CN1165582C - 阻燃的聚碳酸酯-abs模塑组合物 - Google Patents
阻燃的聚碳酸酯-abs模塑组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1165582C CN1165582C CNB998021601A CN99802160A CN1165582C CN 1165582 C CN1165582 C CN 1165582C CN B998021601 A CNB998021601 A CN B998021601A CN 99802160 A CN99802160 A CN 99802160A CN 1165582 C CN1165582 C CN 1165582C
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- KWQPWOQUXSQDNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,3,4-trimethylphenyl) dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(C)=C1C KWQPWOQUXSQDNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- QCENBAIVVIEPCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1(=C(C=CC=C1)CC)C.C1(=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound C1(=C(C=CC=C1)CC)C.C1(=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1 QCENBAIVVIEPCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc oxide Inorganic materials [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trizinc;diborate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ Benzene hexachloride Chemical compound ClC1C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C1Cl JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L69/00—Compositions of polycarbonates; Compositions of derivatives of polycarbonates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
- C08K5/51—Phosphorus bound to oxygen
- C08K5/52—Phosphorus bound to oxygen only
- C08K5/521—Esters of phosphoric acids, e.g. of H3PO4
- C08K5/523—Esters of phosphoric acids, e.g. of H3PO4 with hydroxyaryl compounds
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L23/26—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/28—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment by reaction with halogens or halogen-containing compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
- C08L25/08—Copolymers of styrene
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L51/04—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to rubbers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L69/005—Polyester-carbonates
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/002—Physical properties
- C08K2201/003—Additives being defined by their diameter
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- C08L2201/02—Flame or fire retardant/resistant
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L2666/02—Organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials
- C08L2666/14—Macromolecular compounds according to C08L59/00 - C08L87/00; Derivatives thereof
