CN1259183C - 搅拌-喷动流化床及其在制备纤维增强复合材料中的应用 - Google Patents
搅拌-喷动流化床及其在制备纤维增强复合材料中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种搅拌-喷动流化床及其在制备纤维增强复合材料中的应用。采用一个具有搅拌-喷动结构的流化床,以空气为流化介质,在流化床中通过流化和搅拌实现聚合物基体与纤维的充分混合,并将纤维束分散为吸附了聚合物基体的单丝,具有纤维单丝与基体界面充分浸渍、流程简单、设备投资小、能耗低、无污染且易实现大规模工业化生产等优点。压制成GMT片材后,该GMT片的机械性能十分优异。
Description
本发明涉及一种流化床以及通过该流化床制备纤维增强热塑性复合材料的方法。
纤维增强热塑性复合材料(Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastic),简称GMT,是一种以热塑性树脂为基体,以长纤维或连续纤维为增强物的复合材料。用不同类型的纤维和热塑性树脂基体,可以组成多种多样的GMT材料。由于聚丙烯具有很好的性能价格比,因此是一种应用最广泛的热塑性基体。
目前国内外已经开发出多种GMT片材制备方法,且已经工业化,如美国专利(U.S Patent 3 684 645(1969),Temple,C.S.,Matthews,J.R.)所公开的熔融浸渍法和(U.S Patent 4 481 075(1984),Dailly,C.,Gomez,D.)所披露的浆态浸渍法,另外还有(U.S Patent 3 742 106(1973).Price,R.V)所揭示的流化床粉末浸渍法等。
熔融浸渍工艺是将二层玻纤毡压合在三层热塑性树脂中,当中是熔融的热塑性树脂,最外层可以是薄膜,也可以是熔融的树脂,将该夹层结构送入双钢带压机,在高于树脂熔融的温度条件下加压然后冷却,最后裁割。一般而言,只有当复合材料基体对增强介质充分浸渍并且基体和增强介质之间形成较好的界面结合以后,才能充分利用玻璃纤维高强度、高模量的物理特性,达到纤维增强的效果。此法的关键参数是熔体对玻璃纤维毡的浸渍速率,由于热塑性树脂熔体的高粘度以及玻璃纤维毡复杂致密的几何结构,完成熔体对玻璃纤维毡的浸渍过程,需要较长的浸渍时间和较高的浸渍压力。即使如此,树脂熔体还很难达到纤维束内浸渍。
浆态浸渍工艺是在造纸机械的基础上开发的,把长度在6~25mm之间的玻璃纤维分散在水中,加入树脂粉末和一种乳液,这些组分悬浮于水中,加入絮凝剂后,使粉术和乳液凝结,在液压成屏筛上分离出来,形成的毡在高于树脂熔融的温度下压紧,制得GMT片材。该方法由于操作中加入大量的化学助剂,很难将其完全除尽,残留在玻璃纤维上的助剂会降低基体与纤维之间的界面结合强度。同时此工艺还存在废水回收和净化的问题。
流化床粉末浸渍法是将玻璃纤维束分散后通过一流化床,树脂粉末由于静电吸附的作用而附着在玻璃纤维表面,然后通过加热或同种聚合物薄膜包覆的方法制成预浸带,最后将这种预浸带编织并送入双钢带压机或平板压机预热压制成片材。该方法设备复杂,不易实现工业化。
因此提供一种新的设备以及新的制备GMT的方法,是人们所十分期望的。
本发明的目的之一在于公开一种具有搅拌-喷动结构的流化床,以克服现有设备工艺复杂,不易实现工业化的缺陷;
本发明的目的之二在于提供一种采用上述流化床生产纤维增强复热塑性复合材料的方法。该方法流程简单、能够使聚合物基体与纤维实现充分的浸渍和界面结合、无污染、易于实现大规模工业化生产。
本发明的技术构思是这样的:
采用一个具有搅拌-喷动结构的流化床,以空气为流化介质,在流化床中通过流化和搅拌实现聚合物基体与纤维的充分混合,并将纤维束分散为吸附了聚合物基体的单丝,既可以解决通常热塑性复合材料制备中在浸渍上的难题,又可避免湿法中经常出现的废水污染环境的缺陷。
实现本发明目的的技术方案:
本发明所说的流化床包括:
一个底部设有锥形气体分布装置、上部设有气体和物料出口的圆柱形筒体;
一个通过固定件与圆柱形筒体内壁相固接的、并与圆柱形筒体同轴的导流管;
一个设置在导流管内与导流管同轴的、并与圆柱形筒体顶部的动力装置相连接的搅拌装置;
一个设置在锥形气体分布装置锥部的流化气和喷动气入口装置。
为了能够更清楚地表达本发明的内容,以下将通过附图进行详细说明。
图1为搅拌-喷动流化床的结构示意图。
图2为图1中的A-A向示意图。
