的杀菌过程中其杀菌力不降低、在杀菌工程可反复使用的杀菌剂。
发明公开
本发明者到发现含桉树属极性有机溶剂提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的杀菌剂,由于桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的协同作用即便在低浓度下也能发挥杀菌力,且杀菌力具有持续性,作为肉食(也包括火腿、香肠等加工品)的杀菌剂使用时,杀菌力不降低。此外,还发现向上述组成的杀菌剂中添加甘油脂肪酸酯时,增加杀菌力的持续性,并且由于桉树属提取物的作用,甘油脂肪酸酯的抗真菌能力增强。
也就是说,本发明涉及以包含桉树属植物叶的极性溶剂提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖为基础,必要时添加甘油脂肪酸酯的杀菌剂,其极性溶剂提取物选自低级酒精或乙二醇类。特别是该桉树属植物叶的极性有机溶剂提取物是用非极性有机溶剂脱脂或水蒸汽蒸馏除去挥发油后的桉树属植物叶在极性有机溶剂的作用下提取出的级分。这里应用的极性有机溶剂包括选自卤代烃、酯、低级脂肪酸酯、酮、低级醇的溶剂或者这些溶剂任意混合的溶剂,上述的非极性有机溶剂包括烷烃。
本发明的杀菌剂可用于医疗设施、肉食加工设施、畜棚、鸡舍、鸟类卵壳、肉食等的杀菌,也可用于通过与饲料、湿纸巾、尿布等配合而提供杀菌力的场合。
本发明的杀菌剂对人体的安全性高,因为它以安全性已知的天然物作有效成分。
本发明中的“杀菌”含有两方面的概念:杀灭细菌等微生物以及抑制其增殖。“肉食加工设施”包含肉食加工场所设置的设备或机械、以及肉食加工中应用的刀具等器具或桌子等。
实施本发明的最佳方案
以下对本发明进行详细说明。
(1)桉树属植物的极性有机溶剂提取物
本发明的杀菌剂中所应用的桉树属植物的极性有机溶剂提取物(以下叫做“桉树属提取物”)是用极性有机溶剂从桉树属植物的叶中提取出的提取物。
作为原料的叶只要是属于桉树属植物的叶就可使用,如巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)、ユ-カリプタス·ボツリオイテス(Eucalyptus botryoides)、蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulus)、赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)、常桉(Eucalyptus crebra)、斑皮桉(Eucalyptus maculata)、多枝桉(Eucalyptus viminalis)等植物的叶。这些桉树属植物的叶可单独应用一种植物来源的叶,也可联合应用2种以上植物来源的叶。
用极性有机溶剂提取这些桉树属植物叶。即,提取时对叶子进行前处理,如将叶子碎成适当大小、粉末化等,使之易于进行溶剂提取。极性有机溶剂可应用氯仿、二氯甲烷、二氯乙烷、三氯乙烷等卤代烃,甲基醚、乙基醚、四氢呋喃、二噁烷等醚类,醋酸甲酯、醋酸乙酯、醋酸丁酯等低级脂肪酸酯类、或丙酮、甲乙基酮等酮类,甲醇、乙醇、丙醇等低级醇类,1,2-丙二醇、丁二醇等二元醇类。这些溶剂可单独应用,也可任意2种或3种以上的溶剂混和使用。从所得提取物杀菌活性的观点来看,上述溶剂中优选乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙醇、丙二醇、丁二醇、更优选乙醇、丙二醇。
提取方法可应用一般的提取方法,例如在极性有机溶剂中长时间浸渍原料桉树叶的方法,在极性有机溶剂沸点以下的温度加温、边搅拌边提取、过滤得到提取物的方法。所得提取物优选通过减压浓缩等进行浓缩。
在上述提取、分离操作中,为了得到杀菌活性高的桉树属提取物,优选的提取方案不是直接用极性有机溶剂提取桉树叶,而是将桉树叶干燥后,用非极性有机溶剂脱脂、除去挥发油后再用极性有机溶剂进行提取。用非极性有机溶剂进行脱脂的过程中挥发油被除去。该操作也可这样进行:通过水蒸气蒸馏除去挥发油后,在残渣中添加极性溶剂进行提取。上述的非极性溶剂可以是己烷、戊烷、庚烷等烷烃。
但是脱脂操作并不是本发明所特别需要的,直接用极性有机溶剂从桉树属植物中提取出的组分也可用于本发明的杀菌剂。这种情况下所用的极性有机溶剂为低级醇类或丙二醇、丁二醇等二元醇类。
按照桉树叶提取物的杀菌活性和回收率进行综合评价时,要得到杀菌活性强、提取物回收率高的提取物的方法优选脱脂时应用己烷作非极性溶剂,应用乙醇作提取溶剂的联合方案。
斑皮桉的叶提取物中,作为有杀菌力的化合物它含有上述(Ⅰ)中表示的新型二氢查耳酮化合物及已知的黄酮化合物(桉树素(eucalyptin)及8-脱甲基桉树素(8-desmethyl-eucalyptin)(Aust.J.Chem.17,692,1964;Aust.J.Chem.17,464,1964)。考虑桉树叶中所含具有杀菌作用的化合物除这些化合物以外还含有其它化合物,但在制备本发明中应用的桉树属提取物时,可以推定这些化合物或其类似物作指标。本发明中应用的桉树属提取物的具体方案是提取物包含至少1种或2种以上上述二氢查耳酮化合物或黄酮化合物或这些化合物的类似体作为主要杀菌成分,或者这些化合物或其类似物的纯品。
(2)脱乙酰壳多糖
脱乙酰壳多糖(聚β-1,4氨基葡萄糖)是壳多糖的脱乙酰化产物,例如在高浓度热碱性溶液中将蟹、虾等甲壳纲的壳、或昆虫的外骨骼中所包含的壳多糖脱乙酰化而获得。也可通过培养脱乙酰壳多糖生产菌而获得。或应用市售产品。
本发明中应用的脱乙酰壳多糖的分子量没有特殊限定,但优选低粘度的,优选5~50cp左右(0.5%脱乙酰壳多糖浓度)的。也可应用水溶性高的脱乙酰壳多糖的衍生物,如脱乙酰壳多糖寡糖、脱乙酰壳多糖乳酸盐、脱乙酰壳多糖盐酸盐等,但为了制备杀菌力强的杀菌剂,优选应用脱乙酰壳多糖。
(3)组成
上述桉树属提取物及脱乙酰壳多糖的含量可根据其施用方案、剂型等作适宜变更,例如它们总的含量为0.0001~10%(重量),优选含量为0.001~1.0%(重量)。应用不挥发性的丙二醇、丁二醇等二醇类作为桉树属叶子的提取溶剂时,桉树属提取液的含量为0.1~10%左右。若超过此范围的上限,就会影响杀菌剂的芳香,低于其下限就难以达到杀菌效果,所以优选上述范围。桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖可在上述浓度范围内以任意的比率混合。溶解脱乙酰壳多糖的酸(乳酸、醋酸)可在溶解脱乙酰壳多糖的范围内以任意浓度配合。(4)添加甘油脂肪酸酯的杀菌剂
本发明中可向含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖这样组成的杀菌剂中加入甘油脂肪酸酯。此时,向含有上述桉树属提取物和脱乙酸壳多糖的组成中添加0.0001~20%(重量)的甘油脂肪酸酯类,优选加入的含量为0.001~1.0%(重量)。
当上述杀菌剂作为肉食的杀菌剂使用时,在杀菌的过程中由于受到从牛肉中渍出的成分影响,杀菌剂的pH上升,pH超过5.5时其杀菌力降低,因此杀菌剂的pH应在5.5以下,优选5.0以下,可添加乳酸、醋酸等酸,或添加pH调节剂。添加的方法是可预先在杀菌剂中添加高浓度的酸或pH调节剂,也可在杀菌过程中连续添加酸使pH维持在5.5以下。
在不损坏本发明效果的范围内,本发明的杀菌剂可与食品、药品、保健品、化妆品等常规应用的各种成分、酸度调节剂、稳定剂、表面活性剂、抗氧化剂等成分配合应用,也可与2种以上的成分配合应用。此外为了增强杀菌效果也可与其它杀菌剂并用。
在食品、药品、保健品、化妆品等中所常规应用的各种成分有,例如表面活性剂(阴离子性、阳离子性、两性或非离子性表面活性剂)、抗氧化剂(硬脂酸酯、去甲二氢愈创木酸、二丁基羟甲苯、丁羟基茴香醚、对羟基茴香醚、没食子酸丙酯、芝麻酚、芝麻酚精、棉子酚等)、保湿剂(丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、聚乙二醇、甘油、硫酸软骨素及其盐、透明质酸及其盐、乳酸钠、蜂王浆提取物等)。此外可配合其它试剂并用,如:胶原、低级醇、多元醇、水溶性高分子物质、pH调节剂、香料、清凉剂、稳定剂、动杆物提取物、动植物性蛋白质及其分解产物、动植物性多糖类及其分解产物、动植物性糖蛋白及其分解产物、微生物培养代谢成分、氨基酸及其盐、消臭/除臭剂、乳化剂等。
酸度调节剂及功能稳定剂包括:如己二酸、柠檬酸、柠檬酸三钠、甘油、脂肪酸甘油酯、葡糖酸-δ-内酯、葡萄糖酸、琥珀酸、琥珀酸钠、琥珀酸二钠、醋酸、酯酸钠、DL-酒石酸、L-酒石酸、DL-酒石酸钠、L-酒石酸钠、碳酸盐类、二氧化碳类、乳酸、乳酸钠、延胡索酸、延胡索酸钠、溶菌酶、DL-苹果酸、DL-苹果酸钠、磷酸、磷酸盐类、聚合磷酸盐类、衣康酸、肌醇六磷酸等。
