CN1217539C - 一种光学系统和光学调制装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种光学波导系统,包括一大致平面的波导(1),设置成使光线可由一投影仪(2)以一定范围的面外角入射到一边缘中。波导(1)为锥形,使得以不同面外角进入的光线在某一距离内完全内部反射后沿波导在各不同点离开波导。这样沿波导在传播方向扩散了图像。同时图像由一平行侧部的输入波导(3)横向扩张。这样就产生了大面积平板显示器,或者平面波导可用作平面校准光源,或者通过使用分层的可控光学标记被用作光学开关。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种光学系统和光学调制装置,以及通过从微显示器投影图像而制造平板显示器的方法。
背景技术
具有足够大屏幕而刺激我们的眼球视觉快速反应的平板显示器给图像以很大的直接性,因为它们是平的,显示器很容易装入房间的墙壁中。但常规平板显示器的尺寸受到行和列的透明导体电阻/电容时间常数的限制,并受到通过平版印刷可足够精确以制造三极管的面积的限制。制造屏幕对角线大于一米的活动矩阵液晶显示器价格过高,即使是较便宜的离子显示器对于多数用户也过于昂贵。但成本随尺寸而显著降低,图像投影仪中使用的2英寸乘2英寸(5厘米×5厘米)的液晶显示器相对便宜,而指盖大小的微显示器价值仅几美元。
图像投影仪包括二维显示器,投影透镜和半透明屏幕。投影透镜在半透明屏幕上形成几乎是人们能想到的大的二维显示的放大图像。图像投影仪较便宜,因而变得越来越普及,但投影仪经常占据观看者的通路,或者观看者占据投影光线的通路。另外,除非室内光线较暗,图像看起来模糊,因为屏幕散射了背景光线以及投影的图像。
一组图像投影仪如果全部放在屏幕尺寸透镜的聚焦面上的话能够投影三维图像。每个投影仪定位成在场镜平面中形成图像,就好象透镜是半透明屏幕,但与半透明屏幕不同的是,场镜对光线进行校准,因而可仅从一单一方向看到图像。其它投影仪形成通过场镜能够从其它方向观看的图像,因而观看者看到自动立体三维图像。但在这种应用中,投影的光线同样容易被挡住。需要的是一种像图像投影仪那样便宜,但又像平板显示器那样薄而集成装置的显示器。
US5381502(James T.Veligdan)中示出一种能够从一小投影仪向一大的可视平面扩散图像的显示器。该平面由一叠层薄片波导形成,其一侧的边缘形成显示器的线。该叠层为锥形以形成一薄楔,每线图像在楔的钝端部入射到适当的片中,从平面的锥形面出射。这种叠层的制造并不易懂。
发明概述
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种波导显示器或光调制器,包括图像投影仪,该投影仪设置成大致沿传播方向在相对于该方向的一个角度范围内发射调制光线;及波导,该波导沿传播轴线延伸,并设置成接收从投影仪入射的光线,根据它们的入射角沿该波导沿传播轴线相隔一定距离发射光线。优选地,还设有用于在投影图像进入波导之前在横向对投影图像进行放大的装置;此波导可呈现大显示板的形式。
使波导沿其长度(即沿光线在波导中的传播方向)相隔一定距离发射光线的一个简单方法是使波导为板状,最好由统一的材料制造,但沿其长度成锥形。这意味着被捕捉的光线入射到板表面上的入射角变得更陡,直到不能再进行波导,且光线或其一部分从波导的表面离开,一种可能有帮助的工艺使用适当的抗反射涂层。然后可以适当地导向观察者。当然,光线的初始角越陡,它们离开越快,这意味着最陡的入射光线是使图像位于波导上最接近投影仪的部分上的光线,最平(最接近平行)的光线形成最远部分的图像。例如可从EP0663600(Nitto JushiKogyo K.K.)中获知该原理。
放大器本身可以是在投影仪与发射波导之间侧立的板波导,且宽度与屏幕(即发射波导)相同,从而允许光线沿横向扩散开但(假定放大波导的侧边平行)保持光线的面外角。该系统可以折叠,使锥形波导与放大波导重叠。
作为板波导放大器的替换方案,可使用基本上一维的输入波导,该波导垂直于发射波导成锥形,沿后一波导的输入边缘以这种方式设置,使得在输入波导厚端输入的光线沿其长度射入发射波导中。
