CN116076295B - Efficient cultivation method for interplanting tea and tea-oil tree - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides an efficient cultivation method of "two modifications and one cultivation" of interplanting tea and camellia oleifera, which relates to the technical field of economic forest cultivation. The cultivation method is summarized as follows: in a tea garden that has been put into production, every fourth row of tea ridges is placed between the tea ridges. Plant 1 special Camellia oleifera seedling for inter-row planting. By adjusting the planting spacing, innovative shaping and pruning methods, and reasonable fertilizer and water control, the tree modification will be carried out in the third year after the Camellia oleifera is planted: the Camellia oleifera tree will be transformed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth through cultivation measures; garden modification : Through thinning operations, the tea ridges on both sides of the Camellia oleifera rows are gradually removed according to the growth of the Camellia oleifera; soil cultivation is carried out in the sixth year after the interplanting of the Camellia oleifera trees: combined with the thinning of tea trees, fertilization is made on both sides of the Camellia oleifera trees, and the soil is cultivated year by year Fertilizer and ridging. This method effectively promotes the harmonious growth of tea and camellia oleifera by changing the tea garden cultivation model, solves the problem of low economic benefits per unit area due to the slow growth of camellia oleifera in the early stage, and increases the land utilization between tea ridges in the tea garden.

Description

An efficient cultivation method of "two changes and one cultivation" between tea and camellia oleifera

Technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of economic forest cultivation, and in particular to a "two-change-one-cultivation" efficient cultivation method of intercropping tea and oil tea.

Background technique

In recent years, with the changes in the competition pattern of the tea market, high labor input in tea picking, and diversified consumer demands, the development of the tea industry has faced severe challenges. Therefore, the compound planting model of intercropping between tea gardens has gradually emerged and become a new model. .

There are many reports on interplanting or interplanting other crops in traditional tea gardens, but there are still many problems in actual promotion. For example, the prior art with application number 201510201616. Plant to improve the economic benefits of tea gardens. However, there are no requirements for the specific planting mode, post-planting management, pruning, etc., resulting in a low survival rate of Camellia oleifera interplanting, serious nutrient competition between tea and Camellia oleifera in the later period, less canopy closure of Camellia oleifera, and no traffic between tea ridges. The management operation space has greatly affected the production of tea and camellia oleifera, and the expected results have not been achieved.

Camellia oleifera is a unique species in my country. It belongs to the Camellia genus of the family Theaceae like tea. Its adaptability and needs to soil, climate, temperature and other environmental factors are very similar to those of tea, and it has the same suitable cultivation areas. In the traditional cultivation model, due to the slow growth of camellia oleifera in the early stage of afforestation, it usually takes 6-8 years to enter the high-yield period. Therefore, the land use rate in the early stage after afforestation is low, and the production input and cost are too high, resulting in low farmers' enthusiasm for planting, which affects the camellia oleifera. long-term development of the industry. Therefore, in the face of the current problems of large tea gardens and high picking costs and the actual contradictions of low land utilization and high management costs in the early stage of Camellia oleifera afforestation, the two should be integrated through a reasonable and effective model to achieve economic and ecological benefits per unit area of land. Maximizing it is a major exploration in improving the agricultural planting model at this stage.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide an efficient cultivation method of "two modifications and one cultivation" of interplanting tea and camellia oleifera, which effectively promotes the harmonious growth of tea and camellia oleifera by changing the cultivation mode of the tea garden, and solves the economic problem per unit area caused by the slow growth of camellia oleifera in the early stage. To solve the problem of low efficiency, it also increases the land utilization between tea ridges in tea gardens.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object of the invention, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

The invention provides an efficient cultivation method of "two modifications and one cultivation" of tea and camellia oleifera interplanted, which includes the following steps:

From October to January of the following year, dig planting holes between the tea ridges in the tea garden and plant the camellia oleifera seedlings; one year after planting, cut the main trunk of the camellia oleifera seedlings 50 to 60cm short, and cultivate two main branches horizontally between the rows to form Y-shaped plant shape, within three years of planting, the plants should be pruned to maintain the Y-shaped plant shape;

In the third, fourth and fifth years of planting, branches with a diameter of ≥1.2cm should be girded within 1 to 7 days after they stop growing in spring each year. Before the flower buds differentiate, spray a flower-promoting agent 1 to 3 times every year, with an interval of 5 ~9 days; in the third year of planting, from mid-September to late September, thin out the tea ridges with half the width on both sides of the camellia oleifera tree. The width of the tea ridges on each side should be 50-70cm, and open on both sides 25-35cm away from the camellia oleifera tree. Dig the first fertilization ditch with a width of 15-25cm and a depth of 35-45cm. The fertilization ditch is parallel to the tea tree rows, and the soil is cultivated and fertilized for the first time;

In the late autumn and early winter of the sixth year of planting, thin out the remaining width of the tea ridges on both sides again. The width of the tea ridges on each side is 50 to 70 cm. At a distance of 20 to 40 cm from the first fertilizing ditch, the excavation is 35 to 45 cm wide and deep. The second fertilizing ditch of 35-45cm is parallel to the rows of tea trees, and the soil is fertilized for the second time; then water and fertilizer management is carried out to keep the crown diameter between rows <3m, the crown diameter between plants <1m, and the tree height <2.5m.