图3为导流管内流化气和喷动气操作范围图。
由图1和图2可见,本发明所说的流化床包括:
一个底部设有锥形气体分布装置、上部设有气体和物料出口10的圆柱形筒体8,所说的锥形气体分布装置由一个锥形的壳体3和一个具有流化气分布孔11的内层4构成,内层4与壳体3之间形成一个锥形环隙12;
一个与锥形壳体3锥部相连接的、由外管13和内管14构成的流化气和喷动气入口装置,外管13与锥形壳体3相连接,内管14与内层4相连接,内管14与外管13之间形成一个与锥形环隙12相连通的直管环隙15,外管13设有流化气入口2,内管14设有喷动气与物料入口1;
一个通过固定件5与圆柱形筒体8内壁相固接的、并与圆柱形筒体8同轴的导流管6,筒体8与导流管6之间为环隙区16,导流管6与圆柱形筒体8内径的取值将直接影响流化床内气体的走向,因此,导流管6与圆柱形筒体8内径比值以0.2~0.6为好,优选范围为0.3~0.6;
一个设置在导流管6内与导流管6同轴的、并与圆柱形筒体8顶部的动力装置9相连接的搅拌装置7,可优选锯齿形搅拌桨。
上述的搅拌-喷动流化床可用于制备纤维增强热塑性复合材料,制备方法如下所述:
预先混好的纤维束与聚合物基体粉末以及喷动气由物料入口1通过内管14喷入流化床;
流化气由流化气入口2进入直管环隙15,然后由锥形环隙12通过分布孔11进入床层,使床层四周形成流态化层,相当于使原有喷动床的环形区产生流态化作用,同时又可形成有规律的循环运动;
纤维束与聚合物基体粉末在喷射气流夹带下沿导流管6上升,经过与搅拌装置7的高速剪切碰撞,一部分分散成单丝,与聚合物基体粉末一起从出口10导出,另一部分未分散的纤维束从环隙区16沉降至流化床底部,在喷射气流的作用下,再次沿导流管6上升;
导出的物料通过扩口收集器(图上未表示),收集吸附了聚合物基体粉末的絮状单丝物送入双钢带压机,采用本领域公知的技术压制成GMT片材。
所说的喷动气和流化气可优选空气,为使已分散为单丝的纤维束能够顺利地从出口10导出,而未分散的纤维束从环隙区16沉降下来参与内循环,并使基体与纤维束在床层内始终处于良好的流化状态,应对喷动气与流化气的总量及其相对量进行控制,为此,发明人进行了大量的试验,确定了如下所述的操作条件:
(1)喷动气的空速应大于0.36m/s,优选的为0.65±0.2m/s;
(2)流化气的空速应大于0.06m/s,优选的为0.32±0.15m/s;
(3)喷动气的空速与流化气的空速之和应小于1.5m/s。
也可用如下的方程组表示:
喷动气的空速>0.36m/s
流化气的空速>0.06m/s
喷动气的空速+流化气的空速<1.5m/s。
喷动气的空速指的是:喷动气量/筒体8的横截面积;
流化气的空速指的是:流化气量/筒体8的横截面积;
图3十分明确地表示了喷动气的空速与流化气的空速的关系,图中的阴影区即为喷动气与流化气的操作区域。
本发明所说的纤维束包括碳纤维束、硼纤维束、氧化铝纤维束、玻璃纤维束、木纤维束、Kevlar纤维束或其混合物,可优选玻璃纤维束;
所说的聚合物基体粉末包括聚丙烯、聚乙烯、尼龙、聚酯、聚氯乙烯或ABS,或其与云母、碳酸钙、滑石粉、高岭土或空心玻璃微珠的混合物,优选基体为聚丙烯。
纤维束与基体混合物中纤维束含量为10~50%wt,优选25~40%wt。
喷动气最好预热至20-300℃,然后携带纤维束与基体进入流化床;
流化气也最好预热至20-300℃,然后进入流化床。
本发明与现有技术相比,具有纤维单丝与基体的界面充分浸渍、流程简单、设备投资小、能耗低、无污染且易实现大规模工业化生产等优点。采用本领域公知的技术压制成GMT片材后,经过测试,该GMT片的拉伸强度、拉伸模量、弯曲强度、弯曲模量和冲击强度等机械性能均十分优异。以下通过实施例对本发明的有关内容作进一步的说明。
实施例1
导流管6与圆柱形筒体8内径比值为0.34。
原料:聚丙烯粉末(60目~80目),短切玻纤束(4毫米长,500根单丝/束),纤维含量35±4wt%。
喷动气空速0.74m/s,流化气空速0.38m/s,搅拌桨转速300rpm。
收集流化床出口10导出的吸附了聚丙烯粉末的絮状短切玻纤物送入双钢带压机,采用本领域公知的技术压制成厚度3.5±0.2mm的GMT片材,经测试,拉伸强度72Mpa,拉伸模量4100Mpa,弯曲强度128Mpa,弯曲模量4620Mpa,冲击强度680J/m。
实施例2
采用与实施例1相同的设备。