表面活性剂的例子有,如单硬脂酸甘油、三油酸多甘油酯等脂肪酸甘油酯、有机酸单甘油酯、丙二醇脂肪酸酯、脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯、蔗糖脂肪酸酯、卵磷脂、溶血卵磷脂、聚乙二醇、聚氧烷基醚、聚氧乙烯聚胺、烷基聚氧乙烯硫酸酯盐、烷基硫酸酯盐、酰甲基牛磺酸盐、N-酰基谷氨酸盐、烷基酰胺基甜菜碱等。
抗氧化剂的例子包括:儿茶酸、维生素E、蜂胶、鞣花酸、动植物提取物(一串红、芹菜、薄荷等)。
杀菌剂只要是有杀菌活性的物质、提取物则无特别限制,例如日柏醇、トリクロサン、十六烷基吡啶鎓氯化铵、洗必太葡萄糖酸盐,动杆物提取物、挥发油等。
如上所述,因为桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖有协同作用,所以合有这两种物质的杀菌剂对下列菌种有强的杀菌力,且杀菌效力具有持续性:甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌(MRSA)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(salmonella typhimurium)、肠炎沙门氏菌(Salmonella enteritidis)、粪肠球菌(Enterocuccus faecalis)、恶臭假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas putida)、枯草杆菌(Bacillussubitilis)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、副溶血弧菌(Vibrioparahaemolyticus)、球形节杆菌(Arthrobacter globiformis)、扩展短杆菌属(Brevibacterium linens)、普通变形杆菌(Proteusvulgaris)、疮疱丙酸杆菌(Propionobacterium acnes)、须发癣菌(Trichophyton mentagrphytes)。桉树属提取物及脱乙酰壳多糖均有高的安全性,如果选择安全性高的其它成分,那么就可制备高安全性的杀菌剂。
向含有上述桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的组合物中加入了脂肪酸甘油酯的杀菌剂,因为桉树属提取物与脂肪酸甘油酯有协同作用,所以它对黑色曲霉、柑桔毒霉等也有效。当本杀菌剂在乙醇和水的混合液中制备时,由于乙醇有瞬时的杀菌作用,所以对上述痤疮也有效。
(5)用途
本发明的杀菌剂类型没有特殊限制。例如可根据液状、糊状、喷雾剂、摩丝剂等使用方式的不同进行选择,或根据喷雾、浸渍、涂布、擦拭等使用方法的不同而进行适宜选择。该杀菌剂作为喷雾剂使用时,可在饭店和一般家庭的厨房中使用。特别是当它在液状应用时,桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖被溶解在适当的溶剂中,可用为杀菌液使用。作为溶剂可应用乙醇和水的混合液(任意的比率),为了增加脱乙酰壳多糖的溶解,可向其中添加乳酸、醋酸等酸。但是,高浓度的乙醇能造成蛋白质变性,所以作为肉食等的杀菌剂使用时,希望乙醇的浓度在0~10%左右的范围。当应用水溶性增加了的脱乙酰壳多糖寡糖和水溶性增加了的脱乙酰壳多糖衍生物时不必加上述酸。
因为本发明的杀菌剂在肉食的杀菌工程中使用时其杀菌力没降低,所以可在杀菌工程中反复使用。该杀菌剂在对肉食进行杀菌处理的时候,因为能长时间抑制肉食表面细菌的增殖,所以能保持肉食的长时间新鲜。
当该杀菌剂作为鸟类卵壳的杀菌剂使用时,卵壳表面附着了本发明杀菌剂的鸟类的卵可进行流通。
当该杀菌剂作为喷雾剂使用时,收纳内容物的容器是能喷洒内容物的即可,例如气雾方式、扳机方式等的喷雾容器。应用气雾方式时,添加二氧化碳气、氮气、二甲基醚等喷雾剂。
实施例
以下通过实施例、试验例对本发明进行具体说明,但这些实施例仅是示例而已,本发明的范围由权利要求所规定。[制备例1]干燥桉树属(Eucalyptus grandis,Eucalyptus botryoides,蓝桉,Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Eucalyptus crebra,斑皮桉,Eucalyptus viminalis)的叶(干重分别为30g),分别在500ml丙酮中室温提取3天。减压下除去提取液中的溶剂,得到丙酮提取物。[制备例2]干燥桉树属(Eucalyptus grandis,Eucalyptus botryoides,蓝桉,Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Eucalyptus crebra,斑皮桉,Eucalyptus viminalis)的叶(干重分别为30g),分别在500ml乙醇中室温提取3天。减压除去提取液中的溶剂,得到乙醇提取物。[制备例3]
干燥桉树属(Eucalyptus grandis,Eucalyptus botryoides,蓝桉,Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Eucalyptus crebra,斑皮桉,Eucalyptus viminalis)的叶(干重分别为30g),分别在500ml正己烷中室温脱脂2天后,在500ml乙醇中提取3天。减压除去提取液中的溶剂,获得乙醇提取物。[制备例4]
干燥桉树属(斑皮桉)的叶(干重500g),在正己烷6L中室温脱脂2天,然后在6L丙酮中室温抽提3天。减压下除去提取液中的溶剂,得到65g(从叶中回收率为13%)的丙酮提取物。[制备例5]干燥桉树属(Eucalyptus grandis,Eucalyptus botryoides,蓝桉,Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Eucalyptus crebra,斑皮桉,Eucalyptus viminalis)的叶(分别为干重30g),分别在500ml丙二醇中室温下抽提3天。[制备例6]
干燥桉树属(Eucalyptus grandis,Eucalyptus botryoides,蓝桉,Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Eucalyptus crebra,斑皮桉,Eucalyptus viminalis)的叶(干重分别为30g),分别在500ml1,3-丁二醇中室温下抽提3天。
然后将丙酮提取物先在己烷和水中进行分配抽提,分离己烷层后,将残留的水层在二氯甲烷中分配抽提,再接着乙酸乙酯、正丁醇的顺序进行分配抽提。将活性高的级分乙酸乙酯级分浓缩,得到大约23g乙酸乙酯提取物(从叶中的得率为4.6%)。
然后将乙酸乙酯级分进行硅胶柱层析,用己烷-乙酸乙酯混合液洗脱。将用己烷/乙酸乙酯=3/1的混合液洗脱出的级分浓缩,得到3.92g的活性级分(从叶中的收率为0.78%)。将该级分再进行ODS-HPLC,用甲醇∶蒸馏水=80∶20的混合液洗脱,得到化合物(Ⅰ)1.33g(叶中含有百分率为0.27%)、化合物(Ⅱ)156mg(叶中含有率0.031%)、化合物(Ⅲ)125mg(叶中含有率0.025%)。
根据化合物(Ⅱ)和(Ⅲ)的理化数据可断定它们分别是已知的黄酮化合物桉树素和8-去甲基-桉树素(Aust.J.Chem.17,692,1964;Aust.J.Chem.17,464,1964)。