Preferably, the tea garden put into production has a slope of <15°, an area of >1 hectare, a tea ridge width of 100-140cm, and a tea-ridge spacing of 30-50cm.

Preferably, with a plant spacing of 130-170cm, dig planting holes between the ridges every 4 tea ridges, with a depth of 55-65cm and a diameter of 30-50cm. The subsoil should be excavated with 4-6kg of organic fertilizer and 0.05-0.05kg of organic fertilizer. Mix 0.15kg superphosphate, topsoil and 0.05~0.15kg potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer, and fill back the planting hole in turn; Camellia oleifera seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, keep the grafting point 0.5~1.5cm away from the ground for planting; water after planting Water, covered with silvery white or silvery black plastic film.

Preferably, the field-planted Camellia oleifera seedlings are planted with one pollinating variety every 6 to 8 main planting varieties, and the pollinating varieties are planted with the word "pin" between the rows.

Preferably, within three years of planting, the plants should be reshaped and pruned, including: when the main branch buds sprout and grow to more than 20cm in spring, the lower branch buds on the main trunk should be wiped off, and the leggy branches on the back of the main branch should be thinned out every summer and winter. ~Thinning out all flower buds in October.

Preferably, within three years of planting, the specific management of water and fertilizer is as follows: from late February to early March and mid-to-late May every year, apply high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer at the vertical projection line of the crown, with an application rate of 2-3kg/plant, and in September every year. In the middle and late ten days of the year, dig a 30 × 30 × 30 cm fertilization hole 45 to 55 cm away from the Camellia oleifera between the plants, and apply 4.5 to 5.5 kg of organic fertilizer/plant and 45 to 50 g of Western potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer/plant.

Preferably, the ringing width is 0.3-0.5cm; the flower-promoting agent is 45-55 mg/L unconazole, 95-105 mg/L chlormequat, 1.5-2.5 g/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1.5 ~2.5g/L potassium sulfate type foliar fertilizer mixture, with a single application amount of 20-30L/acre. The specific steps for thinning out tea ridges are: after the spring tea is harvested that year, the tea should be treated from May to June. The ridges are mowed, and the tea trees are dug up by the roots in mid-to-late September.

Preferably, the first soil cultivation and fertilization is as follows: 8 to 12 kg of organic fertilizer per plant and 0.5 to 1.5 kg of superphosphate per plant are filled into the bottom of the ditch, topsoil is backfilled, and the subsoil is mixed with 0.3 to 0.7 kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer. Mix and backfill on the top layer, keeping the grafting interface 1 to 5cm away from the ground.

Preferably, the second soil cultivation and fertilization is as follows: 15 to 20 kg of organic fertilizer per plant and 1 to 2 kg of superphosphate per plant are filled into the bottom of the ditch, backfilled with topsoil, and the subsoil is mixed with 1 to 1.5 kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer. Backfill on the top layer, keeping the middle of the Camellia oleifera planting row high and the two sides low, with a height difference of 8 to 12 cm. The specific water and fertilizer management is: from late February to early March every year, apply along the vertical projection lines on both sides of the tree crown at intervals of 30 to 50 cm. High-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer, the application rate is 3-5kg/plant, the fertilization depth is 25-35cm, in late May every year, apply humic acid water-soluble fertilizer at 30-50cm intervals along the vertical projection line of the tree crown, the application rate is 3-5kg / plant, in late August every year, apply 3 to 7 kg of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer and humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer per plant at 30 to 50 cm intervals along the vertical projection line of the tree crown, every 1 to 2 years in mid-to-late October. , along the vertical projection line of the tree crown, dig a fertilizing ditch 35-45cm wide and 35-45cm deep, and apply fertilizer in the same way as the first soil cultivation and fertilization.

Preferably, in the third year of planting, before germination in summer, each Camellia oleifera tree should be erected with a 1-2m high and 3-5cm thick bamboo pole parallel to the main trunk, and a 0.8-1cm diameter round hole should be drilled in the middle of each internode of the bamboo pole.

The invention provides an efficient cultivation method of "two modifications and one cultivation" of interplanting tea and camellia oleifera. Camellia oleifera is interplanted at a prescribed density between tea ridges in a tea garden that has been put into production or is newly built. In the early stage, reasonable fertilizer and water management and innovative pruning are used to make it fast and efficient. Expand the tree canopy; in the mid-term, use tree and garden modification measures such as girdling and growth regulators to promote flowering, artificially build pollinator nests, and remove some tea ridges to promote flowering and fruiting; in the later stage, combine the removal of tea ridges on both sides of the Camellia oleifera to cultivate soil and fertilize and control the canopy to achieve long-term high and stable yields. This method effectively solves the problem of high land utilization rate and high input cost in the early stage of Camellia oleifera cultivation. It makes full use of the land between tea ridges in the infancy stage of Camellia oleifera, and rationally removes the tea ridges that affect the growth of Camellia oleifera in the adult stage to achieve the maximum economic efficiency per unit area of land. and ecological benefits. In view of the current contradiction between the labor shortage in large-scale tea gardens in my country and the urgent need for a large amount of land for the new development of Camellia oleifera, this method has the characteristics of simple operation, strong practicability, high efficiency, and is suitable for large-scale promotion. It plays an important role in the standardized cultivation of Camellia oleifera. .

