Polysilicon resistance and manufacture method thereof
The present invention relates generally to be used in the electronic unit of electronic integrated circuit and/or the electronic unit of making by corresponding process, particularly the resistance of making by polysilicon and the manufacture method of this resistance thereof.
In the analog circuit that in as telecommunication system, uses, high to the stability requirement of the resistance in it.The absolute value that stability requirement shows as resistance must be lower than maximum can allow the limiting value that changes, and/or may the changing of resistance value that shows as the resistance in the resistance family that is included in coupling must meet each other that the ratio of resistance sizes can not depart from certain limiting value.A kind of resistance of adequate types is the resistance based on polysilicon (" polysilicon ").Can produce by normally used method in the manufacturing electronic integrated circuit field.
In electronic applications, used existing about 30 years time of polysilicon resistance.The method of making polysilicon is well-known, by in polysilicon, adding dopant, the method that the resistivity of polysilicon is controlled to the value that needs is also known, and this can " be used for the polysilicon that integrated circuit is used " referring to the article of Kluver AcademicPublishers T.Kamins in 1988.
Known problem is the stable not always satisfactory of it in the polysilicon resistance.During the different step in manufacturing operation and between the actual operating period of circuit, this resistance is easy to change their resistance value.Certainly, this and deviation planned value can endanger the work that resistance comprises circuit within it.Find that unsettled reason is that crystal boundary at polysilicon exists unsaturated " suspension " key.Unsaturated bond is equivalent to trap to electric charge carrier, thus electric charge is strapped in crystal boundary, influences the ability of transmission of materials electric charge carrier, thereby has influenced the resistivity of material and the overall electrical resistance of polysilicon resistance.
Now using compensation mixes and makes polysilicon resistance, this polysilicon resistance is not too responsive to the variation of concentration of dopant, and has lower temperature coefficient than the polycrystalline film of only mixing with a kind of dopant, can introduce only for reference here referring to disclosed European patent application EP-A20145926.According to the method that proposes in the document, with boron polysilicon film is carried out the background doping of p type, carry out n type counter doping with phosphorus after, material obtains clean p type and mixes.Therefore obtaining relevant with concentration of dopant and same relevant with temperature resistivity reduces.The background doping level that carries out with boron is no more than 5 * 10
19Cm
-3, and comprise 2,9 * 10 at most with the n type counter doping of prescribed concentration
18The journal of Korea S's Institute Of Electrical Engineering in 1987, the 24th phase, the article of the 81st page of J.B.Kim and M.S.Choi compares.
When in the polysilicon that hydrogen atom is joined doping, the unsaturated bond reaction in they and the polysilicon is also blocked them, makes them not be re-used as the trap of electric charge carrier.Yet the problem that exists with the unsaturated bond bonded hydrogen atom is that their bonding force is lower.When increasing temperature, therefore the bonding of hydrogen atom and silicon atom can rupture, and hydrogen atom will diffuse out from crystal boundary then.The resistance of the silicon body of handling with hydrogen changes in uncontrollable mode afterwards.When using polysilicon resistance during the manufacturing step of polysilicon resistance and in the circuit in reality, this temperature increase or rising all can take place.
And, form and be generally used for protecting in the passivating film of silicon nitride of finished product integrated circuit and parts and comprise a large amount of hydrogen (being generally 20-25%) by plasma CVD.
The same atom of making other type of using in the different processing step of polysilicon resistance also can be bonded on very responsiveness in the crystal boundary, the undersaturated dangling bonds, influences the stability of finished product resistance.
The problem to be solved in the present invention is how to provide and how to make to be used for having the height or enough polysilicon resistances of stability as analog circuit, thereby how to guarantee making and/or between the operating period, and resistance value etc. are not with the variation of uncontrollable mode.
More than about the solution of the problem of polysilicon resistance stability be: the condition in considering to make and the circuit of use, the unsaturated bond in the almost permanent property ground blocking-up crystal boundary.By using known method, the donor atom of quite big concentration is joined in the polycrystalline silicon material, carry out this blocking-up operation.When making resistance, to heat-treat during the step, the donor atom of many addings is diffused into the crystal boundary of silicon materials, and the blocking-up unsaturated bond also takes up position.Therefore the latter can not form the trap of the electric charge carrier that influences resistivity.The concentration of the donor atom that adds should be very big, makes only to have donor atom in the material, and this should think intimate heavy doping.For average grain size is 1000 and with the initial polycrystalline film of mixing of phosphorus, this means that donor concentration is at least 310
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-3
In order resistivity to be arranged on the value that needs, also acceptor atom should be joined in the silicon materials, the alms giver that advocated peace is present in the finished product polysilicon jointly.The concentration of being led should be with add be subjected to main the combination after, the concentration of the net charge charge carrier of generation makes material obtain the resistivity of needs.Because the part donor atom diffuses into crystal boundary, therefore do not contribute electric charge carrier, the concentration that needs of dopant is difficult for calculating, but must be by experiment suitably to determine definite concentration.