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及阻燃热塑性模塑组合物,包含芳族聚碳酸酯或聚酯碳酸酯,接枝聚合物,热塑性乙烯基共聚物,氟代聚烯烃,0.5-20重量份至少一种式(I)的磷化合物,其(组分D)平均缩聚度N总是>5,平均颗粒直径为0.1-200nm的精细无机粉末和/或单磷化合物,所有组分的重量份之和为100。
Description
本发明涉及具有优异阻燃性的聚碳酸酯-ABS模塑组合物,该组合物包含平均缩聚度>5的低聚磷化合物及无机微颗粒和/或单磷酸酯作为组合阻燃剂。
EP-A-0 640 655描述了包含芳族聚碳酸酯、含苯乙烯的共聚物、和接枝聚合物的模塑组合物,通过用缩聚度为1-2的单和低聚磷化合物处理该组合物可使之阻燃。
EP-A-0 363 608描述了芳族聚碳酸酯、含苯乙烯的共聚物、或接枝聚合物、及作为阻燃添加剂的低聚磷酸酯的阻燃聚合物混合物。为了获得满意的阻燃程度,缩聚度必须在1.2-1.7范围内。实施例证明缩聚度为2.8则不能得到令人满意的阻燃度。
EP-A 0 103 230描述了包含特种聚碳酸酯、含苯乙烯的共聚物、或接枝聚合物的模塑组合物,同样用聚磷酸酯可以赋予其阻燃性。所用聚磷酸酯的缩聚度优选为4-25,其中为了获得阻燃性,必须与聚磷酸酯一起同时使用第二种含卤阻燃剂,或者必须大量使用聚磷酸酯。
因此,本发明的目的是生产阻燃的聚碳酸酯-ABS模塑组合物,通过用磷化合物处理该组合物可赋予其卓越的阻燃性,为了使阻燃剂在加工期间迁移到表面的倾向尽可能低,磷化合物的平均缩聚度应尽可能高且用量为常规量。本发明的目的还在于聚碳酸酯-ABS模塑组合物应具有良好的机械性能。
已令人惊讶地发现通过使用常规量的缩聚度>5的低聚磷化合物,优选磷酸酯化合物,并联合使用无机微颗粒和/或单磷酸化合物可以实现此目的。
因此,本发明涉及阻燃的热塑性模塑组合物,包含
A.5-95,优选30-90,特别优选50-80重量份的芳族聚碳酸酯或聚酯碳酸酯,
B.0.5-60,优选1-40,特别优选2-25重量份B.1接枝在B.2上的至少一种接枝聚合物:
B.1 5-95,优选30-80wt%的一种或多种乙烯基单体,
B.2 95-5,优选70-30wt%的一种或多种玻璃化转变温度<10℃,优选<0℃,特别优选<-20℃的接枝基体,
C.0-45,优选0-30,特别优选2-25重量份热塑性乙烯基共聚物,
D.0.5-20,优选1-18,特别优选2-15重量份至少一种通式(I)的磷化合物
其中
R1、R2、R3和R4彼此独立地各自代表任选卤代的C1-C8-烷基、C5-C6-环烷基、C6-C20-芳基或C7-C12-芳烷基,
n彼此独立地代表0或1,且优选代表1,
N为5-30的数,优选5.5-20,特别优选6-10,
其中对于低聚磷化合物的混合物,组分D的平均缩聚度N>5,并且
X代表含有6-30个碳原子的单或多核芳族基团,任选可被取代,
E.0-5,优选0.15-1,特别优选0.1-0.5重量份氟代聚烯烃,和
F.1 0.5-40,优选1-25,特别优选2-15重量份平均颗粒直径小于或等于200mm的非常精细的无机粉末,和/或
F.2 0.5-20,优选1-18,特别优选2-15重量份式(IA)的单磷化合物
其中R11、R12和R13彼此独立地代表任选卤代的C1-C8-烷基或任选卤代的C6-C20-芳基,
m1代表0或1,并且
n1代表0或1,
其中所有重量份的和A+B+C+D+E+F为100。
同样特别优选的模塑组合物为组分B∶C(只要C存在)的重量比为2∶1-1∶4,优选1∶1-1∶3的模塑组合物。
组分A
对应于适于本发明组分A的芳族聚碳酸酯和/或芳族聚酯碳酸酯是文献中已知的或可用文献中已知的方法生产(芳族聚碳酸酯的生产方法见例如Schnell的“聚碳酸酯的化学和物理”,IntersciencePublishers,1964和DE-AS 1 495 626、DE-OS 2 232 877、DE-OS 2703 376、DE-OS 2 714 544、DE-OS 3 000 610或DE-OS 3 832 396;芳族聚酯碳酸酯的生产方法见例如DE-OS 3 077 934)。
芳族聚碳酸酯是通过相界面方法使双酚与碳酰卤,优选光气,以及/或者与芳族二羧酸二酰卤,优选苯二羧酸二酰卤反应而制备的,任选使用链终止剂例如单酚并任选使用三官能团支化剂或带有三个以上官能团的支化剂,例如三酚或四酚。
适于生产芳族聚碳酸酯和/或芳族聚酯碳酸酯的双酚优选为式(II)所代表者:
其中A代表单键、C1-C5-亚烷基、C2-C5-(1,1-)亚烷基(alkylidene)、C5-C6-环(1,1-)亚烷基、-O-、-SO-、-CO-、-S-、-SO2-、C6-C12-亚芳基,亚芳基可与任选含有杂原子的其它环进行缩合,式(III)的基团:
或式(IV)的基团
基团B彼此独立地各自代表C1-C8-烷基,优选甲基;卤素,优选氯和/或溴;C6-C10-芳基,优选苯基;或C7-C12-芳烷基,优选苄基;
x在每种情况下彼此独立地代表0、1或2,
p为1或0,并且
对于每个X1,R5和R6可单独且彼此独立地挑选并且代表氢或C1-C6-烷基,优选氢、甲基或乙基,
X1代表碳,并且
m代表4-7的整数,优选4或5,条件是在至少一个X1原子上R5和R6同时代表烷基。
优选的双酚为氢醌、间苯二酚、二羟基二苯酚、二-(羟基苯基)-C1-C5-烷烃、二-(羟基苯基)-C5-C6-环烷烃、二-(羟基苯基)醚、二-(羟基苯基)亚砜、二-(羟基苯基)酮、二-(羟基苯基)砜和α,α-二(羟基苯基)二异丙基苯及其环溴代和/或环氯代衍生物。
特别优选的双酚为4,4’-二羟基联苯、双酚A、2,4-二-(4-羟基苯基)-2-甲基丁烷、1,1-二-(4-羟基苯基)环己烷、1,1-二-(4-羟基苯基)-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷、4,4’-二羟基二苯基硫醚、4,4’-二羟基二苯基砜及其二和四溴代或氯代衍生物,如2,2-二-(3-氯-4-羟基苯基)丙烷、2,2-二-(3,5-二氯-4-羟基苯基)丙烷或2,2-二-(3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯基)丙烷。