化合物(Ⅰ)具有如下的理化性质,因此可断定它是新型的二氢查耳酮化合物。分子量:EI-MS m/z 286(M+),181,154、分子式:C17H18O4UV(λmaxMeOH):286nm(E=21700)IR(vmax KBr):3296, 2944,2924,1650,1595,1516,1429,1274,12471213,1147,1112,1082,886,799,742,720,699,468cm-11H-NMR(δDMSO-d6):1.86(3H,s),2.89(1H,t,J=7.6),3.32(1H,t,J=7.6),3.77(3H,s),6.08(1H,s),7.15-7.30(5H,m),10.92(1H,s),13.64(1H,s)ppm13C-NMR(δDMSO-d6):7.2,30.1,45.3,55.4,90.3,102.3,104.1,125.8,128.3,141.6,160.5,162.0,163.2,204.7ppm[桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的抗菌活性](1)检测制备例3中桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的抗菌活性。使用的菌株如下:MRSA RIM 0310925、金黄色葡萄球菌IFO12732、大肠杆菌IFO12734、伤寒沙门氏菌IFO12529、肠炎沙门氏菌IFO3313、粪肠球菌IFO12970、恶臭假单胞菌IFO3738、枯草杆菌JCM1465、蜡状芽孢杆菌IFO3001、副溶血弧菌IFO12711、球形节杆菌IFO12137、扩展短杆菌IFO12142、普通变形杆菌IFO30456、疮疱丙酸杆菌ATCC6919、须发癣菌IFO05466。
按表1中所示的培养条件预先培养各菌株,然后用生理盐水稀释,细菌调成菌数约5×108个/ml。对于真菌(须发癣菌)将孢子数调成5×106个/ml。疮疱丙酸杆菌在厌氧条件下培养。
表1培养条件
菌株 | 培养基 | 培养温度 | 培养时间 |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌伤寒沙门氏菌肠炎沙门氏菌粪肠球菌恶臭假单胞菌枯草杆菌蜡状芽胞杆菌副溶血弧菌球形节杆菌扩展短杆菌普通变形杆菌疮疱丙酸杆菌须发癣菌 | NutrientNutrientNutrientNutrientNutrientBHINutrientNutrientNutrientNutrientNutrentNutrientNutrientTripticase soySabouraud′s glucose | 37℃37℃37℃28℃28℃37℃28℃28℃28℃37℃28℃28℃28℃37℃28℃ | 24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr24hr7天 |
将制备例3中的桉树属提取物溶解到DMSO中,将提取物的终浓度达63~0.3μg/ml的溶液10μl,加入到190μl培养基加到96孔培养板的各孔中。另一方式,将脱乙酰壳多糖(和光纯役:脱乙酰壳多糖10)溶解到灭菌蒸馏水(添加0.005%的乳酸,pH 5.3)中,向脱乙酰壳多糖的终浓度达63~0.2μg/ml的10μl溶液中加入190μl培养基,加到96孔板的各孔中。最后在各孔中加入10μl上述菌悬浮液,在表1所示的适合各菌培养的条件下进行培养,细菌在24小时后,真菌(须发癣菌)在7天后肉眼观察有无发育,确定最小的发育抑制浓度(MIC)。
各种桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的MIC值结果如表2所示。桉树属提取物对MRsA、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、恶臭假单胞菌、枯草杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、球形节杆菌、疮疤丙酸杆菌、须发癣菌的抗菌活性特别强,与脱乙酰壳多糖相比,抗菌谱明显不同。
表2桉树属提取物、脱乙酰壳多糖的最小发育抑制浓度
E.gra: E.grandis,E.bot: E.botrvoides,E.glo: E.globulu.r.E.cam: E.camaldulensis.E.cre:E.crebra,E.mac:E.maculata,E.vim:E.viminalis
菌株 | 最小发育抑制浓度:MIC(μg/ml) | |||||||
E.gra | E.bot | E.glo | E.cam | E.cre | E.mac | E.vim | 脱乙酰壳多糖 | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌伤寒沙门氏菌肠炎沙门氏菌粪肠球菌恶臭假单胞菌枯草杆菌蜡状芽胞杆菌副溶血弧茵球形节杆菌扩展短杆菌普通变形杆菌疮疱丙酸杆菌须发癣菌 | 15.615.663636331633115.6637.83.9>636315.6 | 3131>63>63>633131>6363>6322>6315.615.6 | 3.93.9>63>63>6315.6637.82>633.92>637.831 | 15.615.6>63>63>63>6363>6363>6315.615.6>636331 | 6363>63>63>6363>633115.6>633.93.9>63317.8 | 7.83.9>63>636315.6>633.926312>6315.67.8 | 7.83.9>63>63>6315.6637.82633.93.9>637.315.6 | 6331313163>63633163313115.63163>63 |
另外,为了检测挥发油的抗菌活性,通过水蒸气蒸馏从桉树属植物叶中回收了挥发油,用与上面同样的方法检测对各种细菌的最小发育抑制浓度。溶解挥发油的溶剂是乙醇。
从桉树属得到的挥发油的MIC值如表3所示,结果未观察到挥发油级分有强的抗菌活性。
表3桉树属提取物、脱乙酰壳多糖的最小发育抑制浓度
E.gra:E.grandis:E.bot:E.botrvoides.E.glo:E.giobuius.E.cam:E.cam:E.camaldulensis.E.cre:E.crebra.E.mac:E.maculata.E.vim:E.viminalis(2)用以下方法检测制备例6中桉树属提取物的抗菌活性。
菌株 | 最小发育抑制浓度:MIC(μg/ml) | ||||||
Egra | E.bot | E.glo | E.cam | E.cre | Emac | E.vim | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌伤寒沙门氏菌肠炎沙门氏菌粪肠球菌恶臭假单胞菌枯草杆菌蜡状芽胞杆菌副溶血弧菌球形节杆菌扩展短杆菌普通变形杆菌疮疱丙酸杆菌须发癣菌 | >63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63 | >63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63 | >63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63 | >63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63 | >63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63 | >63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63 | >63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63>63 |
用灭菌蒸馏水将制备例5的桉树属提取物稀释10倍,将10μl稀释液中加入到表1所示的培养基190μl加入到96孔板的各孔中(提取物原液稀释200倍),用与上示相同的方法检测抗菌活性。
表4中显示了其结果,可以看出本提取物(200倍稀释液)对MRSA、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、恶臭假单胞菌、枯草杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、球形节杆菌、疮疱丙酸杆菌、须发癣菌有抗菌活性。
表4桉树属丙二醇提取物的抗菌活性
E.gra:E.grandis,E.bot:E.botryoides,E.glo:E.globus,E.cam:E.camaldulensis,E.cre:E.crebra,E.mac:E.maculata,E.vim:E.viminalis+:有活性、-:无活性[桉树属提取物与脱乙酰壳多糖并用时的杀菌力试验]
菌株 | 抗菌活性 | ||||||