原料:聚丙烯粉末(60目~80目),短切玻纤束(4毫米长,500根单丝/束),纤维含量35±4wt%。
喷动气空速0.5m/s,流化气空速0.9m/s,搅拌桨转速300rpm。
收集流化床出口10导出的吸附了聚丙烯粉末的絮状短切玻纤物送入双钢带压机,采用本领域公知的技术压制成厚度3.5±0.2mm的GMT片材。拉伸强度45Mpa,拉伸模量2900Mpa,弯曲强度92Mpa,弯曲模量3100Mpa,冲击强度580J/m。
实施例3
采用与实施例1相同的设备。
原料:尼龙粉末(60目~80目),短切玻纤束(4毫米长,500根单丝/束),纤维含量30±4wt%。
喷动气空速0.79m/s,流化气空速0.43m/s,搅拌桨转速300rpm。
收集流化床出口10导出的吸附了尼龙粉末的絮状短切玻纤物送入双钢带压机,采用本领域公知的技术压制成厚度3.5±0.2mm的GMT片材。拉伸强度74Mpa,拉伸模量6900Mpa,弯曲强度124Mpa,弯曲模量6900Mpa,冲击强度525J/m。
实施例4
采用与实施例1相同的设备。
原料:聚酯粉末(60目~80目),短切玻纤束(4毫米长,500根单丝/束),纤维含量30±4wt%。
喷动气空速0.79m/s,流化气空速0.43m/s和搅拌桨转速300rpm。
收集流化床出口10导出的吸附了尼龙粉末的絮状短切玻纤物送入双钢带压机,采用本领域公知的技术压制成厚度3.5±0.2mm的GMT片材。拉伸强度95Mpa,拉伸模量7800Mpa,弯曲强度183Mpa,弯曲模量8200Mpa,冲击强度654J/m。
实施例5
采用与实施例1相同的设备。
原料:聚丙烯粉末(60目~80目),短切玻纤束(4毫米长,500根单丝/束),纤维含量30±4wt%,云母含量28±2wt%,云母粉(100目)。
喷动气空速0.74m/s,流化气空速0.38m/s,搅拌桨转速300rpm。
收集流化床出口10导出的絮状物送入双钢带压机,采用本领域公知的技术压制成厚度3.5±0.2mm的GMT片材。拉伸强度82.7Mpa,拉伸模量6313Mpa,弯曲强度148.3Mpa,弯曲模量8200Mpa,冲击强度574J/m。
实施例6
采用与实施例1相同的设备。
原料:聚丙烯粉末(60目~80目),短切玻纤束(4毫米长,500根单丝/束),木粉(40目),纤维含量30±4wt%,木粉含量14±2wt%。
喷动气空速0.74m/s,流化气空速0.38m/s,搅拌桨转速300rpm。
收集流化床出口10导出的絮状物送入双钢带压机,采用本领域公知的技术压制成厚度3.5±0.2mm的GMT片材。拉伸强度71.68Mpa,拉伸模量4471Mpa,弯曲强度108.62Mpa,弯曲模量3907Mpa,冲击强度733J/m。
Claims (10)
1.一种搅拌-喷动流化床,其特征在于,该流化床包括:
一个底部设有锥形气体分布装置、上部设有气体和物料出口(10)的圆柱形筒体(8),所说的锥形气体分布装置由一个锥形的壳体(3)和一个具有流化分布孔(11)的内层(4)构成,内层(4)与壳体(3)之间形成一个锥形环隙(12);
一个与锥形壳体(3)锥部相连接的、由外管(13)和内管(14)构成的流化气和喷动气入口装置,外管(13)与锥形壳体(3)相连接,内管(14)与内层(4)相连接,内管(14)与外管(13)之间形成一个与锥形环隙(12)相连通的直管环隙(15),外管(13)设有流化气入口(2),内管(14)设有喷动气与物料入口(1);
一个通过固定件(5)与圆柱形筒体(8)内壁相固接的、并与圆柱形筒体(8)同轴的导流管(6),筒体(8)与导流管(6)之间为环隙区(16),导流管(6)与圆柱形筒体(8)内径比值为0.2~0.6;
一个设置在导流管(6)内与导流管(6)同轴的、并与圆柱形筒体(8)顶部的动力装置(9)相连接的搅拌装置(7)。
2.如权利要求1所述的流化床,其特征在于,导流管(6)与圆柱形筒体(8)内径比值为0.3~0.6。
3.如权利要求1所述的流化床,其特征在于,搅拌装置(7)采用锯齿形搅拌桨。
4.如权利要求1~3中任一所述的搅拌-喷动流化床的应用,其特征在于,可用于制备纤维增强热塑性复合材料。
5.如权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于,预先混好的纤维束与聚合物基体粉末以及喷动气由物料入口(1)通过内管(14)喷入流化床,流化气由流化气入口(2)进入流化床,吸附了聚合物基体粉末的纤维单丝从出口(10)导出,压制成纤维增强热塑性复合片材。