2,2-二-(4-羟基苯基)丙烷(双酚A)是特别优选的。
双酚可以单独使用或以任意混合物使用。
这些双酚是文献中已知的或可由文献中已知的方法获得。
用于生产热塑性芳族聚碳酸酯的适宜链终止剂的实例包括苯酚、对氯苯酚、对叔丁基苯酚或2,4,6-三溴苯酚,并且还包括根据DE-OS 2 842 005的长链烷基苯酚如4-(1,3-四甲基丁基)苯酚,或在其烷基取代基中含有8-20个碳原子的单烷基苯酚或二烷基苯酚如3,5-二叔丁基苯酚、对异辛基苯酚、对叔辛基苯酚、对十二碳烷基苯酚、2-(3,5-二甲基庚基)苯酚及4-(3,5-二甲基庚基)苯酚。所用链终止剂的量一般占每种情况下所用双酚摩尔总和的0.5-10mol%。
热塑性芳族聚碳酸酯的重均分子量(Mw,例如通过超离心或散射光测量方法测定)为10,000-200,000,优选20,000-80,000。
热塑性芳族聚碳酸酯可用已知方法支化,优选通过引入占所用双酚之和0.05-2.0mol%的官能团≥三的化合物,如带有≥三个酚基团者而实现。
均聚碳酸酯和共聚碳酸酯都是适宜的。为了生产根据本发明组分A的共聚碳酸酯,也可使用1-25wt%,优选2.5-25wt%(相对所用双酚的总量)的带有羟基芳氧基终端的聚二有机硅氧烷。这些化合物是已知的(见例如美国专利3 419 634)或可根据文献中已知的方法制备。例如,在DE-OS 3 334 782中描述了包含聚二有机硅氧烷的共聚碳酸酯的生产方法。
除了双酚A均聚碳酸酯外,优选的聚碳酸酯为双酚A与相对双酚摩尔数之和最多15mol%的作为优选或特别优选提到的其它双酚特别为2,2-二-(3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯基)丙烷的共聚碳酸酯。
生产芳族聚酯碳酸酯的优选芳族二羧酸二酰卤为间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、二苯基醚-4,4’-二甲酸和萘-2,6-二甲酸的二酰氯。
比例为1∶20-20∶1的间苯二甲酸二酰氯和对苯二甲酸二酰氯的混合物是特别优选的。
在生产聚酯碳酸酯时也可另外联合使用碳酰卤,优选光气作为双官能团酸衍生物。
除了上述的单酚外,生产芳族聚酯碳酸酯的适宜链终止剂还包括氯代碳酸酯及可任选被C1-C22-烷基或被卤素原子取代的芳族单羧酸酰氯以及C2-C22-单羧酸酰氯。
在每种情况下各链终止剂的量为0.1-10mol%;该量在酚型链终止剂的情况下是相对双酚的摩尔数而言的,而在单羧酸酰氯链终止剂的情况下是相对二羧酸二酰氯的摩尔数而言的。
芳族聚酯碳酸酯也可包含已引入的芳族羟基羧酸。
芳族聚酯碳酸酯可以是线性的或者可以以已知方法被支化(在这方面也可参见DE-OS 2 940 024和DE-OS 3 007 934)。
支化剂的实例包括以0.01-1.0mol%的量(相对所用二羧酸二酰氯)使用的三或多官能团羧酸酰氯,如均苯三酸三酰氯、氰尿酸三酰氯、3,3’-、4,4’-二苯甲酮四甲酸四酰氯、1,4,5,8-萘四甲酸四酰氯或均苯四甲酸四酰氯,或者相对所用双酚用量为0.01-1.0mol%的三或多官能团酚,如间苯三酚、4,6-二甲基-2,4,6-三-(4-羟基苯基)-2-庚烯、4,4-二甲基-2,4,6-三-(4-羟基苯基)庚烷、1,3,5-三-(4-羟基苯基)苯、1,1,1-三-(4-羟基苯基)乙烷、三-(4-羟基苯基)苯基甲烷、2,2-二[4,4-二(4-羟基苯基)环己基]丙烷、2,4-二(4-羟基苯基异丙基)苯酚、四-(4-羟基苯基)甲烷、2,6-二(2-羟基-5-甲基苄基)-4-甲基苯酚、2-(4-羟基苯基)-2-(2,4-二羟基苯基)丙烷、四-(4-[4-羟基苯基异丙基]苯氧基)甲烷、1,4-二[4,4’-二羟基三苯基)甲基]苯。酚支化剂可以放入盛有双酚的反应器中;酸酰氯支化剂可与酸二酰氯一起加入。
在热塑性芳族聚酯碳酸酯中碳酸酯结构单元的含量可以任意变化。相对于酯基团和碳酸酯基团的和,碳酸酯基团的含量优选最多为100mol%,特别最多为80mol%,特别优选最多为50mol%。
芳族聚酯碳酸酯的酯和碳酸酯部分可以以嵌段的形式存在,或可无规分布于缩聚物中。
芳族聚碳酸酯和聚酯碳酸酯的相对粘度(ηrel)范围为1.18-1.4,优选1.22-1.3(于25℃在0.5g聚碳酸酯或聚酯碳酸酯在100mlCH2Cl2的溶液中测定)。
热塑性芳族聚碳酸酯和聚酯碳酸酯可以其本身使用或以彼此的任意混合物使用。
组分B
组分B包含B.1接枝到B.2上的一种或多种接枝聚合物:
B.1 5-95,优选30-80wt%的至少一种乙烯基单体,
B.2 95-5,优选70-20wt%的一种或多种玻璃化转变温度<10℃,优选<0℃,特别优选<-20℃的接枝基体,
一般,接枝基体B.2的平均粒度(d50值)为0.05-5μm,优选0.10-0.5μm,特别优选0.20-0.40μm。
单体B.1优选为下列化合物的混合物:
B.1.1 50-99重量份芳族乙烯基化合物和/或环取代的芳族乙烯基化合物(例如苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、对甲基苯乙烯或对氯苯乙烯)和/或甲基丙烯酸的(C1-C4)-烷基酯(例如甲基丙烯酸甲酯或甲基丙烯酸乙酯),和
B.1.2 1-50重量份乙烯基氰化物(不饱和腈,如丙烯腈和甲基丙烯腈)和/或(甲基)丙烯酸的(C1-C8)-烷基酯(例如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸正丁酯或丙烯酸叔丁酯)和/或不饱和羧酸的衍生物(如酸酐和酰亚胺)(例如马来酸酐和N-苯基马来酰亚胺)。