E.gra | E.bot | E.glo | E.cam | E.cre | E.mac | E.vim | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌伤寒沙门氏菌肠炎沙门氏菌粪肠球菌恶臭假单胞菌枯草杆菌蜡状芽胞杆菌副溶血弧菌球形节杆菌扩展短杆菌普通变形杆菌疮疱丙酸杆菌须发癣菌 | ++---++++-++-++ | ++---++---++-++ | ++---++++-++-++ | ++----+---++-++ | ++-----++-++-++ | ++---+-+++++-++ | ++---+++++++-++ |
将制备例2中的桉树属提取物溶解到DMSO中,进行2倍的系列稀释,另外,将脱乙酰壳多糖溶解到灭菌蒸馏水(添加乳酸)中,2种溶液各取50μl与900μl灭菌蒸馏水混合(桉树属提取物的最终浓度:0~2500μg/ml;脱乙酰壳多糖的终浓度:0~125μg/ml;乳酸浓度:每1%(重量)的脱乙酰壳多糖添加3/5(体积%)的乳酸)。
然后按表1所示的条件培养细菌(金黄色葡萄球茵IFO12732、枯草杆菌JCM1465、枯草杆茵JCM1465、大肠杆菌IFO12734),然后向上述混合液中加10μl,室温,对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌放置1小时,对大肠杆菌放置4小时。放置后,将1ml加入到15ml营养琼脂培养基上,在适于各菌培养的条件下培养24小时,观察有无菌发育(菌种发育:+,未发育:-)。
表5是对金黄色葡萄球菌的结果,可以看到当桉树属提取物1.0μg/ml与3.1μg/ml脱乙酰壳多糖并用时,由最小杀菌浓度(MBC)值可得到FIC指数为0.19,因此有协同效果(FIC指数在0.5以下时有协同效果)。表6是对枯草杆菌的结果,可以看到桉树属提取物0.5μg/ml与3.1μg/ml脱乙酰壳多糖共用时,FIC指数为0.312,有协同效果。表7是对大肠杆菌的结果,当桉树属提取物为78μg/ml、脱乙酰壳多糖为7.8μg/ml并用时,FIC指数为0.187,有协同作用。(FIC指数-合用时的A成分的MBC/A成分的MBC+合用时B成分的MBC/B成分的MBC:参照第25届日本防茵防霉学会年会p.35)。
表5桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖合用时的杀菌力
+:菌种发育、-:菌种不发育
MRSA | 脱乙酰壳多糖(μg/ml) | ||||||
0 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 | ||
桉树属提取物(μg/ml) | 125633115.67.83.92.01.00.50 | -----+++++ | --------++ | ---------+ | ---------+ | ---------+ | ---------- |
表6桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖合用时的杀菌力
+:菌种发育、-:菌种不发育
枯草杆菌 | 脱乙酰壳多糖(μg/ml) | ||||||
0 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 | ||
桉树属提取物(μg/ml) | 125633115.67.83.92.01.00.50.240 | -------++++ | ---------++ | ---------++ | ----------+ | ----------+ | ----------- |
表7桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖合用时的杀菌力
+:菌种发育、-:菌种不发育[杀菌剂杀菌力的持续性试验][实施例1-3]
大肠杆菌 | 脱乙酰壳多糖(μg/ml) | ||||||||
0 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 7.8 | 15.6 | 31.3 | 62.5 | 125 | ||
桉树属提取物(μg/ml) | 25001250625313156783919.50 | ---++++++ | -----++++ | -----++++ | ------+++ | ------+++ | --------+ | --------- | --------- |
按表8所示的比例混合制造例3的桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖及其它成分,制备或实施例1-3和比较例1-4的杀菌剂,桉树属提取物与脱乙酰壳多糖以重量%表示,乳酸和乙醇用体积%表示。
表8
杀菌剂的组成
E.Vim:E.viminalis,E.glo:E.globulus,E.mac:E.maculata[试验例1]纸面上进行的杀菌力持续性试验
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 比较例l | 比较例2 | 比较例3 | 比较例4 | |
桉树属提取物 | E.vim0.010% | E.glo0.010% | E.mac0.010% | E.vim0.020% | E.glo0.020% | E.mac0.020% | 未添加 |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% | 未添加 | 未添加 | 未添加 | 0.020% |
乳酸 | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% | O.010% |
乙醇 | 70% | 70% | 70% | 70% | 70% | 70% | 70% |
将干热灭菌的纸盘(直径8mm)浸入到25μl表8所示的各种杀菌剂中,放置7天.用生理盐水稀释按表1的条件预先培养的菌悬浮液,用10μl浸透该纸盘。放入1分钟后,立即放到加入了生理盐水(1ml)的试验管中,用旋转搅拌器搅拌1分钟,洗脱出纸盘中的菌。稀释该生理盐水,定量地涂到琼脂培养基上,计算产生的菌数。用水作对照,或者用已知的杀菌剂作对照,如用70%乙醇。各实施例的结果如表9所示,比较例的结果如表10所示。涂布杀菌剂后即使在第7天,均含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的各实施例的杀菌剂均维持强的杀菌力,与只含桉树属提取物(比较例1-3)或只含脱乙酰壳多糖(比较例4)的杀菌剂相比,杀菌力强。
表9杀菌剂的杀菌力
活菌数(放置7天后)(个/盘) | |||
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌伤寒沙门氏菌肠炎沙门氏菌恶臭假单胞菌枯草杆菌蜡状芽胞杆菌副溶血弧菌球形节杆菌扩展短杆菌普通变形杆菌疮疱丙酸杆菌 | <10<10101.1×10230<10<10<10<10<10<1070<10 | <10<10109030<10<10<10<10<10<1050<10 | <10<10301.2×10250<10<10<10<10<10<1050<10 |
表10杀菌剂的杀菌力
[试验例2]抗须发癣菌的活性测定
活菌数(放置7天后)(个/盘) | ||||||
比较例1 | 比较例2 | 比较例3 | 比较例4 | 70%乙醇 | 水 | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌伤寒沙门氏菌肠炎沙门氏菌恶臭假单胞菌枯草杆菌蜡状芽胞杆菌副溶血孤菌球形节杆菌扩展短杆菌普通变形杆菌疮疱丙酸杆菌 | 7.1×1024.8×1026.4×1038.6×1034.0×1042.9×1039.3×1027.7×1021.1×104l.3×1037.4×1021.4×1044.0×102 | 5.2×1024.5×1025.3×1035.0×1032.8×1042.0×1035.7×1024.0×1021.3×1048.5×1025.6×1027.5×1033.6×102 | 6.5×1025.5×1024.3×1035.2×1033.3×1042.8×1037.O×1024.O×1029.5×1034.6×1028.8×1029.2×1034.5×102 | 2.8×1046.2×1031.4×1031.2×1033.9×1035.6×1038.8×1046.2×1043.1×1036.6×1044.2×1044.4×1037.5×103 | 3.5×1052.2×1058.2×1052.8×1057.5×1054.7×1053.5×1054.0×1053.7×1059.5×1058.4×1052.7×1053.2×l05 | 3.5×1052.2×1058.2×1052.8×1057.5×1054.7×1053.5×1054.0×1053.7×1059.5×1058.4×1052.7×1053.2×105 |