The invention rationally utilizes the open space between the tea ridges in the tea garden, and solves the problem of low land utilization caused by the slow growth of the camellia oleifera in the early stage by planting camellia oleifera in the tea gardens with suitable planting density. The method of the present invention is adopted through segmented cultivation management to realize that in the early stage, tea leaves are mainly tea leaves and tea leaves are supplemented, and in the later stage, tea leaves are mainly tea leaves and supplemented. After the camellia oleifera grows up, two adjacent rows of tea ridges are gradually thinned and thinned out. , reducing the corresponding impact of tea and camellia oleifera can increase the yield and quality of camellia oleifera, facilitate the picking and management of camellia oleifera, realize the seamless transition of intercropping models, and maximize the economic and ecological benefits of unit area of land.

1. According to the high-efficiency cultivation method of "tea + camellia oleifera" interplanting and "two changes and one cultivation" described in the present invention, between the tea ridges in the tea garden that has been put into production, use "four rows of tea ridges apart and one row of interplanting" The intercropping planting model of Camellia oleifera) increases the land utilization of the tea garden, does not affect the tea garden management and tea picking operations, and does not reduce the economic benefits of the tea garden. At the same time, it also realizes the cultivation of Camellia oleifera, reducing the low land utilization rate and management cost in the early stage of simply planting Camellia oleifera. high problem.

2. Three years after interplanting, when the crown diameter of Camellia oleifera reaches 1.2-1.5m, "two modifications" operation will be carried out. Through "tree modification", the transformation of Camellia oleifera from vegetative growth to reproductive growth will be realized, so that the output of Camellia oleifera will increase year by year; through "tree modification" "Garden reform" will increase the growth space of Camellia oleifera trees, reduce the nutrient competition for Camellia oleifera from adjacent tea ridges on both sides, and gradually complete the transformation of the garden economic industry from tea to Camellia oleifera.

3. In the 6th year after interplanting, the camellia oleifera trees enter the high-yield period. By completely thinning out the tea ridges on both sides of the camellia rows, we can reduce the competition for nutrients and growth space, improve the yield and quality of the camellia oleifera, and combine the removal of the tea ridges with soil improvement. Deep plowing, fertilization and soil cultivation are required to achieve long-term, high and stable yields of Camellia oleifera. Completed the finalization of the interplanting model, that is, a high-yielding and efficient planting model in which two rows of tea leaves are planted between every two rows of Camellia oleifera trees.

4. The method of the present invention does not require special equipment or additional facilities, is simple to operate, has low cost, is suitable for large-scale promotion and use, and has a significant effect on increasing the economic and ecological benefits per unit area of tea gardens.

Description of drawings

Figure 1 is a diagram of intercropping tea in a tea garden;

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the interplanted Camellia oleifera plantation in the tea garden of Embodiment 1 after 6 years;

Figure 3 is a planting diagram with the word "PIN" between the rows of pollinated camellia seedlings (red is the pollinated variety, blue is the main planted variety).

Detailed ways

The invention provides an efficient cultivation method of "two modifications and one cultivation" of tea and camellia oleifera interplanted, which includes the following steps:

From October to January of the following year, dig planting holes between the tea ridges in the tea garden and plant the Camellia oleifera seedlings; one year after planting, cut the main trunk of the Camellia oleifera seedlings 50-60cm short, and cultivate two main branches horizontally between the rows to form Y-shaped plant shape, within three years of planting, the plants should be pruned to maintain the Y-shaped plant shape;

In the third, fourth and fifth years of planting, gird the branches with a diameter of ≥1.2cm within 1 to 7 days after the spring growth stops. Spray the flower promoter 1 to 3 times before the flower bud differentiation every year, with an interval of 5 to 9 days each time. In the third year of planting, from mid-September to late September, thin the tea ridges of half the width on both sides of the oil tea tree, with a width of 50 to 70cm on each side. Dig the first fertilizer ditch with a width of 15 to 25cm and a depth of 35 to 45cm on both sides 25 to 35cm away from the oil tea tree. The fertilizer ditch is parallel to the row of tea trees, and the first soil cultivation and fertilization is carried out.

In the late autumn and early winter of the sixth year of planting, thin out the remaining width of the tea ridges on both sides again. The width of the tea ridges on each side is 50 to 70 cm. At a distance of 20 to 40 cm from the first fertilizing ditch, the excavation is 35 to 45 cm wide and deep. The second fertilizing ditch of 35-35cm is parallel to the rows of tea trees, and the soil is fertilized for the second time; then water and fertilizer management is carried out to keep the crown diameter between rows <3m, the crown diameter between plants <1m, and the tree height <2.5m.