优选的单体B.1.1选自苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种单体。优选的单体B.1.2选自丙烯腈、马来酸酐和甲基丙烯酸甲酯中的至少一种单体。
特别优选的单体为苯乙烯作为B.1.1而丙烯腈作为B.1.2。
适于接枝聚合物B的接枝基体B.2的实例包括二烯橡胶、EP(D)M橡胶,即基于乙烯/丙烯-和任选二烯、及丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、硅氧烷、氯丁二烯和乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯橡胶者。
优选的接枝基体B.2为二烯橡胶(例如基于丁二烯、异戊二烯等的那些)或二烯橡胶的混合物或二烯橡胶的共聚物或其含有其它可共聚单体(例如根据B.1.1和B.1.2者)的混合物,条件是组分B.2的玻璃化转变温度<10℃,优选<0℃且特别优选<-10℃。
纯聚丁二烯橡胶是特别优选的。
特别优选的聚合物B的实例包括ABS聚合物(乳液、本体和悬浮ABS),如例如在DE-OS 2 035 390(=US-PS 3 644 574)或在DE-OS2 248 242(=GB-PS 1 409 275)或在Ullmann的《化工百科全书》19卷(1980),280页及其后各页中所述者。接枝基体B.2的凝胶含量至少为30wt%,优选至少为40wt%(在甲苯中测定)。
接枝共聚物B是由自由基聚合,例如由乳液、悬浮、溶液或本体聚合,优选乳液聚合生产的。
特别适宜的接枝橡胶为通过使用根据US-P 4 937 285的包含有机氢过氧化物和抗坏血酸的引发剂体系氧化还原生产的ABS聚合物。
因为已知在接枝反应期间接枝单体不能完全彻底地接枝到接枝基体上,所以本发明的接枝聚合物B也应理解为在接枝基体存在下通过(共)聚合接枝单体而获得的产物及同样在加工期间生产的产物。
对应于聚合物B的B.2的适宜丙烯酸酯橡胶优选为丙烯酸烷基酯聚合物,任选包含相对B.2最多40wt%的其它可聚合烯键式不饱和单体。优选的可聚合丙烯酸酯包括C1-C8-烷基酯,例如甲基、乙基、丁基、正辛基和2-乙基己基酯;卤代烷基酯,优选卤代-C1-C8-烷基酯如氯乙基丙烯酸酯,以及这些单体的混合物。
可共聚带有一个以上可聚合双键的单体以提供交联。交联单体的优选实例包括含有3-8个碳原子的不饱和单羧酸与含有3-12个碳原子的不饱和单羟基醇或含有2-4个OH基团和2-20个碳原子的饱和多元醇的酯如乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯或烯丙基甲基丙烯酸酯;多不饱和杂环化合物如三乙烯基和三烯丙基氰尿酸酯;多官能团乙烯基化合物如二-和三-乙烯基苯;以及三烯丙基磷酸酯和二烯丙基邻苯二甲酸酯。
优选的交联单体为烯丙基甲基丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二烯丙基邻苯二甲酸酯和含有至少3个烯键式不饱和基团的杂环化合物。
特别优选的交联单体为环状单体三烯丙基氰尿酸酯、三烯丙基异氰尿酸酯、三丙烯酰基六羟基-s-三嗪和三烯丙基苯。相对接枝基体B.2,交联单体的量优选为0.02-5,特别为0.05-2wt%。
对于含有至少3个烯键式不饱和基团的环状交联单体,将其量限制在小于接枝基体B.2的1wt%的范围内是有利的。
除了丙烯酸酯外,任选可用来生产接枝基体B.2的优选“其它”可聚合烯键式不饱和单体包括丙烯腈、苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、丙烯酰胺、乙烯基-C1-C6-烷基醚、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丁二烯。优选作为接枝基体B.2的丙烯酸酯橡胶为乳液聚合物,凝胶含量至少为60wt%。
适于用作B.2的其它接枝基体为带有接枝活性点的硅橡胶,如DE-OS 3 704 657、DE-OS 3 704 655、DE-OS 3 631 540和DE-OS 3631 539中所述者。
接枝基体B.2的凝胶含量是在25℃于适当溶剂中测定的(M.Hoffmann,H.Krmer,R.Kuhn,《聚合物分析》I和II,GeorgeThieme-Verlag出版社,Stuttgart 1977)。
平均粒度d50为在该直径上下颗粒各占50wt%的直径。它可由超离心测量技术测定(W.Scholtan,H.Lange,Kolloid,Z.und Z.Polymere 250(1972),782-1796)。
组分C
组分C包括一种或多种热塑性乙烯基(共)聚合物。
适宜的(共)聚合物C为来自芳族乙烯基化合物、乙烯基氰化物(不饱和腈)、(甲基)丙烯酸(C1-C8)-烷基酯、不饱和羧酸及不饱和羧酸的衍生物(如酸酐和酰亚胺)中的至少一种单体的(共)聚合物。特别适宜的(共)聚合物为由下列C.1和C.2形成者:
C.1 50-99,优选60-80重量份芳族乙烯基化合物和/或环取代的芳族乙烯基化合物(例如苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、对甲基苯乙烯或对氯苯乙烯)和/或甲基丙烯酸的(C1-C4)-烷基酯(例如甲基丙烯酸甲酯或甲基丙烯酸乙酯),和
C.2 1-50,优选20-40重量份乙烯基氰化物(不饱和腈)例如丙烯腈和甲基丙烯腈和/或(甲基)丙烯酸的(C1-C8)-烷基酯(例如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸正丁酯或丙烯酸叔丁酯)和/或不饱和羧酸(如马来酸)和/或不饱和羧酸的衍生物(如酸酐和酰亚胺)(例如马来酸酐和N-苯基马来酰亚胺)。
(共)聚合物C是类似树脂的、热塑性的且不含橡胶。
由苯乙烯作为C.1和丙烯腈作为C.2形成的共聚物是特别优选的。