在干热灭菌的纸盘(直径8mm)中浸入25μl表8所示的杀菌剂,放置24小时,使纸盘干燥。将纸盘放置到涂布了预先制备好的须发癣菌(Trichophyton mentagrophytes)孢子悬浮液的琼脂培养基上,28℃培养5天,观察纸盘四周是否有抗菌圈。用已知的杀菌剂70%的乙醇作对照。如表11所示,含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖二者的各实施例的杀菌剂比只含桉树属提取物的杀菌剂相比形成的抑菌圈大。只含有脱乙酰壳多糖的杀菌剂(比较例4)未形成抑菌圈。即:桉树属提取物对须发癣菌的抗菌力有持续性,脱乙酰壳多糖增强了抗菌力。
表11对须发癣菌的抗菌活性
[试验例3]在不锈钢上试验杀菌力的持续性
抑制环的直径 | |||||||
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 比较例1 | 比较例2 | 比较例3 | 比较例4 | 70%乙醇 |
21mm | 23mm | 20mm | 12mm | 13mm | 13mm | 未形成 | 未形成 |
将表8所示的各杀菌剂喷雾到灭菌了的不锈钢板上(15μl/m2),在无菌室内放置7天使之干燥。与前示相同,用生理盐水稀释预先培养的各细菌的悬浮液,然后滴10μl到不锈钢板上。放置10分钟后用脱脂棉擦取不锈钢板上的菌,将菌洗脱到生理盐水中,测定活菌数。各实施例的结果如表12所示,比较例的结果如表13所示。与已知的杀菌剂70%的乙醇进行比较。涂了含桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖二者的各实施例的杀菌剂的钢板上,即使经过7天,仍维持强的杀菌力。且其杀菌力比仅含有桉树属提取物(比较例1-3)或脱乙酰壳多糖(比较例4)的杀菌剂强。
表12
杀菌剂杀菌力的持续性
活菌数(放置7天后)(个/100cm2) | |||
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌枯草杆菌肠炎沙门氏菌 | <101080<1080 | <10<1040<1030 | <10<1050<1080 |
表13杀菌剂杀菌力的持续性
[试验例4]卵壳上进行的杀菌力持续性试验
活菌数(放置7天后)(个/100cm2) | ||||||
比较例1 | 比较例2 | 比较例3 | 比较例4 | 70%乙醇 | 未处理 | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌枯草杆菌肠炎沙门氏菌 | 7.5×1028.2×1021.3×1047.6×1027.5×104 | 4.6×1022.9×1026.8×1036.1×1024.5×104 | 6.0×1023.2×1028.5×1039.5×1025.6×104 | 4.7×1041.6×1041.2×1036.3×1041.4×104 | 1.2×1063.5×1062.2×1063.0×1064.5×106 | 1.2×1063.5×1062.2×1063.0×1064.5×106 |
将按表8所示组成的杀菌剂喷到灭菌了的鸡蛋壳上(15μl/cm2),无菌室内放置7天使之干燥。用生理盐水稀释预先培养的菌悬浮液,然后将该稀释了的菌悬浮液10μl涂到鸡蛋壳表面。放置10分钟后,用脱脂棉擦试鸡蛋壳表面的菌,将菌溶到生理盐水中,测定活菌数。水作空白对照,用已知的杀菌剂70%的乙醇作对照。实施例的结果如表14所示,比较例的结果如表15所示。与脱乙酰壳多糖单独(比较例4)、桉树属提取物单独(比较例1-3)相比,同时含有该两种物质的杀菌剂(实施例1-3)的杀菌率高。即,即使经过7天,鸡蛋壳表示上维持着杀菌力。
表14杀菌剂杀菌力的持续性
菌株 | 活菌数(放置7天后)(个/100cm2) | ||
实施倒1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | |
金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌枯草杆菌肠炎沙门氏菌 | 1080<1080 | <1040<1050 | 10601080 |
表15杀菌剂杀菌力的持续性
[实施例4]
活菌数(放置7天后)(个/100cm2) | ||||||
比较例1 | 比较例2 | 比较例3 | 比较例4 | 70%乙醇 | 未处理 | |
金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌枯草杆菌肠炎沙门氏菌 | 1.2×1031.4×1047.8×1045.7×104 | 6.7×1028.6×1036.3×1023.1×104 | 9.5×1021.1×1049.6×1024.6×104 | 2.3×1042.5×1038.5×1041.8×104 | 2.4×1061.5×1063.2×1061.8×106 | 2.4×1061.6×1063.2×1061.8×106 |
按表16所示的比例混合制备例2中的桉树属提取物、脱乙酰壳多糖、脂肪酸甘油酯及其它成分,制备成实施例4和比较例5的杀菌剂。桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖以重量%表示,乳酸和乙醇按体积%表示。
表16杀菌剂的组成
[试验例5]不锈钢上进行的杀菌力持续性试验(脂肪酸甘油酯的影响)
比较例4 | 比较例5 | |
桉树属提取物 | E.globulus0.010% | E.globulus0.010% |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.010% | 0.010% |
乳酸 | 0.010% | 0.010% |
乙醇 | 1% | 1% |
脂肪酸甘油酯 | 0.05% | 未添加 |
用与试验例3同样的方法,在不锈钢上检测表16中所示杀菌剂的杀菌力持续性(放置1个月)。结果如表17所示,杀菌剂喷雾后(15μl/m2)经过1个月进行比较时,桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖中加入了脂肪酸甘油酯的组份(实施例4)与未添加的组分(比较例5)相比,前者维持强的杀菌力。
表17杀菌剂杀菌力的持续性
[实施例5-7]
活菌数(放置1个月后)(个/100cm2) | |||
实施例4 | 比较例5 | 未处理 | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌枯草杆菌肠炎沙门氏菌 | 70801.4×102601.5×102 | 5.6×1034.5×1032.0×1046.2×1032.5×104 | 1.7×1052.4×1053.5×1051.5×1032.0×105 |
按表18所示的比例混合制备例5中的桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖及其它成分,制成实施例5-7的杀菌剂。脱乙酰壳多糖以重量%表示,桉树属提取物、乳酸以体积%表示。
表18杀菌剂的组成
[试验例6]纸面上进行的杀菌力持续性试验
实施例5 | 实施例6 | 实施例7 | |
桉树属提取物 | E.viminalis1.0% | E.globulus1.0% | E.maculata1.0% |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% |
乳酸 | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% |
按与试验例l同样的方法检测表18中所示杀菌剂的杀菌力持续性(放置7天)。其结果如表19所示。涂布杀菌剂后即使经过7天,同时含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的各实施例的杀菌剂仍维持强的杀菌力。
表19杀菌剂杀菌力的持续性
[实施例8、9]
活菌数(放置7天后)(个/盘) | ||||
实施例4 | 实施例5 | 实施例6 | 水 | |