In the present invention, from October to January of the following year, planting holes are excavated in the spacing between tea ridges in the tea garden that is put into production, and Camellia oleifera seedlings are planted; the tea garden that is put into production is preferably with a slope of <15° and an area of >1 hectare, and is further preferably with a slope of < 10°, area >1 hectare, the tea ridge width in the tea garden is preferably 100-140cm, more preferably 110-130cm, still more preferably 115-125cm, the tea ridge spacing in the tea garden is preferably 30-50cm, It is further preferably 35-45cm, still further preferably 38-42cm; it is preferable to dig planting holes between the ridges every 4 tea ridges, and the plant spacing of the excavated planting holes is preferably 130-170cm, further preferably 140-160cm , further preferably 145-155cm, the depth of the planting hole is preferably 55-65cm, further preferably 58-62cm, still more preferably 60cm, the diameter of the planting hole is preferably 30-50cm, further preferably 35-45cm, and further It is further preferably 40cm; the subsoil of the excavation of the planting hole is preferably mixed with organic fertilizer and superphosphate, the topsoil is preferably mixed with a potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer, and the planting hole is filled back in sequence. The amount of organic fertilizer is preferably 4 to 6kg, more preferably 4.5~5.5kg, still more preferably 4.8~5.2kg, the amount of superphosphate is preferably 0.05~0.15kg, more preferably 0.06~0.14kg, still more preferably 0.08~0.12kg, so The dosage of the potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer is preferably 0.05 to 0.15kg, further preferably 0.06 to 0.14kg, and further preferably 0.08 to 0.12kg; the Camellia oleifera seedlings are preferably 2-year-old grafted seedlings, and further preferably use nutrient bowls The 2-year-old grafted seedlings of improved varieties cultivated in deep pots with a height of >20cm and light substrates are required to have good uprightness and meet the requirements of Grade I seedlings in GB/T 26907-2011. When the Camellia oleifera seedlings are planted, the distance between the grafting interface and the ground should be optimal It is 0.5 to 1.5cm, more preferably 0.6 to 1.4cm, still more preferably 0.8 to 1.2cm; planting cover soil requires low edges and high inside, and the height difference is preferably 5 to 10cm, more preferably 6 to 9cm, and still more preferably 7~8cm, water the camellia oleifera seedlings after planting, and cover them with silvery white or black plastic film; it is best to plant oleifera seedlings every 6 to 8 main planting varieties, and plant one pollinating variety. The main planting varieties and pollinating varieties are based on the regulations announced by the local forestry department. Varieties are selected, and the selection standards are implemented in accordance with LY/T 2678-2016 (Technical Regulations for Allocation of Camellia Camellia Cultivation Varieties). Pollination varieties are planted with the word "pin" between the rows, as shown in Figure 3.

In the present invention, one year after planting, the main trunk of the Camellia oleifera seedlings is shortened and two main branches are cultivated horizontally between the rows to form a Y-shaped plant shape. Within three years of planting, the plants are trimmed and trimmed to maintain the Y-shaped plant shape; the Camellia oleifera seedlings The main trunk is preferably cut at 50-60cm, more preferably at 52-58cm, and even more preferably at 54-56cm. The shaping and pruning of the plant preferably includes: when the main branch buds sprout and grow to more than 20cm in spring, the main trunk is wiped off. For the lower branch buds, the leggy branches on the back of the main branches should be thinned out every summer and winter, and all flower buds should be thinned out from September to October every year to reduce nutrient consumption; within three years of planting, the preferred water and fertilizer management is: from late February to every year. In early March and mid-to-late May, high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer is applied to the vertical projection line of the tree crown. In mid-to-late September every year, fertilization holes are dug deeply at a distance of 45 to 55 cm between the camellia plants, and organic fertilizer and Western potassium sulfate type III are applied. Yuan compound fertilizer, the application amount of the high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer is preferably 2-3kg/plant, more preferably 2.2-2.8kg/plant, still further preferably 2.4-2.6kg/plant, and the high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer is preferably diluted when applied 150 to 200 times, the distance between the fertilizing hole and the Camellia oleifera is further preferably 48 to 52 cm, and further preferably 50 cm, the specification of the fertilizing hole is preferably 30×30×30 cm, and the amount of organic fertilizer is preferably 4.5 to 5.5 kg/plant, more preferably 4.6-5.4kg/plant, still more preferably 4.8-5.2kg/plant, the dosage of the Western potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer is preferably 45-50g/plant, further preferably 46-49g /plant, and more preferably 47 to 48g/plant.

In the present invention, in the third, fourth, and fifth years of planting, after the branches stop growing in spring, the branches are circumcised, and before the flower buds differentiate, a flower-promoting agent is sprayed every year, with an interval of 5 to 9 days each time, so that the camellia oleifera tree can grow from Vegetative growth is converted to reproductive growth; the time of circumcision is preferably within 1 to 7 days after the spring growth stops, further preferably within 2 to 6 days after the spring growth stops, and further preferably within 3 to 5 days after the spring growth stops. Within days, the diameter of the branches to be circumcised is preferably ≥1.2cm, more preferably ≥1.4cm, even more preferably ≥1.5cm, and the width of the circumcision is preferably 0.3-0.5cm, further preferably 0.4cm, The position of the girdling is preferably 1 to 10 cm from the base of the branch, more preferably 2 to 8 cm, and still more preferably 4 to 6 cm. For vigorously growing branches, use a 0.5 cm wide girdling knife to completely girdle. Use a 0.3cm girdling knife to spirally cut the branches with moderate or weak growth into a spiral, with a spiral height of <1cm; the flower promoting agent is preferably Uniconazole, Chlormequat, Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate and Potassium Sulfate type foliage. In the mixed liquid of fertilizer, the concentration of Uniconazole in the flower promoting agent is preferably 45-55 mg/L, more preferably 46-54 mg/L, further preferably 48-52 mg/L, and the concentration of Chlormequat is preferably 95～105mg/L, more preferably 96～104mg/L, still more preferably 98～102mg/L, the concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is preferably 1.5～2.5g/L, further preferably 1.6～2.4g/L, It is further preferably 1.8-2.2g/L, and the concentration of the potassium sulfate type foliar fertilizer is preferably 1.5-2.5g/L, further preferably 1.6-2.4g/L, still further preferably 1.8-2.2g/L, so The single application amount of the flower promoting agent is preferably 20-30L/mu, more preferably 22-28L/mu, still further preferably 24-26L/mu, and the number of sprays of the flower-promoting agent is preferably 1-3 times, more preferably 2 times, and the interval between each spraying of the flower promoter is preferably 5 to 9 days, more preferably 6 to 8 days, and still more preferably 7 days.