可用作C的(共)聚合物是已知的并可由自由基聚合,特别是乳液、悬浮、溶液或本体聚合生产。可用作组分C的(共)聚合物的分子量
Mw(重均,由光散射或沉降法测定)优选为15,000-200,000。
在接枝聚合组分B期间可用作组分C的(共)聚合物通常可以作为副产物来形成,特别是当将大量单体B.1接枝到少量橡胶B.2上时。根据本发明也可任选使用的C的量不包括这些接技聚合B的副产物。
但是,对于某些应用目的,组分C应该存在于根据本发明的模塑组合物中。
如果组分C存在于模塑组合物中,则组分B∶C的重量比应为2∶1-1∶4,优选1∶1-1∶2,以获得某些应用目的所要求的机械性能水平。
组分D
组分D包含至少一种式(I)的磷化合物:
在上式中,R1、R2、R3和,彼此独立地各自代表C1-C8-烷基、C5-C6-环烷基、C6-C12-芳基或C7-C12-芳烷基;C6-C10-芳基或C7-C12-芳烷基是优选的。芳族基团R1、R2、R3和R4本身可以被卤素或烷基基团取代。特别优选的芳基为甲苯基、苯基、二甲苯基、丙基苯基或丁基苯基及其相应的溴代和氯代衍生物。
在式(I)中,X代表含有6-30个碳原子的单或多核芳族基团。它们衍生自式(II)的双酚。优选的双酚为例如二苯基酚、双酚A、间苯二酚或氢醌或其氯代或溴代衍生物。
在式(I)中,n可以彼此独立地代表0或1;n优选等于1。
N代表5-30的数。在低聚磷化合物的混合物的情况下,N代表组分D的平均缩聚度,总是>5,优选为5.5-20,特别优选为6-10。
组分E
氟代聚烯烃E是高分子量的且玻璃化转变温度超过-30℃,一般超过100℃。氟含量优选为65-76,特别是70-76wt%,平均颗粒直径d50为0.05-1000,优选0.08-20μm。一般氟代聚烯烃E的密度为1.2-2.3g/cm3。优选的氟代聚烯烃E为聚四氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、四氟乙烯/六氟丙烯和乙烯/四氟乙烯共聚物。这些氟代聚烯烃是已知的(参看Schildknecht的“乙烯基及相关聚合物”,John wiley&Sons,Inc.,纽约,1962,484-494页;Wall的“氟聚合物”,Wiley Interscience,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,纽约,13卷,1970,623-654页;“现代塑料百科全书”,1970-1971,47卷,10A期,1970年10月,McGraw-Hill,Inc.,纽约,134和774页;“现代塑料百科全书”,1975-1976,1975年10月,52卷,10A期,McGraw-Hill,Inc.,纽约,27、28和472页及US-PS 3 671 487、3 723 373和3 838 092)。
它们可以由已知的方法生产,例如通过在水相介质中使用形成自由基的催化剂如钠、钾或铵过二硫酸盐在7-71kg/cm2的压力和0-200℃,优选20-100℃的温度下聚合四氟乙烯。(进一步的细节见例如美国专利2 393 967)。依赖于应用的形式,这些材料的密度可为1.2-2.3g/cm3,平均粒度为0.5-1000μm。
本发明优选的氟代聚烯烃E为四氟乙烯聚合物,其平均颗粒直径为0.05-20μm,优选0.08-10μm,密度为1.2-1.9g/cm3。它们优选以四氟乙烯聚合物E乳液与接枝聚合物B乳液的凝聚混合物形式使用。
平均颗粒直径为100-1000μm且密度为2.0-2.3g/cm3的四氟乙烯聚合物为可以粉末形式使用的适宜氟代聚烯烃E。
为了制备B和E的凝聚混合物,首先将接枝聚合物B的水相乳液(乳胶)与四氟乙烯聚合物E的非常精细的乳液混合;适宜的四氟乙烯聚合物乳液的固含量通常为30-70wt%,优选为50-60wt%,特别为30-35wt%。
在描述组分B时给出的定量数据可以包括在接枝聚合物和氟代聚烯烃的凝聚混合物中接枝聚合物的含量。
在乳液混合物中接枝聚合物B对氟代聚烯烃E的平衡比率为95∶5-60∶40。乳液混合物是随后以已知方式凝聚的,例如通过喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥或通过加入无机或有机盐、酸或碱或通过加入与水混溶的有机溶剂如醇或酮的凝聚方法,优选在20-150℃,特别是50-100℃进行。如果需要,可在50-200℃,优选70-100℃干燥混合物。
适宜的四氟乙烯聚合物乳液为市售产品并且由例如杜邦公司以Teflon30N提供。
组分F
组分F包括非常精细的无机粉末F.1和式(IA)的单磷化合物F.2。
本发明使用的非常精细的无机粉末F.1优选由一种或多种周期表1-5主族或1-8副族,优选2-5主族或4-8副族,特别优选3-5主族或4-8副族金属的至少一种极性化合物组成,或者由含有元素氧、氢、硫、磷、硼、碳、氮或硅或其混合物的这类金属化合物组成。
优选化合物的实例包括氧化物、氢氧化物、水合氧化物、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、硫化物、碳酸盐、碳化物、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氮化物、硼酸盐、硅酸盐、磷酸盐、氢化物、亚磷酸盐或膦酸盐。
非常精细的无机粉末优选由氧化物、极性阴离子、磷酸盐或氢氧化物组成,优选为TiO2,SiO2,SnO2,ZnO,勃姆石,ZrO2,Al2O3,磷酸铝或氧化铁类,或TiN,WC,AlO(OH),Sb2O3,氧化铁类,Na2SO4,氧化钒类,硼酸锌,硅酸盐如硅酸铝、硅酸镁或一、二或三维硅酸盐。也可使用混合物及掺杂的(doped)化合物。
另外,可用有机分子对这些微(nano-scale)颗粒进行表面改性以确保与聚合物更好的相容性。以这种方法可以得到疏水或亲水的表面。
水合氧化铝,例如勃姆石或TiO2是特别优选的。