在一可替换的方面,本发明涉及一种平面光源,包括一如前述的发射波导,及一个一维或零维的光源,该光源的输出输送到波导中,从而在波导平面上出射。这代表了一种提供如用于显示器的平面的、特别是校准、的光源的简单方法。
本发明还涉及一种大面积显示器,其中设置一小面积图像源将图像投影到比光源宽得多的板波导中,这样图像保留在波导平面中但横向扩张,并从波导出射而投影到设置成平行于板但与之偏离的屏幕上。这里一方面如前面那样通过在波导中的横向扩张实现了图像的二维扩散,另一方面,通过允许光线从波导端部出射,仍基本上进行校准,从而倾斜地打击屏幕,因而与前述方法不同。
附图说明
为了更好地理解本发明,现在参照附图通过举例对其进行描述,其中:
图1示出光线沿一锥形波导传播的距离是如何根据光线入射角度确定的;
图2示出一锥形波导显示器;
图3示出如何使用一对棱镜来折叠一波导显示器;
图4示出一折叠的锥形波导显示器;
图5示出一锥形波导显示器,在板导波的入口处有一圆柱形透镜和一球形透镜,这提高了显示器的分辨率;
图6示出投影出一三维图像的锥形波导显示器;
图7示出一浮法玻璃系统,通过借助于电磁场在熔融金属表面产生一倾坡而制造锥形玻璃;
图8示出一锥形波导,其中锥形的作用由光栅实现;
图9示出通过使波导变薄而产生锥形波导显示器的板波导中的透镜;
图10示出如何用第二锥形来放大在一维上垂直于传播轴线的投影图像;
图11示出锥形波导镜片如何像校准透镜的平板形式那样表现,使得从一未调制源如荧光灯射入锥形波导显示器中的光线可以扩散,从而用校准的光线照亮液晶显示器;
图12示出如何像其它光线调制显示器那样将锥形波导显示器用作光学开关;及
图13示出将波导原理用于图像扩张的另一实施例。
具体实施方式
众所周知,以足够小的面外角(out of plane angle)照射到由透明材料制成的长方体板上的光线将在长方体的侧边通过完全内部反射而前后反射,直到光线到达与射入相反的一端。光线称作被导引,材料板称作波导,而光线的面外角在其穿过波导传播时保持恒定。
但如果光线射入如图1所示的锥形波导的厚端,则相对于锥形1测量的面外角将在光线在锥形相对面反射时改变。最后光线沿锥形1传播足够远,以至于面外角变得大于临界角,此时光线离开锥形1。因此光线进入锥形波导1中而离开锥形1的距离由光线射入角确定,这是本发明探索的重要现象。
图2中所示的锥形波导显示器通过分别将来自图像投影仪2每个象素的校正光线射入锥形矩形波导1的厚端而操作,图像投影仪2自身由微显示器2a和投影透镜2b构成。入射通过宽度与锥形波导相同的输入板波导3进行。投影仪设置成略微位于波导平面之外,从而与该平面成一角度射入光线。来自投影仪2的光线聚集到一点,该点的直径大致等于输入板波导3的厚度,输入板波导3的厚度均匀并等于锥形波导1的厚端厚度。来自聚焦点的光线射入板波导3的边缘,光线在此处限定在矩形且厚度恒定的板3的平面上,但在它们到达其端部之前扩散到其整个宽度。光线然后穿出板3的相对边缘,穿过轴线垂直于传播平面的圆柱形透镜4,进入锥形波导1的厚端。在这个传播过程中,光线连续由一对镜5a、5b限定,该对镜5a、5b的前部镀银表面与板波导3的各表面共面。
圆柱形透镜4的聚焦线延伸穿过光线射入板波导3的点,因而在进入锥形波导1后,光线全部享有相同的面内角(in-plane angle)。现在通过光线所起源的微显示器2a的列来确定光线在锥形波导1中传播的列,通过光线起源的微显示器2a的行来确定光线的面外角(如图2中的纸平面中看到的,列跨页延伸,而行大致从左下向右上延伸)。由于光线离开锥形波导1的高度是由它们的面外角确定的,将微显示器2a上的2D象素矩阵一个接一个地绘制到锥形波导1表面上的2D象素矩阵上。
当光线沿锥形波导之字形运行时,一次只照亮锥形波导的一个表面。为使锥形波导的两个表面都连续被照亮,微显示器2a上的任何象素都应当产生一对在任何点都具有相等但相反面外角的交互传播的光线。这在图2中的实施例中实现,前部镀银的镜6在光线入射点放置在板波导3下方。