In the present invention, in the third year of planting, from mid-September to late September, the tea ridges with half the width on both sides of the camellia oleifera trees are cleared, and the first fertilization ditch is excavated on both sides of the camellia oleifera tree, and the fertilization ditch is parallel to the tea tree rows. The first soil cultivation and fertilization; the specific preferred method of thinning out the tea ridges is: after the spring tea is harvested that year, the tea ridges are cut from May to June, and the tea trees are dug out by the roots in mid-to-late September. The width of the tea ridges on each side of the Camellia oleifera tree is preferably 50-70cm, further preferably 55-65cm, and further preferably 60cm. The excavation position of the first fertilization ditch is preferably 25-35cm away from both sides of the Camellia oleifera tree. Further It is preferably at 28-32cm, and further preferably at 30cm. The first fertilization trench width is preferably 15-25cm, further preferably 18-22cm, and further preferably 20cm. The first fertilization trench depth is preferably 35 ~45cm, further preferably 38~42cm, further preferably 40cm; the first soil cultivation and fertilization is preferably filled with organic fertilizer and superphosphate at the bottom of the ditch, backfilled with topsoil, and the subsoil is mixed with potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer Backfill on the top layer to form a ribbon-shaped stem. The edge of the ribbon-shaped stem is low and the middle is high. The optimal height difference is 10-20cm. Keep the grafting interface 1-5cm away from the ground. If the soil pH is >6.5, 300g/plant of sulfur needs to be applied. The powder and topsoil are mixed evenly and then backfilled. The dosage of organic fertilizer is preferably 8-12kg/plant, more preferably 9-11kg/plant, further preferably 10kg/plant, and the dosage of superphosphate is preferably 0.5-1.5kg/plant. It is further preferably 0.6 to 1.4kg/plant, and still more preferably 0.8 to 1.2kg/plant. The dosage of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer is preferably 0.3 to 0.7kg, further preferably 0.4 to 0.6kg, and still more preferably 0.5kg. , the distance between the grafting interface and the ground is further preferably 2 to 4cm, and further preferably 3cm.

In the present invention, in the third year of planting, before germination in summer, each Camellia oleifera tree is erected with a bamboo pole parallel to the main trunk, and a round hole is drilled in the middle of each internode of the bamboo pole to serve as a nest for pollinating insects in order to increase the number of pollinating insects; the bamboo pole The height is preferably 1 to 2 m, more preferably 1.2 to 1.8 m, and still more preferably 1.4 to 1.6 m. The bamboo pole thickness is preferably 3 to 5 cm, more preferably 3.5 to 4.5 cm, and still more preferably 4 cm. The round hole The diameter is preferably 0.8 to 1 cm, more preferably 0.9 cm.

In the present invention, in the late autumn and early winter of the sixth year of planting, the tea ridges with the remaining width on both sides are thinned out again, the second fertilizing ditch is dug, the fertilizing ditch is parallel to the tea tree rows, and the soil is cultivated and fertilized for the second time; the thinning on each side is The width of the tea removal ridge is preferably 50 to 70 cm, more preferably 55 to 65 cm, and still more preferably 60 cm. The second fertilization ditch is preferably excavated 20 to 40 cm away from the first fertilization ditch, and is further preferably 25 cm. ~35cm, further preferably 30cm, the width of the second fertilization trench is preferably 35~45cm, further preferably 38~42cm, further preferably 40cm, and the depth of the second fertilization trench is preferably 35~45cm, It is further preferably 38 to 42cm, and further preferably 40cm; the second soil cultivation and fertilization is preferably filled with organic fertilizer and superphosphate at the bottom of the ditch, backfilled with topsoil, and the subsoil is mixed with potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer and backfilled at the end. On the upper layer, keep the middle of the Camellia oleifera planting row high and the two sides low. The height difference is preferably 8 to 12cm. The amount of organic fertilizer is preferably 15 to 20kg/plant, more preferably 16 to 19kg/plant, and even more preferably 17 to 18kg/plant. The dosage of calcium phosphate is preferably 1 to 2 kg/plant, more preferably 1.2 to 1.8 kg/plant, still more preferably 1.4 to 1.6 kg/plant, and the dosage of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer is preferably 1 to 1.5 kg, even more preferably It is 1.1-1.4kg, and it is more preferable that it is 1.2-1.3kg.