6.如权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,在导流管(6)内,喷动气的空速和流化气的空速为:
(1)喷动气的空速大于0.36m/s;
(2)流化气的空速大于0.06m/s;
(3)喷动气的空速与流化气的空速之和小于1.5m/s。
7.如权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于:喷动气的空速为0.65±0.1m/s,流化气的空速为0.32±0.1m/s。
8.如权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所说的纤维束包括碳纤维束、硼纤维束、氧化铝纤维束、玻璃纤维束、木纤维束、芳香族聚酰胺纤维束或其混合物;
所说的聚合物基体粉末包括聚丙烯、聚乙烯、尼龙、聚酯、聚氯乙烯或ABS,或其与云母、碳酸钙、滑石粉、高岭土或空心玻璃微珠的混合物,纤维束与基体混合物中纤维束含量为10~50%wt。
9.如权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,纤维束与基体混合物中纤维束含量为25~40%wt。
10.如权利要求5~9任一所述的应用,其特征在于,喷动气和流化气预热至20-300℃。
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PCT/CN2002/000321 WO2002094430A1 (fr) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-05-09 | Lit fluidise agite a buse et son utilisation dans la preparation de composite renforce de fibres |
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CN100406112C (zh) * | 2006-02-15 | 2008-07-30 | 烟台万华聚氨酯股份有限公司 | 一种液膜撞击式喷射反应器 |
ATE486828T1 (de) * | 2006-04-11 | 2010-11-15 | Sgl Carbon Se | Verfahren zum imprägnieren von kurzfaserbündeln aus carbonfasern |
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US20130309493A1 (en) * | 2010-11-25 | 2013-11-21 | Oji Holdings Corporation | Method for producing plant fiber composite material to be kneaded with matrix |
CN103285787B (zh) * | 2013-03-01 | 2015-05-27 | 浙江大学 | 一种喷动流化床-流化床复合反应器及其聚合物制备方法 |
CN103285785B (zh) * | 2013-03-01 | 2015-03-25 | 浙江大学 | 喷动流化床反应器及其聚合物制备方法 |
FR3017329B1 (fr) * | 2014-02-13 | 2016-07-29 | Arkema France | Procede de fabrication d'un materiau fibreux pre-impregne de polymere thermoplastique en lit fluidise |
CN104888665B (zh) * | 2015-06-19 | 2017-05-17 | 常州汉耀复合材料有限公司 | 一种制备多尺度固相混合物的喷动流化机及其方法 |
CN104906989B (zh) * | 2015-06-19 | 2017-01-25 | 常州汉耀复合材料有限公司 | 一种多尺度固相喷动流化分散混合装置及方法 |
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