众所周知,所有未导向的光线从它们直径最小的一点会聚或发散。光线在波导中也可以像这样运行,理想地,光线将在它们从锥形波导1中射出时直径最小,因而形成于锥形波导1的表面上的象素较小。但这很难实施,替换方案是将入射光线的直径设定成等于锥形波导1的厚端厚度,使整个内部反射的导向活动防止光线进一步发散。这样象素直径大致等于楔的厚端的厚度;因而该厚度应当尽可能减小。楔的厚端一般为1毫米厚,薄端为0.2毫米厚,这样如果屏幕是1米高,则锥角大致为0.05度。
当光线离开锥形波导1时,它们将刚刚超过临界角。结果是光线与锥形波导1表面之间的角度大致等于锥形1的角度。对于多数显示器,需要半透明屏幕7这样的元件来散射光线,以给一个充足的观察角,但该元件不能比大致20微米更近,否则它将与反射光线的损耗波干涉。由光线形成于半透明屏幕7上的象素的尺寸将等于由光线与屏幕之间的角分割的光线直径。出射光线的直径将是光线出射前其损耗波深度的数量级,如果是大约20微米,则与屏幕形成0.8毫弧度角度的象素的尺寸将是20/.8=25mm。如果需要较小的象素,则可在第一锥形波导1与半透明屏幕7之间设置与第一锥形波导相同但斜边对斜边地置于其上的第二锥形波导。
当光线的面外角略微超过波导的临界角时,只有一部分光线将从常规波导中离开。剩余部分的光线将继续向波导下方传播,光线每次入射到小导表面上时离开一部分。这使用于一个象素的光线与其它象素重叠,结果产生重像。解决方案是涂覆一抗反射涂层。可用ElsevierScience在1997年出版的《传感器与致动器》第71-79页的B:化学41卷中由A.J.C.Tubb、F.P.Payne、R.B.Millington和C.R.Lowe撰写的“单一模式光学纤维离子波化学传感器”中所发现类型的矩阵理论设计涂层的厚度和指数。如果在折射系数为n0的绝缘体中运行的波长为λ的光线以角度θ垂直于一组平面绝缘体入射,第m个绝缘体的折射系数为nm,厚度为dm,则反射系数r由下式给定:
其中:
及
其中:
其中:
其中:
其中:
及:
如果光线与界面所对的角度大于临界角,则光线将完全内部反射,可写一算法来用试错法计算一组涂层的厚度和折射系数,该组涂层在角度略大于临界角时使反射系数为零。
还可以增加其它的涂层而将幅射波向界面垂线弯折,由半透明屏幕7对其进行散射,而象素不会变得过大,还可以用以上面的等式为基础的算法按照要求设计这些层。对于彩色显示器,需要设计涂层,使波长为红、绿和蓝色的光线没有反射地出射,对于白光显示器,可能要求涂层有分级的系数。
图2中的屏幕理想地应当折叠而紧凑,但波导中的叠层必须环绕叠层保持面内角和面外角。一种方法是充分地逐渐地弯折波导,使角度不改变,但弧度半径必须是大约5厘米,这使得结果更加庞大。图3示出怎样用一对斜边镀银并用低折射率材料制造的45度棱镜8将光线折叠180度而不损失面内和面外角。图4示出如何用该棱镜8产生一紧凑的锥形波导显示器。两个波导具有相同的宽度并在传播方向上具有大致相同的进度。
如图5所示,放置在板波导3入口处的透镜2b用作投影透镜,并使光线会聚到一焦点。这减小了象素的宽度并因此提高了显示器的潜在分辨率。如果显示器上到达每一行的光学路径长度略有不同,则理想地,透镜2b的焦度应当随面外光线角改变,为此必须优化适当的非球面。在光学路径长度增加而面外光线角减小的情况下,可能需要一附加的圆柱形透镜9,因为其焦度随面外光线角而增大。
离开锥形波导显示器的光线在方位上进行校准,如果光线由一列轴线在水平面上(图2中的方位)的圆柱形小透镜散射,则可在单一的方位角上看到图像。因此如图6所示,可在板波导底部增加其它投影仪21、22、23等,每个投影仪自身将产生一可在波导显示器的锥形1上看到的图像。但由每个投影仪产生的图像可在不同的方向看到,如果每个投影仪显示的是从适于该投影仪的视点成像的三维物体图像,则锥形波导的屏幕1上的图像将呈现三维。可能需要在方位上略微发散的元件来消除三维图像的相邻视角之间的暗区。
锥形波导可通过彼此成一角度打磨板波导的表面而制成,但这样既费工又昂贵。塑料锥形波导可通过注塑来制造,但玻璃通常比塑料便宜。图7示出如何用浮法玻璃方法制造锥形波导。由交流电驱动的电磁体放置在用常规平玻璃工艺制造的熔融锡后面,这样在锡中感应出一交变磁场,将其吸引到电磁体上。因此锡产生了一斜坡,这样由该表面生产的玻璃具有锥形截面。