In the present invention, after the second soil cultivation and fertilization, water and fertilizer management is carried out to keep the crown diameter between rows of the tree <3m, the crown diameter between trees <1m, and the tree height <2.5m; the water and fertilizer management is preferably: from late February every year to In early March, apply high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer at 30-50cm intervals along the vertical line of the crown. In late May every year, apply humic acid water-soluble fertilizer at 30-50cm intervals along the vertical line of the crown. Every year In late August, apply high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer and humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer at 30-50cm intervals along the vertical projection line of the tree crown. Every 1 to 2 years, in mid-to-late October, excavate and apply fertilizer along the vertical projection line of the tree crown. Ditch, fertilize, and the fertilization method is the same as the first soil fertilization method. The application amount of the high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer is preferably 3 to 5 kg/plant, more preferably 3.5 to 4.5 kg/plant, and even more preferably 3.8 to 4.2 kg/plant, the fertilization depth is preferably 25-35cm, more preferably 28-32cm, still more preferably 30cm, the application amount of humic acid water-soluble fertilizer is preferably 3-5kg/plant, further preferably 3.5-4.5kg/ plant, more preferably 3.8-4.2kg/plant, the application amount of the high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer is preferably 3-7kg/plant, further preferably 4-6kg/plant, still more preferably 4.5-5.5kg/plant, The application amount of the humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer is preferably 3-7kg/plant, more preferably 4-6kg/plant, still more preferably 4.5-5.5kg/plant, and the width of the fertilization ditch is preferably 35-45cm, further preferably The depth of the fertilizing ditch is preferably 35-45cm, more preferably 38-42cm, and still more preferably 40cm.

The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the examples, but they should not be understood as limiting the protection scope of the present invention. The operations and treatment methods in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified. The yield measurements in the following examples are all based on plots. Each plot has an area of one mu. Three plots are measured as repetitions, and the average value is taken. Among them, the statistics of tea production are only the production statistics of spring tea buds before May each year; the production of camellia oleifera is the production of fresh fruits during the maturity period of camellia oleifera each year.

Example 1

Implementation location: Jiulong Village, Mingshan District, Ya'an City, a 30-acre flat land. The 'Sanhua 1951' and 'Fuxuan No. 9' tea tree varieties planted in 2009 have entered the high-yield period. The tea ridge width is 120cm. The spacing is 40cm.

In October 2014, camellia oleifera was interplanted, and every four rows of tea ridges were interplanted with one row of camellia oleifera. Use a soil drill between the tea ridges to dig a planting hole 60cm deep and 40cm in diameter according to the 150cm plant spacing. The topsoil and subsoil are placed separately. The subsoil is mixed with 5kg of fully decomposed sheep manure and 0.1kg of superphosphate and then filled into the bottom of the planting hole. The topsoil is mixed 0.1kg of Western potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer (15-15-15) is then placed on the subsoil to form a mound. The Camellia oleifera varieties with better uprightness, 'Changlin No. 3' and 'Changlin No. 40', were used as the main planting varieties, and 'Changlin No. 53' and 'Changlin No. 4' were used as pollination varieties. A 10×20cm nutrient bowl was selected. Planting of 2-year-old grade I seedlings on light substrate. When planting, plant one pollination variety for every eight main varieties. The pollination varieties are planted in the shape of a "pin" or an isosceles triangle between the rows of Camellia oleifera. When the seedlings are planted, the grafting interface should be 1cm above the soil surface. The edge of the planting tray is low and the inside is high, with a height difference of 8cm. After planting, pour enough rooting water and cover the planting tray with silver/black plastic film.

In December 2015, short-cut the main trunk of Camellia oleifera seedlings at a position of 60cm, cultivate 2 main branches on both sides of the rows, and cultivate a "Y"-shaped tree shape. In spring, when the cultivated main branch buds sprout and grow to more than 20cm, the main trunks will be erased. Lower branches and buds. In the first three years, the leggy branches on the back should be thinned out in time every year to allow the main branches to grow to both sides of the rows. At the same time, the flower buds should be thinned out every September to October to reduce nutrient consumption. Every year from late February to early March, before the spring shoots germinate and in mid-to-late May, before the spring shoots stop growing and the summer shoots germinate, use a fertilizer gun to apply "Tuki No. 3" organic water-soluble fertilizer (180-50-70) around the root system. )2.5kg/plant. In mid-to-late September, dig a 30×30×30cm fertilization hole 50cm away from the plant and apply 5kg of fully decomposed sheep manure/plant and 50g of Western potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer (15-15-15)/plant.

Beginning in 2017, every year in early June, branches with a thickness of more than 1.2cm will be girded at a distance of 5cm from the base 7 days after they stop growing. For vigorously growing branches, use a 0.5cm wide girdling knife to completely girdle. Use a 0.3cm girdling knife to cut a spiral into a branch with average or weak growth, and the height of the spiral is less than 1cm. At the same time, before flower bud differentiation (mid-to-late June), spray foliar fertilizer once every 7 days with Uniconazole 50mg/L, Chlormequat 100mg/L, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2g/L and potassium sulfate type foliar fertilizer. The flower promoting agent composed of a 2g/L mixture should be used at a dosage of 25L/mu each time and sprayed twice to convert the camellia oleifera tree from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. In order to increase the number of pollinating insects, before germination in summer, each Camellia oleifera tree was erected with a 1.5m high and 5cm thick bamboo pole parallel to the main trunk. A 1cm diameter round hole was drilled in the middle of the bamboo pole's internodes to serve as a nest for pollinating insects.