MRSA金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌伤寒沙门氏菌肠炎沙门氏菌恶臭假单胞菌枯草杆菌蜡状芽胞杆菌副溶血弧菌球形节杆菌扩展短杆菌普通变形杆菌疮疱丙酸杆菌 | <10<10302.0×1026010<10<10<10<10<1090<10 | <10<10501.2×1026020<10<10<10<10<1070<10 | <10<10601.8×1028040<10<10<10<10<101.2×102<10 | 2.5×1052.4×1053.5×1055.4×1051.2×1053.2×1056.3×1055.0×1053.4×1052.0×1054.8×1057.2×1052.3×105 |
按表120所示的比例混合制备例3中的桉树属提取物(蓝桉,斑皮桉)和脱乙酰壳多糖及其它成分,制备成实施例8、9及比较例6~9的杀菌剂。桉树属提取物、脱乙酰壳多糖以重量%表示,乳酸为体积%。
表20杀菌剂的组成
E.glo:E.globulus,E.mac:E.maculata[试验例7]与肉浆混合时杀菌剂的杀菌力试验
实施例8 | 实施例9 | 比较例6 | 比较例7 | 比较例8 | 比较例9 | |
桉树属提取物 | E.glo0.020% | E.mac0.020% | E.glo0.040% | E.mac0.040% | 未添加 | 未添加 |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.020% | 0.020 | 未添加 | 未添加 | 0.040% | 未添加 |
乳酸 | 0.020% | 0.020% | 0.020% | 0.020% | 0.020% | 0.020% |
乙醇 | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% |
用以下方法将表20的杀菌剂与牛肉浆(和光纯药)混合,检测其杀菌力是否降低。与次氯酸钠进行比较。所使用的菌株如下:金黄色萄萄杆菌IF012732,肠炎沙门氏菌IFO03313。
将表20所示的各种杀菌剂1ml与5%牛肉浆(溶解到灭菌蒸馏水中)1ml以1∶1的比例混合,室温下放置。10分钟后,向各杀菌剂及混合液中加入10μl预先制备好的菌液,搅拌后放置,检测混合液中细菌数的变化(添加细菌1分钟后、5分钟后、10分钟后)。根据预实验可知通常每1ml 5%牛肉浆的活茵数在10以下。如表21、22所示,0.02%次氯酸钠与牛肉浆混合时,其杀菌力降低。
另一方面,当同时含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的杀菌剂(实施例8、9)与牛肉浆混合时,未观察到其杀菌力降低。另外,同时含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的杀菌剂(实施例8、9)与单含有桉树属提取物(比较例6、7)和单含有脱乙酰壳多糖(比较例8)的杀菌剂相比,其杀菌力增强。
表21牛肉浆处理后的杀菌剂的杀菌力
菌添加量:6.7×105/ml
牛肉浆和杀菌剂混合处理(10分钟) | 金黄色葡萄球菌活菌数(个/ml) | |||
1分后 | 5分后 | 10分后 | ||
实施例8 | 有 | 8.6×104 | <200 | <200 |
实施例8 | 无 | 6.3×104 | <200 | <200 |
实施例9 | 有 | 4.3×104 | <200 | <200 |
实施例9 | 无 | 3.5×104 | <200 | <200 |
比较例6 | 有 | 2.1×105 | 2.5×103 | <200 |
比较例7 | 有 | 1.8×105 | 1.4×103 | <200 |
比较例8 | 有 | 2.8×105 | 7.8×104 | 9.6×103 |
比较例9 | 有 | 6.7×106 | 6.5×106 | 6.5×106 |
0.02%次氯酸钠 | 有 | 6.5×106 | 6.5×106 | 6.4×106 |
0.02%次氯酸钠 | 无 | <200 | <200 | <200 |
表22牛肉浆处理后的杀菌剂的杀菌力
菌添加量:4.6×106/ml[实施例10、11]
牛肉浆和杀菌剂混合处理(10分钟) | 肠炎沙门氏菌活菌数(个/ml) | |||
1分后 | 5分后 | 10分后 | ||
实施例8 | 有 | 4.1×104 | 2.1×104 | <200 |
实施例8 | 无 | 2.6×104 | 1.0×104 | <200 |
实施例9 | 有 | 2.2×104 | 8.0×103 | <200 |
实施例9 | 无 | 1.6×104 | 5.3×103 | <200 |
比较例6 | 有 | 4.3×105 | 2.1×105 | 8.2×104 |
比较例7 | 有 | 2.3×105 | 1.2×105 | 6.5×104 |
比较例8 | 有 | 9.5×104 | 6.6×104 | 2.2×103 |
比较例9 | 有 | 4.5×105 | 4.5×105 | 4.5×105 |
0.02%次氯酸钠 | 有 | 4.5×105 | 4.3×105 | 4.3×105 |
0.02%次氯酸钠 | 无 | <200 | <200 | <200 |
按表23中的比例混合制备例5中的桉树属提取物(E.globulus,E.maculata)和脱乙酰壳多糖及乳酸,制成实施例10、11的杀菌剂。桉树属提取物和乳酸是体积%,脱乙酰壳多糖是重量%。
表23杀菌剂的组成
[试验例8]与肉浆混合时杀菌剂的杀菌力试验
实施例10 | 实施例11 | |
桉树属提取物 | E.globulus1.0% | E.maculata1.0% |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.020% | 0.020% |
乳酸 | 0.020% | 0.020% |
用与试验例7同样的方法检测表23的杀菌剂.结果如表24所示。结果显示各实施例的杀菌剂有强的杀菌力。
表24牛肉浆处理后的杀菌剂的杀菌力
菌添加量:7.5×106/ml[实施例12、13]
牛肉浆和杀菌剂混合处理(10分钟) | 金黄色葡萄球菌活菌数(个/ml) | |||
1分后 | 5分后 | 10分后 | ||
实施例10 | 有 | 1.2×105 | <200 | <200 |
实施例10 | 无 | 1.0×105 | <200 | <200 |
实施例11 | 有 | 8.4×104 | <200 | <200 |
实施例11 | 无 | 5.6×104 | <200 | <200 |
按表25的比例混合制备例5中的桉树属提取物(E.globulus)和脱乙酸壳多糖以及乳酸,制成实施例12、13及比较例10、11的杀菌剂。桉树属提取物(丙二醇提取物)和乳酸是体积%,脱乙酰壳多糖是重量%。
表25杀菌剂的组成
[试验例9]与牛肉混合时杀菌剂的杀菌力试验
实施例12 | 实施例13 | 比较例10 | 比较例11 | |
桉树属提取物 | E.globulus1.0% | E.globulus1.0% | 不添加 | 不添加 |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.030% | 0.030% | 不添加 | 不添加 |
乳酸 | 0.030% | 0.30% | 0.030% | 0.30% |
将表25中所示的各种杀菌剂100ml加入到容器内,然后将牛肉(块)21g浸入到该杀菌剂中,室温放置。24小时后取出牛肉,用无菌滤器去除该杀菌剂中存在的普通细菌(从牛肉中游离出的细菌)。向该牛肉处理后的杀菌剂2ml中加入30μl金黄色葡萄球菌或肠炎沙门氏菌的菌液,添加5分钟后检测杀菌剂中的细菌数。并且与次氯酸钠进行比较。
如表26所示,当0.01%次氯酸钠与牛肉混合时,对于金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门氏菌的杀菌力降低。同时含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的杀菌剂中,乳酸浓度达0.030%的杀菌剂(实施例12)能维持对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌力,但对肠炎沙门氏菌的杀菌力降低。此时杀菌剂的pH由4.2(杀菌前)上升到5.9(杀菌后)。另一方面,乳酸浓度为0.30%的杀菌剂(实施例13)对金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门氏菌能维持强的杀菌力。此时杀菌剂的pH由3.1(杀菌前)上升到4.8(杀菌后)。