Acceptor atom uses boron at first, and phosphorus and arsenic are used as donor atom.Yet for all common acceptor materials, boron, aluminium, gallium or indium when they use separately or interosculate use, obviously can obtain comprising the identical barrier effect of similar stability.In addition, the same with other any acceptor material, all types of being led, the use of can using separately or interosculate of phosphorus, arsenic or antimony.The order of magnitude that joins in the polycrystalline silicon material alms giver that forms resistance and acceptor atom in addition is unimportant.The most important only is that the Cmin of donor atom is not less than the above rank that is considered to be close to highly doped material when only adding a kind of alms giver or several alms giver.P or n type that alms giver in the material and the net concentration of being led should make material can obtain the resistivity that needs and needing obtain.
In addition, and do not require that adding dopant atom in the technology period project uses with simple element form to alms giver or acceptor atom in the polysilicon, also can use by compound form, molecule in these compounds disconnects in introducing technology as long as they have, and foreign atom can penetrate in the material.
Only be suitable for thin polycrystalline film at first according to above doping method, but be suitable for all types of polysilicon resistances of having any resistance value with the donor doping of being advocated peace equally.
Word " resistance " is illustrated in all application of using polysilicon here, and the material of conduction current forms the ability of impedance electric current.
Connect after injecting by ion and recover dislocation and intracell dopant atom is distributed to the heat treatment of suitable position, with the alms giver and/or be subjected to main joining in the polysilicon.By adding dopant during making polycrystalline silicon material, or be diffused into subsequently in the polycrystalline material by dopant, dopant atom also joins in the material.In containing the atmosphere of one or more gases, carry out a kind of method in back by heat treatment polycrystalline material in the step therein, wherein comprise the alms giver and the acceptor atom of needs in the molecule in the gas.Is the material that contains the dopant atom of needs in the surface applied of polycrystalline material with diffuse dopants to the another kind of mode in the material, and concentration should be enough to make these atoms or to diffuse in the polycrystalline silicon material subsequently in the heat treated while.
Below with reference to accompanying drawing, the embodiment by indefiniteness at length introduces the present invention, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the generalized section of the resistance of polysilicon manufacturing,
Fig. 2 is the resistance shown in the last figure that amplifies of the subregion height of counter doping,
Fig. 3 is the accelerating weight result of experiment figure of polysilicon resistance,
Fig. 4 is the measurement result figure of the polysilicon film of having heat-treated in hydrogeneous atmosphere.
An example that in Fig. 1, has shown the section of polysilicon resistance.Described polysilicon resistance is made on the carrier structure 1 that contains integrated parts, has or be connected to the insulating barrier 3 of Si oxide at its top, for example can be by thermal oxidation but can certainly form described insulating barrier by deposit.In the embodiment that shows, bottom at carrier structure 1, be provided with silicon substrate 5 as the monocrystalline silicon plate, it on silicon substrate 5 silicon substrate region 7 with material diffusion zones of different within it, being the layer structure 9 that comprises dielectric material and polysilicon on silicon substrate region 7, is oxide layer 3 at the top of carrier structure 1.Oxide layer 3 is provided with platform or " table top " 11 that constitutes the resistance body, can find out to have for example rectangular shape from above, as can be seen from Figure 2 this resistance body.Resistance body 11 comprises inside or mid portion 13, and this part provides or determine the resistance value of resistance, and outer part 15 is used for contact, can carry out heavy doping, therefore has quite low resistance.
Being coated with oxide layer 17 at the assembly top that comprises carrier structure 1 and resistance body 11, is silicon nitride layer 19 on oxide layer 17, but at the top of assembly the layer that comprises active or passive electric device and electronic device is set also.This two-layer upper surface down to contact zone 15 is passed in hole 21.15 the surface in the contact zone, 21 inside provides zone 23 in the hole, to improve and the contacting of the aluminium conductive path 25 of the electrical connection that is used for resistance.Zone 23 comprises conductive diffusion barrier layer, and this layer comprises for example by next titanium or some titanium compound of coating diffusion.
The schematic diagram that in the local figure that the height of Fig. 2 amplifies, has also shown the counterdopant region of polysilicon resistance.Compare with above discussion, be subjected to main A, alms giver D, electric charge carrier trap T and hydrogen atom H how in crystal grain 31 or crystal boundary 33, to occupy their position respectively as can be seen from Figure.