In late May 2017, after the spring tea harvest of that year, the tea ridges on both sides of the camellia oleifera trees were cut. The tea ridges 60cm close to the camellia rows were all removed from the base, and the remaining 60cm tea ridges were cut 40cm above the ground. Cut and rejuvenate. In late autumn and early winter, in mid-to-late September, dig out the roots of 60cm wide tea trees close to the Camellia oleifera row. Combined with thinning out the tea trees, open a strip trench 20cm wide and 40cm deep on both sides of the camellia tree for fertilization. When digging the trench, place the topsoil and subsoil separately. Apply 10kg of decomposed sheep manure and 1kg of superphosphate to each tree and fill it in the bottom of the trench. , and then backfill with topsoil. If the soil pH is greater than 6.5, 300g/plant of sulfur powder needs to be mixed with the topsoil and then backfilled. Mix 0.5kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer in the subsoil and backfill it on the top to form a ribbon-shaped stem. Pay attention to the grafting interface to be exposed to the soil surface; the edge of the ribbon-shaped stem is low and the middle is high, with a height difference of 15cm.

In October 2020, in the late autumn and early winter of the sixth year after the planting of the oil tea trees, the two tea ridges on both sides of the oil tea trees were completely thinned out, leaving only two rows of tea ridges between the two adjacent rows of oil tea. While thinning the tea ridges, a 40 cm wide and 40 cm deep strip ditch was opened for fertilization, and a second soil cultivation was carried out. The second soil cultivation and fertilization was filled with 17.5 kg of organic fertilizer per plant and 1.5 kg of superphosphate per plant into the bottom of the ditch, and the topsoil was backfilled. The subsoil was mixed with 1.25 kg of potassium sulfate-type ternary compound fertilizer and backfilled on the top layer to keep the oil tea planting row high in the middle and low on both sides, with a preferred height difference of 10 cm. After soil cultivation, a strip ridge 12 cm above the ground and 2.5 m wide was formed in the row of oil tea trees. After that, from late February to early March every year, before the spring shoots sprout, use a fertilizer gun to apply 4kg/plant of "Tu Wen No. 3" organic water-soluble fertilizer (180-50-70) at intervals of 50cm along the crown projection line, and the fertilization depth is about 30cm; in late May, after the spring shoots stop growing, use a fertilizer gun to apply 4kg/plant of "Wen Tu No. 3" water-soluble fertilizer containing humic acid (80-50-70) in the same way; in late August, after the fruit swells rapidly, use a fertilizer gun to apply 5kg/plant of "Wen Tu No. 3" high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer (110-50-1400) and 5kg/plant of water-soluble fertilizer containing humic acid (30-70-100) in the same way; in mid-to-late October, after the fruit is harvested, open a 40cm wide and 40cm deep strip ditch along the crown projection line every two years for fertilization, and the types and methods of fertilizer application are the same as described above. At the same time, pay attention to timely crown reduction after fruit harvest every year, keep the crown diameter between rows less than 3m, the crown diameter between plants less than 1m, and control the tree height to less than 2.5m.

Table 1 Statistical table of yield changes after interplanting camellia oleifera in the tea garden of Example 1

Table 1 shows the annual yield data of oil tea and tea after the treatment of Example 1, which were collected for 8 consecutive years, with conventional intercropping and no intercropping near the implementation site as controls. The yield data are the average values of the yields measured in 3 plots. It can be seen that the use of the method described in the present invention has no effect on the tea yield in the tea garden within 3 years after intercropping, and there is a certain oil tea yield (96.1kg/mu) from the third year after intercropping; from the fourth year after intercropping, with the partial thinning of tea ridges and the nutrient competition of oil tea tree growth, the tea yield decreases slightly, but the oil tea yield increases significantly with the increase of tree age (reaching 406.7kg/mu in the sixth year of intercropping). After further thinning of tea ridges in the autumn of the sixth year of intercropping, the tea yield decreases from the seventh year after intercropping, but the oil tea yield increases, and basically stabilizes in the eighth year after intercropping (oil tea yield per mu 591.3kg/mu, tea yield 15.9kg/mu) (Table 1).

In terms of labor input in tea plantation management, Camellia oleifera management within 3 years after interplanting is simple and does not require much investment. As the Camellia oleifera production begins, some or all of the tea ridges will be removed. Although the tea production will decline to a certain extent, the labor cost of picking tea will also decrease. Judging from the comprehensive benefits of interplanting Camellia oleifera in tea gardens until the stable production period, , using the intercropping model and management method of this plan, although the tea production per mu per year is reduced by about 8kg, it is achieved to increase the fresh fruit production of camellia oleifera by about 600kg per mu per year, while reducing the labor input in tea garden management by nearly 40%, significantly increasing the unit area The economic output of the land reduces labor costs, and the economic and ecological benefits are outstanding. It is a labor-saving and efficient cultivation method.