由以上结果可知,在牛肉杀菌的过程中从牛肉浸出的成分使杀菌剂的pH上升,从而引起杀菌力的降低,但预先升高杀菌剂中的乳酸浓度,使杀菌剂的pH维持在低区(到pH4.8附近)时就能防止杀菌力的降低。
表26牛肉处理后杀菌剂的杀菌力
[试验例10]测定用杀菌剂处理的牛肉表面的细菌数。
杀菌剂 | 牛肉处理 | 牛肉处理前杀菌剂的pH值 | 牛肉处理后杀菌剂的pH值 | 肠炎沙门氏菌活菌数(个/ml) | 金黄色葡萄球菌活菌数(个/ml) | ||
0分 | 5分后 | 0分 | 5分后 | ||||
0.01%次氧酸钠0.01%次氯酸钠实施例12实施例12实施例13实施例l3 | 有无有无有无 | --4.2-3.1- | --5.9-4.7- | 2.1×l032.1×1052.1×l052.1×1052.1×1052.1×105 | 1.5×105<10001.0×105<1000<1000<1000 | 5.0×1055.0×1055.0×1055.0×1055.0×1055.0×105 | 1.8×105<10001000<1000<1000<1000 |
比较例10比较例11 | 有有 | 4.23.1 | 5.94.7 | 2.1×1052.1×105 | 4.6×1054.0×l05 | 5.0×1055.0×105 | 5.0×1054.7×105 |
用表25所示的实施例12及比较倒10的杀菌剂进行以下实验。将各种杀菌剂50ml放入到容器内,然后将15g牛肉(块)浸入到该杀菌剂中,室温放置(表面杀菌)。5分钟后,去除杀菌剂,只将牛肉放在容器内4℃保存。一定时间后(①1日后,②3日后,③6日后),将25ml生理盐水加入到存放牛肉的容器中,振荡。测定生理盐水中溶脱出的牛肉表面的细菌数。由预实验可知杀菌处理前存在于牛肉表示的细菌数是每1g牛肉10个以下。与灭菌水、次氯酸钠进行比较。
表27中显示了杀茵处理后存在于牛肉表面的细菌数(每1g牛肉)。可以看出,用同时含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的杀菌剂(实施例9)处理牛肉时,与用灭菌水,0.01%次氯酸钠处理牛肉时相比,前者能抑制牛肉表面细菌的增殖。
表27用杀菌剂处理的牛肉表面的细菌数
杀菌剂处理前牛肉表面的普通细菌数:<10/g[实施例14]
普通细菌数(个/g) | |||
放置1天 | 放置3天 | 放置6天 | |
灭菌水0.01%次氯酸钠实施例12比较例10 | 2.0×l036.7×102<200<200 | 1.6×l051.4×105<200<200 | 4.3×1073.4×1072.4×1033.6×103 |
制备表28中所示组成的饲料,干热灭菌。各成分为重量%。另一方面,按表29中的比例混合制备例2中的桉树属提取物(E.globulus)和脱乙酰壳多糖及其它成分,制成实施例14及比较例11、12中的杀菌剂。桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖是重量%,乳酸、乙醇、灭菌水是体积%。
表28饲料的组成
原料名 | 比例(%) |
大豆蛋白质粉末小麦粉末粉末油脂玉米淀粉末预混合 | 452715103 |
表29杀菌剂的组成
[试验例11]含有杀菌剂的饲料的杀菌力试验
实施例14 | 比较例11 | 比较例12 | |
桉树叶乙醇提取物脱乙酰壳多糖乳酸乙醇灭菌水(ト-タル) | 0.02%0.03%0.03%10%100% | 不添加不添加0.03%10%100% | 不添加不添加不添加不添加100% |
将表29所示的实施例14和比较例11、12的杀菌剂10ml与表28中所示的饲料10g混合,使之干燥。按表1所示的条件预先培养大肠杆菌E.coli IFO12734,用生理盐水稀释其菌液,然后将50μl稀释了的菌液中入到该饲料1g中,室温放置。一定时间后(3天后,6天后,15天后),向饲料中添加生理盐水,搅拌,使饲料中存在的细菌游离。检测生理盐水中存在的活菌数,求出每1g饲料中存在的活菌数。结果如表30所示,配合了桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的饲料(实施例14)与对照(比较例11、12)相比,前表能抑制细菌的增殖。
表30饲料的杀菌力
[实施例15]
接种菌数(个/g) | 活菌数(个/g)大肠杆菌 | |||
3日后 | 6日后 | 15日后 | ||
实施例14比较例11比较例12 | 2.2×1042.2×1042.2×104 | <2008.4×1048.6×104 | <2001.4×1061.4×106 | 1.2×1032.1×1081.2×108 |
按表31所示的比例混合制备例2中的桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖以及其它成分,制作成实施例15和比较例13的杀菌剂。桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖是重量%,乳酸是体积%。
表31杀菌剂的组成
[试验例12]湿薄纸的杀菌持续性试验
实施例15 | 比较例13 | |
桉树属提取物 | E.globulus0.010% | 未添加 |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.010% | 未添加 |
乳酸 | 0.010% | 0.010% |
乙醇 | 5% | 5% |
用表31所示的杀菌剂100ml浸透20g薄纸,制成湿薄纸。用该湿薄纸擦试预先在无菌室内灭菌了的不锈钢板的一角(1cm×1cm),放置24小时.将10μl各菌株的茵悬浮液加到不锈钢板上。放置10分钟后,用灭菌的棉棒擦拭不锈钢板,将该棉棒在生理盐水中移动、搅拌。将该生理盐水涂布到一定量的琼脂培养基上,测定细菌数。
结果如表32所示,用实施例15浸透的湿纸擦试不锈钢板时,即使经过24小时,不锈钢板上也能维持强的杀菌力。
表32用湿纸巾擦拭的不锈钢上的杀菌力持续性
[实施例16]
接种菌数(个/ml) | 活菌数(个/100cm2) | ||
实施例15 | 比较例13 | ||
金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA大肠杆菌枯草杆菌 | 1.2×1062.5×1068.4×1056.5×105 | <100<100<100<100 | 1.1×1062.5×1068.5×1056.5×105 |
按表33所示的比例混合制备例2中的桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖及其它成分,制成实施例16和比较例14的杀菌剂。桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖是重量%,乳酸是体积%。
表33杀菌剂的组成
[试验例13]尿布的杀菌力试验
实施例16 | 比较例14 | |
桉树属乙醇提取物 | E.globulus0.0lO% | 不添加 |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.020% | 不添加 |
乳酸 | 0.020% | 0.020% |
乙醇 | 50% | 50% |
用表33所示的杀菌剂100ml浸透尿布纸(30×65cm)15g,使之干燥,制成纸尿布。将该纸尿布切成正方形(1×1cm),高压灭茵.将切割的纸尿布0.75g加到300ml容积的三角烧瓶(生理盐水70ml)中。然后向该三角烧瓶中加入各菌株的菌悬浮液5ml,25℃振荡(转数320rPm)。1小时后,从三角烧瓶中取出1ml生理盐水,稀释后,涂到琼脂培养基上,求得生理盐水中存在的活菌数。用未加纸尿布的作空白,用未浸透杀菌剂的作对照,求出灭菌率。灭菌率可用以下公式求得。结果如表34所示,用含有桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖的杀菌剂(实施例16)浸透的纸尿布对各菌的灭菌率为99.9%,与对照相比,它具有强的杀菌力。
表34灭菌率
[实施例17]
接种菌数(个/ml) | 灭菌率(%) | ||
实施例16 | 比较例14 | ||
MRSA普通变形杆菌 | 2.4×1041.5×104 | 99.999.9 | 00 |