锥形波导的作用使光线面外角随光线沿波导传播的距离而有一连续的变化速度。将波导制成锥形只是这样做的一个方式。在可替换方案中包括:如图8所示,提供一个板波导1,该板波导1具有浮印在板波导1的其中一个表面上的衍射光栅;在板波导1的两个表面上浮印周期略为不同的标记的衍射光栅;对板波导覆层的折射率进行分级。后两种方法未图示。
圆柱形透镜4在该对前部镀银镜之间的作用是为了校准来自图形投影仪的光线。一种可能的替换方案是改变波导的厚度以放慢中央光线。例如如图9所示,如果中央变得较薄,则光线以一较陡的角度跳动,因而它们沿传播轴线前进的速度下降。这个原理当然可以普遍应用到波导上,不仅仅是显示。
如果锥形波导的大表面是平的,且图形投影仪的象素均匀分布,则锥形波导上的图像将变形。这种变形可通过改变图形投影仪的发光列中象素行之间的间距,或者通过用一可通过认真设计发现的形状改变锥形波导的倾角而消除。
圆柱形透镜4和平波导3可一起由如图10所示在传播方向上垂直于第一锥形波导并沿第一锥形波导的输入边缘设置的第二锥形波导25替换。该第二波导25是线性或一维的,并位于输出侧锥形波导1的平面中。该对波导中的每一个对来自单一投影仪27的光线进行扩散,该单一投影仪27在二维中的每一维中将光线射入线性波导25的厚端。该第二波导也是锥形的,但基本上一维,保持了水平面(即垂直于第一波导及该波导中传播方向的平面)中的角度。应当在第一和第二锥形波导之间设置一组如由3M作为Scotch光学照明胶片提供的棱镜26,将光线弯折离开第一锥形波导的表面并进入第二锥形表面的边缘。
波长较短的光线发散程度小于波长较长的光线。如果仅使用单一波长则可以避免这种发散。例如,在锥形波导屏幕上的图像可生成紫外线或任何其它适当的波长,然后用红、绿和蓝色荧光体制成的屏幕会聚成颜色。理想地,紫外线激活的光照基本上应是单色的,如由激光产生的那样,因而没有任何色散。当液晶以这种方式将光线调制到荧光屏上时,如果紫外线被校准的话,则知道它们会更有效。但用于图像投影仪中的光线点源比荧光管更昂贵效率更低。一种替换方案是如图11所示,将来自紫外线荧光管31的未改变的光线射入锥形波导镜片中,然后将一大面积液晶显示器放置在锥形屏幕上,从而在光线由荧光体调制成可见之前对其进行调制。可替换地,如果单色显示足够,则可使用可见光而不用荧光体。当该锥形波导镜片将来自一小的完全散射源的光线校准到一大的校准源时,它完成与透镜相同的动作,但锥形波导具有平的优点。
任何光调制显示器可在经适当修改后用作光学开关,图12示出如何将锥形波导镜片重新构造成用作开关。入射光线的方向是恒定的,因而在任何时间光线仅在一点离开每个波导,并设置了两个锥形,从而以与图10中几乎相同的方式对光线进行重新定向。每个锥形出口侧上的覆层涂上一层折射率能够可控制地改变的材料层41,从而移动从波导出去的点。这确定了所发射光线在屏幕平面上的释放位置。然后将聚光器如纤维放置在屏幕上,以收集被开关的光线。
可寻址层41的折射系数,可例如用电激活聚合物或者其中折射系数可变层通过密集光照而开关的克尔效应,每100ps改变0.1%。在后一种情况中,折射系数可变层自身包括一光学波导,光线平行于锥形波导的表面照射到光学波导的边缘中。最后的改进是对两锥形覆层的折射系数在相差上进行正弦变化,使屏幕上光线发射点形成一圆。发射点每100ps完成圆的一次旋转,但可环绕圆的周边铺设一些光学纤维,因而开关能够使光以可能大于1THz的速度多路传输。
如图13中所示,可将平的输入波导3用于更简单类型的大面积显示器,其中从一相对较小的投影仪2出来的投影图像在运行穿过波导时横向扩张。因此光并没有输入到一锥形波导中,而是简单地允许其从平的波导的远边缘出射,并保持面内角和面外角,落在略微设置在波导平面后面的屏幕7上。这种设置会有一些梯形失真,但在许多应用中是可以容许的。
Claims (20)