The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be pointed out that those of ordinary skill in the art can also make several improvements and modifications without departing from the principles of the present invention. These improvements and modifications can also be made. should be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A "two-change-one-cultivation" efficient cultivation method of tea and oil-tea intercropping, characterized by comprising the following steps: From October to January of the following year, dig planting holes between the tea ridges in the tea garden and plant the Camellia oleifera seedlings; one year after planting, cut the main trunk of the Camellia oleifera seedlings 50-60cm short, and cultivate two main branches horizontally between the rows to form Y-shaped plant shape, within three years of planting, the plants should be pruned to maintain the Y-shaped plant shape; In the third, fourth and fifth years of planting, gird the branches with a diameter of ≥1.2cm within 1 to 7 days after the spring growth stops. Spray the flower promoter 1 to 3 times before the flower bud differentiation every year, with an interval of 5 to 9 days each time. In the third year of planting, from mid-September to late September, thin the tea ridges of half the width on both sides of the oil tea tree, with a width of 50 to 70cm on each side. Dig the first fertilizer ditch with a width of 15 to 25cm and a depth of 35 to 45cm on both sides 25 to 35cm away from the oil tea tree. The fertilizer ditch is parallel to the row of tea trees, and the first soil cultivation and fertilization is carried out. In the late autumn and early winter of the sixth year of planting, thin out the remaining width of the tea ridges on both sides again. The width of the tea ridges on each side is 50 to 70 cm. At a distance of 20 to 40 cm from the first fertilizing ditch, the excavation is 35 to 45 cm wide and deep. The second fertilization ditch of 35-45cm should be parallel to the row of tea trees, and the soil should be fertilized for the second time. After that, from late February to early March every year, high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizers should be applied at intervals of 30-50cm along the vertical projection lines on both sides of the tree crown. Fertilizer, the application amount is 3~5kg/plant, the fertilizer depth is 25~35cm, in late May every year, apply humic acid water-soluble fertilizer at 30~50cm intervals along the vertical projection line of the tree crown, the application amount is 3~5kg/plant, every year In late August, apply 3 to 7 kg of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer and humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer per plant at 30 to 50 cm intervals along the vertical projection line of the tree crown. Every 1 to 2 years, in mid-to-late October, apply vertically along the crown of the tree. For the projection line, dig a fertilizing ditch 35-45cm wide and 35-45cm deep, and apply fertilizer in the same way as the first earth-building fertilization. Keep the crown diameter between rows <3m, the crown diameter between plants <1m, and the tree height < 2.5m; Within three years of planting, the plants should be pruned, including: in spring, when the main branch buds sprout and grow to more than 20cm, remove the lower branch buds of the main trunk, and thin out the leggy branches on the back of the main branch every summer and winter, from September to October every year Thin out all flower buds; Within three years of planting, the specific management of water and fertilizer is as follows: from late February to early March and mid-to-late May each year, apply high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer at the vertical projection line of the crown, with an application rate of 2-3kg/plant, and in mid-to-late September each year. Dig a 30×30×30cm fertilizer hole 45-55cm away from the Camellia oleifera plants, and apply 4.5-5.5kg/plant of organic fertilizer and 45-50g/plant of Western potassium sulfate-type ternary compound fertilizer; The ring cutting width is 0.3~0.5cm; the flower promoting agent is 45~55mg/L uniconazole, 95~105mg/L chlormequat, 1.5~2.5g/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1.5~2.5g /L potassium sulfate type foliar fertilizer mixture, a single application amount is 20-30L/acre, the specific method of thinning out tea ridges is: after the spring tea is harvested that year, the tea ridges are mowed from May to June. For cutting treatment, the tea trees will be dug up by the roots in mid-to-late September; The first soiling and fertilization is to fill 8-12 kg/plant of organic fertilizer and 0.5-1.5 kg/plant of superphosphate into the bottom of the ditch, backfill the topsoil, mix the subsoil with 0.3-0.7 kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer and backfill it on the top layer, and keep the grafting point 1-5 cm above the ground; The second time of soil cultivation and fertilization is to fill the bottom of the ditch with 15-20kg of organic fertilizer and 1-2kg of superphosphate per plant, backfill with topsoil, and mix the subsoil with 1-1.5kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer and backfill at the end. On the upper layer, keep the middle of the Camellia oleifera planting row high and the two sides low, with a height difference of 8 to 12cm. 2. The "two-change-one-cultivation" efficient cultivation method of intercropping tea and oil-tea as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that the slope of the tea garden put into production is <15°, the area is >1 hectare, the width of the tea planting ridges is 100-140 cm, and the spacing between the tea ridges is 30-50 cm. 3. The "two-change-one-cultivation" efficient cultivation method of intercropping tea and oil-tea as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, with a spacing of 130 to 170 cm, planting holes are dug between ridges every four tea ridges, the planting hole depth is 55 to 65 cm, the planting hole diameter is 30 to 50 cm, the excavated subsoil is mixed with 4 to 6 kg of organic fertilizer and 0.05 to 0.15 kg of superphosphate, the topsoil is mixed with 0.05 to 0.15 kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer, and the planting holes are filled back in sequence; the oil-tea seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, and the grafting port is kept 0.5 to 1.5 cm above the ground for planting; water is applied after planting and covered with a silvery or black plastic film. 4. The "two modifications and one cultivation" efficient cultivation method of interplanting tea and Camellia oleifera as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that, every 6 to 8 main cultivars of Camellia oleifera seedlings are planted, and one pollinator cultivar is planted, and the pollinated cultivars are planted in rows. The word "Pin" is planted in the middle. 5. The "two modifications and one cultivation" efficient cultivation method of interplanting tea and Camellia oleifera as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the third year of planting, before germination in summer, each Camellia oleifera tree stands 1 to 1 root parallel to the main trunk. Bamboo poles are 2m high and 3-5cm thick. A round hole with a diameter of 0.8-1cm is drilled in the middle of each internode of the bamboo pole.