按表35所示的比例混合制备例2的桉树属提取物、脱乙酰壳多糖、脂肪酸甘油酯及其它成分。制作实施例17和比较例15的杀菌剂。桉树属提取物和脱乙酰壳多糖为重量%,脂肪酸甘油酯、乳酸为体积%。
表35杀菌剂的组成
[试验例14]抗真菌试验
实施例17 | 比较例15 | 比较例16 | 比较例17 | |
桉树属提取物 | E.giobulus0.010% | E.globulus0.010% | 不添加 | 不添加 |
脱乙酰壳多糖 | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% | O.010% |
乳酸 | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% | 0.010% |
乙醇 | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% |
脂肪酸甘油酯 | 0.05% | 不添加 | 0.05% | 不添加 |
向加入表35所示杀菌剂1ml的灭茵试验管中加入真菌(黑色曲霉IFO9455,柑桔青霉IFO6352)的孢子混悬液,搅拌后,于室温放置。1小时后,将一定量的混悬液涂到马铃薯右旋糖培养基上,检测真菌的菌落数(活菌数)。结果如表36所示,与桉树属提取物单独(比较例15)、脂肪酸甘油酯单独(比较例16)相比,同时添加了桉树属提取物和脂肪酸甘油酯的杀菌剂(实施例17)对真菌(黑色曲霉,柑桔青霉)的杀菌效果强。
表36杀菌剂抗真菌的能力
[试验例15]抗真菌试验
接种菌数(个/ml) | 菌落数(个/ml) | ||||
实施例17 | 比较例15 | 比较例16 | 比较例17 | ||
黑色曲霉柑桔青霉 | 2.0×1041.5×104 | <10<10 | 6.2×1034.5×103 | 4.3×l033.7×103 | 2.0×1041.5×104 |
用100ml表35中所示的实施例17的杀菌剂浸泡尿布纸(30×65cm)15g,使之干燥,制作纸尿布。将该纸尿布切成正方形(1×1cm),高压灭菌后,放置到预先涂布了真菌(黑色曲霉,柑桔青霉)孢子混悬液的马铃薯右旋糖的琼脂培养基上,28℃静置培养7天。应用未浸泡杀菌剂的纸尿布作对照。结果如表37所示,可以判定实施例17的杀菌剂可形成抑菌圈(halo),因此具有抗真菌力。
表37尿布抗真菌的能力
+:形成、-:未形成[试验例16]急毒试验
抑菌圈(halo)形成 | ||
实施例17 | 未添加 | |
黑色曲霉柑桔青霉 | ++ | -- |
将制备例2中的桉树提取物(蓝桉及斑皮桉)溶解到乙醇/橄榄油(1/1)中,经口(各试验区使用10只)及皮下注射(各试验区使用10只)施用给45日龄的小鼠。经口施用时选用0.5~14.5g/kg间的六个标准进行急毒试验,皮下注射施用时选用0.3~6.5g/kg间的6个标准进行,观察2周内小鼠的状态。任何试验区内均未见到小鼠生存、皮肤的异常。该毒性试验结果远远高于厚生省普通药的急毒标准,即小鼠皮下注射时LD50>0.2g/kg,因此是非常安全的医药品、保健品。
产业上利用的可能性
如以上说明所述,本发明的杀菌剂可用作:
①一般家庭和饭店等中桌子、餐具、菜板、烹饪台、洗手间的座便器等家庭用品;畜棚、鸡舍、动物饲养用建筑的器具类;肉食加工设施的机械类;人和动物等的皮肤、鸡蛋和鹌鹑等卵壳的杀菌剂;
②医院和老人院中的门、门把手、床、床扶手,手术器具等医疗机器、医疗设备;肉、鱼、蔬菜等生鲜食品;植物种子的杀菌剂;
③给下列产品增加杀菌力的杀菌剂:湿纸巾、尿布、床单类、衣服类、卫生棉类、卫生纸、无纺布、揩油纸、食品包装纸(Sheet)、食品下铺的纸类(Sheet)、纸拖鞋、手巾把、毛巾、罩子等生活用品;动物、鱼类等的饲料;树胶、糖果、鱼糕、筒状鱼肉卷等水产品剁碎加工制成的熟食品,香肠、火腿等畜产制品,甜点类、日本甜点类;生禾、荞麦等禾类,酱汁、酱油等调味品,腌制品、腌制的熟食、卵加工品、三明治、蛋黄酱、酥皮点心等食品;
④配合肥皂、洗涤剂、乳液等化妆品应用的杀菌剂或添加到口服药品中的杀菌剂。
Claims (16)
1.一种杀菌剂,它含有脱乙酰壳多糖和桉树属植物叶的极性溶剂提取物。
2.一种杀菌剂,其特征在于,它含有桉树属植物叶的极性溶剂提取物、脱乙酰壳多糖及脂肪酸甘油酯。
3.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,其中的极性溶剂提取物选自低级醇或二元醇类的提取物。
4.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,其中桉树属植物叶的极性有机溶剂提取物是在用非极性有机溶剂脱脂或通过水蒸气蒸馏除去挥发油后,用极性有机溶剂抽提的桉树属植物叶的级分。
5.权利要求4的杀菌剂,其中极性有机溶剂是选自卤代烃、醚、低级脂肪酸酯、酮、低级醇类的溶剂,或是它们任意混和的溶剂。
6.权利要求4的杀菌剂,其中非极性有机溶剂是烷烃。
7.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,它含有桉树属植物叶的极性溶剂提取物及脱乙酰壳多糖合计量0.0001~10%(重量),含有脂肪酸甘油酯达0.0001~20%(重量)。
9.权利要求1的杀菌剂,它用于对抗痤疮丙酸杆菌。
10.权利要求1的杀菌剂,它用于对抗须发癣菌。
11.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,它用于对抗曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Pencillium)。
12.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,它可以用于鸟类卵壳。
13.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,它可用于家庭用品、医疗机器、医疗设施或肉食加工设施。
14.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,它可用于肉食等新鲜食品或植物种子。
15.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,它可用于食品和动物饲料。
16.权利要求1或2的杀菌剂,它可用于湿纸巾、毛巾、尿布等生活用品。
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EP (1) | EP1062871B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1321573C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU3276499A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2323419C (zh) |
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CN103041426A (zh) * | 2012-12-28 | 2013-04-17 | 青岛信锐德科技有限公司 | 生药提取物空气清新剂 |
CN108042378A (zh) * | 2017-12-19 | 2018-05-18 | 广州净派保洁消毒用品有限公司 | 一种洁肤除菌棉片及其制备方法 |
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AU3276499A (en) | 1999-09-27 |
DE69937339T2 (de) | 2008-02-07 |
US6352727B1 (en) | 2002-03-05 |
CN1321573C (zh) | 2007-06-20 |
EP1062871B1 (en) | 2007-10-17 |
DE69937339D1 (de) | 2007-11-29 |
WO1999045784A1 (en) | 1999-09-16 |
CA2323419C (en) | 2009-05-05 |
EP1062871A1 (en) | 2000-12-27 |
EP1062871A4 (en) | 2004-12-15 |
CA2323419A1 (en) | 1999-09-16 |
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