微颗粒的平均颗粒直径小于或等于200nm,优选小于或等于150nm,特别为1-100nm。
术语粒度和颗粒直径始终是指平均颗粒直径d50,是根据W.Scholtan等人在Kolloid-Z.und Z.Polymere 250(1972),782-796页的超离心测量方法测定的。
无机粉末可以相对热塑性材料0.5-40,优选1-25,特别优选3-15wt%的量掺入到热塑性模塑组合物中。
无机化合物可以粉末、浆料、溶胶、分散体或悬浮体存在。粉末可通过沉淀法由分散体、溶胶或悬浮体获得。
粉末可通过常规方法掺入到热塑性模塑组合物中,例如通过直接捏和或挤塑模塑组合物组分和非常精细的无机粉末。优选的方法包括制备母料配料,例如在单体或溶剂中加入阻燃添加剂和至少一种本发明模塑组合物的组分,或使热塑性组分和非常精细的无机粉末共沉淀,例如任选以非常精细的无机材料的分散体、悬浮体、浆料或溶胶的形式通过从水乳液和非常精细的无机粉末中共沉淀。
本发明的聚合物混合物可包含一种或多种式(IA)的单磷化合物(组分F.2)作为另外的阻燃剂:
其中R11、R12和R13彼此独立地代表任选卤代的C1-C8-烷基或任选卤代的C6-C20-芳基,
m1代表0或1,并且
n1代表0或1。
对应于组分F.2且适用于本发明的磷化合物一般是已知的(例如见Ullmann的Enzyklopdie der Technischen Chemie,18卷,301页及以后各页,1979;Houben-Weyl,Methoden der Organi schenChemie,12/1卷,43页;贝恩斯坦,6卷,177页)。
优选的取代基R11-R13包括甲基、乙基、丁基、辛基、氯乙基、2-氯丙基、2,3-二溴丙基、苯基、甲苯基、枯基、萘基、氯苯基、溴苯基、五氯苯基和五溴苯基。特别优选的取代基为甲基、乙基、丁基和任选可被甲基、乙基、氯和/或溴取代的苯基。
优选的磷化合物F.2的实例包括三丁基磷酸酯、三-(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯、三-(2,3-二溴丙基)磷酸酯、三苯基磷酸酯、三甲苯基磷酸酯、二苯基甲苯基磷酸酯、二苯基辛基磷酸酯、二苯基-2-乙基甲苯基磷酸酯、三-(异丙基苯基)磷酸酯、卤素取代的芳基磷酸酯、甲基膦酸二甲基酯、甲基膦酸二苯基酯、苯基膦酸二乙基酯、三苯基氧化膦和三甲苯基氧化膦。
因此本发明模塑组合物中寻求的阻燃剂可通过使用下列化合物得到:
-与具有协同效应的非常精细的无机粉末F.1联用的式(I)的低聚磷化合物,
或者
-与式(IA)的单磷化合物F.2联用的式(I)的低聚磷化合物,
或者,如果对阻燃性有特殊使用要求,则使用:
-与具有协同效应的非常精细的无机粉末F.1及与式(IA)的单磷化合物F.2联用的式(I)的低聚磷化合物。
此外,本发明的模塑组合物可包含至少一种常规添加剂,如内部润滑剂和脱模剂、成核剂、抗静电剂和稳定剂、以及着色剂、颜料和/或增强材料。适宜的无机增强材料包括玻璃纤维(任选已切割或研磨)、玻璃珠、玻璃球、或层状增强材料如高岭土、滑石粉、云母或碳纤维。切割或研磨的玻璃纤维优选用作增强材料。其长度优选为1-10mm且直径<120μm,用量为1-40重量份;玻璃纤维优选是经过表面处理的。
根据本发明包括组分A-F和任选其它的已知添加剂如稳定剂、着色剂、颜料、内部润滑剂和脱模剂以及抗静电剂和增强材料的模塑组合物是通过以已知的方法混合各组分并在200-300℃于常规加工设备如密炼机、挤出机和双螺杆挤出机中以熔体形式配混并挤塑而生产的,其中组分E优选以上述凝聚混合物的形式使用。
可以以已知的方法连续或同时混合各个组分,并且在约20℃(室温)或升高的温度进行。
本发明的模塑组合物可用来生产任何类型的模塑制品。模塑制品可特别通过注塑法生产。可生产的模塑制品的实例包括:任何类型的居室部件,例如家庭用品如果汁机、咖啡机或搅拌机,办公室设备如复印机、打印机或监视器、或建筑部件的面板及机动车辆部件。而且,这些模塑制品可用于电机工程领域,因为它们具有非常好的电性能。
另一种加工形式为通过热成型由预制板材或片材生产模塑制品。
该模塑组合物特别适于生产对所用塑料的阻燃性有特殊使用要求的模塑制品。
因此本发明还涉及本发明的模塑组合物在生产各种模塑制品,优选上述类型的模塑制品方面的应用,以及由本发明模塑组合物制成的模塑制品。
实施例
组分A
相对溶液粘度为1.252的基于双酚A的线性聚碳酸酯,粘度是以CH2Cl2为溶剂在25℃浓度为0.5g/100ml时测定的。
组分B
40重量份由苯乙烯和丙烯腈以73∶27的比例组成的共聚物在60重量份颗粒状交联聚丁二烯橡胶(平均颗粒直径d50=0.3μm)上的接枝聚合物,通过乳液聚合生产。
组分C
苯乙烯/丙烯腈比例为72∶28且特性粘度为0.55dl/g(于20℃在二甲基甲酰胺中测定的)的苯乙烯/丙烯腈共聚物。
组分D
N=7的间亚苯基双(二苯基磷酸酯)的低聚磷酸酯。
组分E
由对应于B的SAN接枝聚合物在水中的乳液和四氟乙烯聚合物在水中的乳液组成的作为凝聚混合物的四氟乙烯聚合物。混合物中接枝聚合物B与四氟乙烯聚合物E的重量比为90wt%比10wt%。四氟乙烯聚合物乳液的固含量为60wt%,其平均颗粒直径为0.05-0.5μm。SAN接枝聚合物乳液的固含量为34wt%,平均乳胶颗粒直径为0.4μm。
E的制备
将四氟乙烯聚合物乳液(Teflon 30N;杜邦公司产品)与SAN接枝聚合物B乳液混合并用占聚合物固体1.8wt%的酚类抗氧剂稳定。在85-95℃用MgSO4(泻盐)水溶液和乙酸在pH为4-5时凝聚混合物,过滤并洗涤直到基本不含电解液,然后离心除去大部分水并随后在100℃将混合物干燥为粉末。随后可将该粉末与其它组分在上述加工设备中进行复配。
组分F
F.1:Pural 200,一种氢氧化氧化铝(Condea产品,Hamburg,德国);平均粒度约为50nm。
F.2:三苯基磷酸酯,Disflamoll TP;(拜耳公司产品,Leverkusen,德国)。