1.一种光学系统,包括基本平面状的波导(1)及调制光源(2),该波导(1)具有输入边缘和平面延伸部,光线可通过完全内部反射沿该平面延伸部传播离开该边缘,该光源(2)设置成在一个面外角范围内将光线入射到输入边缘,该波导构造成一个光发射波导,使得以不同的面外角进入的光线沿波导中的传播方向在各不同点离开发射波导,而不是完全内部反射。
2.根据权利要求1的光学系统,其特征在于,其中该波导(1)为锥形,沿其传播方向变窄。
3.根据权利要求1或2的光学系统,其特征在于,还包括在波导一个表面上的抗反射涂层。
4.根据权利要求1的光学系统,其特征在于,还包括将离开波导的光线朝波导平面铅垂线重新定向的装置。
5.根据权利要求1的光学系统,其特征在于,还包括输入波导(3,25),该输入波导(3,25)设置成对从光源输入的光线进行导向,使其基本上在发射波导(1)的整个上述输入边缘上发射。
6.根据权利要求5的光学系统,其特征在于,其中输入波导(3)自身是带有输入边缘的平面或板波导,设置成在平面内对从输入边缘上的一点起源的光线进行扩散,同时保持其面外角,将光线入射到发射波导(1)的上述边缘中。
7.根据权利要求6的光学系统,其特征在于,还包括将来自输入波导(3)的光线耦合到发射波导(1)的上述输入边缘中的装置。
8.根据权利要求5至7中任一项的光学系统,其特征在于,其中光源是投影仪(2),该投影仪(2)设置成以不同的面外角将调制的光线入射到输入波导(3)中。
9.根据权利要求8的系统,沿输入波导(3)的输入边缘具有若干个这种投影仪(21,22,23,...)。
10.根据权利要求8的系统,其特征在于,该系统是一显示器。
11.根据权利要求9和10的系统,其特征在于,其中每个投影仪以形成三维显示器的方式输入不同的图像。
12.根据权利要求5至7中的任一项的光学系统,其特征在于,还包括光学换向器(8),该换向器(8)保持面内角和面外角,并允许两平面波导相互折叠在一起。
13.根据权利要求5的光学系统,其特征在于,其中该输入波导(25)基本上是一维的,并沿发射波导的上述输入边缘设置,该输入波导以这种方式构成,以不同面外角入射到其一端的光线沿其长度在不同点离开,从而入射到平面波导中。
14.根据权利要求13的光学系统,其特征在于,其中光源是投影仪(2),该投影仪(2)设置成将调制光线入射到线性波导中。
15.根据权利要求14的光学系统,其特征在于,其中投影仪(27)设置成以不同的面外角将光线入射到线性波导(25)中。
16.根据权利要求6的光学系统,其特征在于,其中输入波导(3)和发射波导(1)中的一个位于另一个之上,所述系统还包括一对棱镜,用于将来自输入波导的光线折返回发射波导。
17.根据权利要求6的光学系统,其特征在于,所述输入波导是一种基本平面状的片状光学波导,具有输入端和输出端,并形成可选择地改变的厚度,从而对在波导平面中前方传播的该系列波进行转向。
18.根据权利要求17的光学系统,其特征在于,其中该厚度变化横跨波导的宽度。
19.根据权利要求18的光学系统,其特征在于,其中厚度以这种方式变化,使得圆形波峰转换成直线波峰。
20.一种光学调制装置,包括:
基本平面状的波导(1),具有输入边缘和平面延伸部,光线可沿该延伸部通过完全反射方式从该边缘传播,该波导构造成光发射波导,使得以不同的面外角进入的光线沿波导在各不同点离开波导,而不是完全内部反射;
输入波导(25),该输入波导基本上是一维的,并沿发射波导的上述输入边缘设置,从而在发射波导的整个上述输入边缘上对从光源输入的光线进行导向;及
调制光源(47),设置成将光线入射到输入波导中;
每个波导还包括可寻址的部件(41),该部件(41)设置成改变光线离开各波导的位置,光源适于以一单一角度将光线输入到输入波导中,并设置光线收集装置,如光学纤维,用于当发射点改变时收集从该平面发射波导发射的光线。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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GB0006709.0 | 2000-03-20 | ||