With reference now to the manufacturing of case introduction polysilicon resistance,, at first introduces the manufacturing of the resistance of single doping.Example 1
By the CVD method (chemical vapor deposition) of routine, be that the policrystalline silicon film that thickness is about 5500 is formed on the top of the thermal silicon dioxide layer of 9000 at thickness.Relend the silicon dioxide that helps CVD to be about 5500 at the deposited on top thickness of polysilicon film.Afterwards, under 1050 ℃, carry out 30 minutes heat treatment, the crystallite dimension of restricting poly-silicon.Oxide is removed on the surface of corrosion polysilicon, afterwards with the energy of 80Kev with 110
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-3The boron of concentration is injected in the film.After this mask that photoetching is formed places on the polysilicon, and corrosion resistance afterwards is so that obtain the length of 200 μ m and the width of 20 μ m.Then, by the silicon dioxide that CVD is 6500 at 400 ℃ of deposition thicknesses, carry out 1000 ℃ about 45 minutes heat treatment afterwards.After this connect the common process flow process in the technical field of making electronic integrated circuit, comprise that corrosion contact hole, metallization, photoetching limit conductive path, carry out 20 minutes alloying under 420 ℃ in hydrogen, and to utilize thickness be that the silicon nitride layer of 9000 carries out passivation.Generate last-mentioned layer by plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD).Polycrystalline film is the p type, and resistivity is 605 ohms/square.
Resistance is installed in the ceramic envelope with conventional mode, then under 98 ℃ and 150 ℃, resistance is applied the voltage of 30V, in time cycle of 1000 hours nearly, to the Thermal Stress Experiment that resistance quickens, the resistance value of measuring resistance after 0,168,500 and 1000 hour.For 150 ℃ of higher temperature, the result is shown in solid line crooked among Fig. 3.As can be seen from Figure, the resistance value when initial with test process is compared, and resistance value increases by 2%.Having the so big resistance that changes for example generally is unsuitable for being used in the analog circuit.
In addition, the resistance that the polysilicon of manufacturing double doping is made, this double doping is a counter doping, as mentioned above, is used for blocking the electric charge carrier trap of crystal boundary.The quite high initial experiment of donor atom concentration that adds.In fact, donor atom is dense as can be seen, if they exist only in the material, can think that material is essentially heavy doping.For average grain size is the polycrystal film of 1000 , this means that donor concentration is at least 310
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-3Example 2
According to example 1, be 810 for 80Kev dosage at energy
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-3Condition under on polysilicon film, inject boron, going at energy afterwards is 13.610 for 120Kev dosage
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-3Condition under inject phosphorus.Use-case 1 identical mode is made resistance by the polysilicon film that obtains.Polycrystalline film in the resistance is the n type, and resistivity is 1020 ohms/square.
Resistance is installed on the ceramic envelope, carries out 98 and 150 ℃ of acceleration Thermal Stress Experiments then up to 1000 hours.The variation of resistance value is illustrated by the dashed curve among Fig. 32 under the high temperature, and the resistance value when initial with test is compared, and the increase of resistance value is less than 1% as can be seen.This expression can obtain stable effect according to the resistance of the method manufacturing of introducing here.Example 3
According to example 1, the corrosion silicon face removes oxide on polysilicon film, is 410 at energy for 80Kev dosage afterwards
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-3Condition under inject boron, be 9.610 at energy for 120Kev dosage afterwards
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-3Condition under inject arsenic.Use-case 1 identical mode is made resistance by the polysilicon film that obtains.Polycrystalline film in the resistance is the n type, and resistivity is 699 ohms/square.
Resistance is installed on the ceramic envelope, carries out 98 and 150 ℃ of acceleration Thermal Stress Experiments then up to 1000 hours.Changes in resistance amount in the example 2 of these changes in resistance amounts and doped with boron and phosphorus is basic identical as can be seen.Example 4
According to example 1, the corrosion silicon face removes oxide on polysilicon film, is 810 at energy for 80Kev dosage afterwards
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-3Condition under inject boron, be 510 at energy for 120Kev dosage afterwards
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-3Condition under inject arsenic.Use-case 1 identical mode is made resistance by the polysilicon film that obtains.Polycrystalline film in the resistance is the p type, and resistivity is 241 ohms/square.
Resistance is installed on the ceramic envelope, carries out 98 and 150 ℃ of acceleration Thermal Stress Experiments then up to 1000 hours.Changes in resistance amount in the example 1 of these changes in resistance amounts and doped with boron and phosphorus is basic identical as can be seen.
Owing to comprise hydrogen in the passivating film of the silicon nitride of making by plasma enhanced CVD, so compare with above discussion, in the time of in being exposed to hydrogen atmosphere, it is very important that the film of making does not change their resistance value or stability reduction this point.Be exposed to according to many films of above example manufacturing and contain in the hydrogen atmosphere of nitrogen that volume ratio is 10% hydrogen and 90%, under 420 ℃, carry out 20 minutes accelerated tests.Measured resistance value before hydrogen treat and afterwards, the variation of measuring the relevant resistance value of the resistance value of calculating when initial with experiment.In Fig. 4, shown the result who measures.According to the membrane change maximum that the example 1 of single doping is made, in Fig. 4 curve 1.Curve 2 expression among Fig. 4 is with boron and phosphorus counter doping but the result of the very little film of phosphorus concentration.Only surpass 310 at phosphorus concentration
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-3Situation under, the hydrogen-sensitivity of material significantly reduces, and sees the curve 3 among Fig. 4.