制备并试验本发明的模塑组合物
在3升密炼机中混合组分A-F。于260℃在Arburg 270E型注塑机中生产模塑制品。
通过方法ISO 180 1A于室温在80×10×4mm3棒上测定缺口棒冲击强度。
阻燃性是根据UL94V测定的。
试验材料的组成和所得结果归纳在下表中。
表1聚碳酸酯-ABS模塑组合物的组成和性能
实施例 1 2 3 4
对比
组分(重量份)
A 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7
B 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3
C 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4
D 12.0 12.0 9.0 9.0
E 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
F.1 - 0.75 - 0.75
F.2 - - 3.0 3.0
性能:
ak(ISO 1801A[kJ/m]) 15 18 55 62
UL 94 V 3.2mm
评价 n.d. V1 V0 V0
总ABT*(s) 136 39 22 26
UL 94 V 1.6mm
评价 n.d. V1 V0 V0
总ABT*(s) 266 53 27 22
*ABT=燃尽时间
该表显示由于使用了本发明的阻燃合剂,阻燃性和机械性能得到了惊人的改进。
Claims (17)
1.阻燃的热塑性模塑组合物,包含
A.5-95重量份的芳族聚碳酸酯或聚酯碳酸酯,
B.0.5-60重量份B.1接枝在B.2上的至少一种接枝聚合物:
B.1 5-95wt%的一种或多种乙烯基单体,
B.2 95-5wt%的一种或多种玻璃化转变温度<10℃的接枝基体,
C.0-45重量份热塑性乙烯基共聚物,
D.0.5-20重量份至少一种通式(I)的磷化合物
其中R1、R2、R3和R4彼此独立地各自代表任选卤代的C1-C8-烷基、C5-C6-环烷基、C6-C20-芳基或C7-C12-芳烷基,
n彼此独立地代表0或1,
N为5.5-20的平均数,
X代表含有6-30个碳原子的单或多核芳族基团,
E.0-5重量份氟代聚烯烃,和
F.1 0.5-40重量份平均颗粒直径小于或等于200nm的非常精细的无机粉末,和/或
F.2 0.5-20重量份式(IA)的单磷化合物
其中R11、R12和R13彼此独立地代表任选卤代的C1-C8-烷基或任选卤代的C6-C20-芳基,
m1代表0或1,并且
n1代表0或1,
其中所有组分的全部重量份的和为100。
2.根据权利要求1的模塑组合物,其中式(I)中R1-R4彼此独立地各自代表任选溴代或氯代的甲苯基、苯基、二甲苯基、丙基苯基或丁基苯基,并且X衍生自双酚A、间苯二酚或氢醌,任选是氯代或溴代的。
3.根据权利要求1的模塑组合物,其中在式(I)中X为衍生自式(II)的双酚:
其中A代表单键、C1-C5-亚烷基、C2-C5-(1,1-)亚烷基、C5-C6-环(1,1-)亚烷基、-O-、-SO-、-CO-、-S-、-SO2-、C6-C12-亚芳基,该亚芳基可与任选含有杂原子的其它环进行缩合,式(III)的基团:
或式(IV)的基团
基团B彼此独立地各自代表C1-C8-烷基,卤素,C6-C10-芳基,或C7-C12-芳烷基,
x在每种情况下彼此独立地代表0、1或2,
p为1或0,并且
对于每个X1,R5和R6可单独且彼此独立地挑选并且代表氢或C1-C6-烷基,
X1代表碳,并且
m代表4-7的整数,条件是在至少一个X1原子上R5和R6同时代表烷基。
4.根据权利要求1-3之一的模塑组合物,其中式(IA)中的单磷化合物F.2选自至少一种下列化合物:三丁基磷酸酯、三-(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯、三-(2,3-二溴丙基)磷酸酯、三苯基磷酸酯、三甲苯基磷酸酯、二苯基甲苯基磷酸酯、二苯基辛基磷酸酯、二苯基-2-乙基甲苯基磷酸酯、三-(异丙基苯基)磷酸酯、卤素取代的芳基磷酸酯、甲基膦酸二甲基酯、甲基膦酸二苯基酯、苯基膦酸二乙基酯、三苯基氧化膦或三甲苯基氧化膦。
5.根据权利要求1-3之一的模塑组合物,该组合物包含一种周期表1-5主族或1-8副族金属的化合物作为组分F.1,所述化合物含有元素氧、硫、硼、碳、磷、氮、氢或硅或其混合物。
6.根据权利要求5的模塑组合物,该组合物包含至少一种周期表2-5主族或4-8副族金属的化合物作为组分F.1,所述化合物含有元素氧、硫、硼、碳、磷、氮、氢或硅或其混合物。
7.根据权利要求6的模塑组合物,其中组分F.1为氧化物、氢氧化物或磷酸盐。
8.根据权利要求7的模塑组合物,其中组分F.1选自至少一种下列化合物:TiO2,SiO2,SnO2,ZnO,勃姆石,ZrO2,Al2O3,磷酸铝、氧化铁类及其混合物和掺杂化合物。
9.根据权利要求8的模塑组合物,其中组分F.1为勃姆石或TiO2。
10.根据权利要求1-3之一的模塑组合物,其中无机粉末F.1的平均颗粒直径小于或等于200nm。
11.根据权利要求1-3之一的模塑组合物,该组合物包含30-90重量份组分A、1-40重量份组分B、0-30重量份组分C、1-18重量份组分D及1-25重量份组分F.1和/或1-18重量份组分F.2。
12.根据权利要求1-3之一的模塑组合物,该组合物包含50-80重量份组分A、2-25重量份组分B、2-25重量份组分C、2-15重量份组分D及2-15重量份组分F.1和/或2-15重量份组分F.2。
13.根据权利要求1-3之一的模塑组合物,其中组分B∶C的重量比为2∶1-1∶4。
14.根据权利要求1-3之一的模塑组合物,其特征在于接枝基体B.2为二烯橡胶、丙烯酸酯橡胶、硅橡胶或乙烯-丙烯-二烯橡胶。