GB0006709A GB2360603A (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2000-03-20 | Planar optical waveguide and float glass process |
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CN1419784A CN1419784A (zh) | 2003-05-21 |
CN1217539C true CN1217539C (zh) | 2005-08-31 |
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CN018069274A Expired - Fee Related CN1217539C (zh) | 2000-03-20 | 2001-03-20 | 一种光学系统和光学调制装置 |
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US (1) | US6608961B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1273168A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4996029B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100819489B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1217539C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU4090001A (zh) |
GB (1) | GB2360603A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2001072037A1 (zh) |
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- 2001-03-20 EP EP01911982A patent/EP1273168A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-03-20 KR KR1020027012056A patent/KR100819489B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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- 2001-03-20 JP JP2001570073A patent/JP4996029B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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US6608961B2 (en) | 2003-08-19 |
GB0006709D0 (en) | 2000-05-10 |
JP2003528356A (ja) | 2003-09-24 |
EP1273168A1 (en) | 2003-01-08 |
AU4090001A (en) | 2001-10-03 |
CN1419784A (zh) | 2003-05-21 |
KR20020092986A (ko) | 2002-12-12 |
GB2360603A (en) | 2001-09-26 |
WO2001072037A1 (en) | 2001-09-27 |
US20020008854A1 (en) | 2002-01-24 |
JP4996029B2 (ja) | 2012-08-08 |
KR100819489B1 (ko) | 2008-04-07 |
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