15.根据权利要求1-3之一的模塑组合物,其特征在于该组合物包含至少一种选自稳定剂、颜料、脱模剂、流动促进剂、无机增强材料和/或抗静电剂的添加剂。
16.权利要求1-15任意一项的模塑组合物在生产模塑制品方面的应用。
17.由权利要求1-15任意一项的模塑组合物制成的模塑制品。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19801198.9 | 1998-01-15 | ||
DE19801198A DE19801198A1 (de) | 1998-01-15 | 1998-01-15 | Flammwidrige Polycarbonat-ABS-Formmassen |
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CN1288480A CN1288480A (zh) | 2001-03-21 |
CN1165582C true CN1165582C (zh) | 2004-09-08 |
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US (1) | US6686404B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1047728B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4234326B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100576663B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1165582C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2715899A (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9906970A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2318430A1 (zh) |
DE (2) | DE19801198A1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2235464T3 (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI221157B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1999036474A1 (zh) |
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EP2881408B1 (en) | 2013-12-04 | 2017-09-20 | Lotte Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. | Styrene-based copolymer and thermoplastic resin composition including the same |
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-
1998
- 1998-01-15 DE DE19801198A patent/DE19801198A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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1999
- 1999-01-05 CN CNB998021601A patent/CN1165582C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-01-05 KR KR1020007007752A patent/KR100576663B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-01-05 US US09/582,955 patent/US6686404B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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DE59911605D1 (de) | 2005-03-17 |
EP1047728A1 (de) | 2000-11-02 |
JP4234326B2 (ja) | 2009-03-04 |
US6686404B1 (en) | 2004-02-03 |
DE19801198A1 (de) | 1999-07-22 |
WO1999036474A1 (de) | 1999-07-22 |
KR20010024856A (ko) | 2001-03-26 |
CA2318430A1 (en) | 1999-07-22 |
KR100576663B1 (ko) | 2006-05-09 |
AU2715899A (en) | 1999-08-02 |
ES2235464T3 (es) | 2005-07-01 |
EP1047728B1 (de) | 2005-02-09 |
JP2002509175A (ja) | 2002-03-26 |
CN1288480A (zh) | 2001-03-21 |
BR9906970A (pt) | 2000-10-10 |
TWI221157B (en) | 2004-09-21 |
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