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CN115151330B - 用于过滤器清洁系统的脉冲喷口 - Google Patents

用于过滤器清洁系统的脉冲喷口 Download PDF

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CN115151330B
CN115151330B CN202180010523.2A CN202180010523A CN115151330B CN 115151330 B CN115151330 B CN 115151330B CN 202180010523 A CN202180010523 A CN 202180010523A CN 115151330 B CN115151330 B CN 115151330B
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CN115151330A (zh
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K·泰勒
A·李
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Autall Uk Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/26—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets
    • B05B1/262—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets with fixed deflectors
    • B05B1/267—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets with fixed deflectors the liquid or other fluent material being deflected in determined directions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/66—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter
    • B01D46/70—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter by acting counter-currently on the filtering surface, e.g. by flushing on the non-cake side of the filter
    • B01D46/71—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter by acting counter-currently on the filtering surface, e.g. by flushing on the non-cake side of the filter with pressurised gas, e.g. pulsed air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/26—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets
    • B05B1/262—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets with fixed deflectors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/005—Nozzles or other outlets specially adapted for discharging one or more gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
    • B01D29/62—Regenerating the filter material in the filter
    • B01D29/64—Regenerating the filter material in the filter by scrapers, brushes, nozzles, or the like, acting on the cake side of the filtering element
    • B01D29/6438—Regenerating the filter material in the filter by scrapers, brushes, nozzles, or the like, acting on the cake side of the filtering element nozzles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/02—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, having hollow filters made of flexible material
    • B01D46/04—Cleaning filters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/02—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to produce a jet, spray, or other discharge of particular shape or nature, e.g. in single drops, or having an outlet of particular shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/26—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets
    • B05B1/262—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets with fixed deflectors
    • B05B1/265—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets with fixed deflectors the liquid or other fluent material being symmetrically deflected about the axis of the nozzle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B5/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use of air flow or gas flow
    • B08B5/02—Cleaning by the force of jets, e.g. blowing-out cavities
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2201/00—Details relating to filtering apparatus
    • B01D2201/08—Regeneration of the filter
    • B01D2201/081—Regeneration of the filter using nozzles or suction devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2201/00—Details relating to filtering apparatus
    • B01D2201/08—Regeneration of the filter
    • B01D2201/087—Regeneration of the filter using gas bubbles, e.g. air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
    • B01D29/62—Regenerating the filter material in the filter
    • B01D29/66—Regenerating the filter material in the filter by flushing, e.g. counter-current air-bumps
    • B01D29/68—Regenerating the filter material in the filter by flushing, e.g. counter-current air-bumps with backwash arms, shoes or nozzles

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于过滤器清洁系统的喷口具有接头部和位于接头部下游的分流器部，接头部具有入口开口和出口开口。分流器部具有导流表面，导流表面布置为使离开接头部出口的气流成3股或更多股不同/分开的气流引导，每股气流以从离开接头部出口开口的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜的方式引导。可以定制分流器喷口部的各种参数以提供所需的射流形状和卷吸特性。喷口设计的有益特征在于，射流卷吸和流的重组可针对不同形状的过滤器被指定。

Description

用于过滤器清洁系统的脉冲喷口
技术领域
本发明涉及用于过滤器清洁系统的脉冲喷口以及使用这种脉冲喷口的过滤器清洁系统。
背景技术
用于空气过滤器的脉冲清洁系统使用压缩空气的短脉冲来使正常气流在过滤器中反转并从过滤介质除去灰尘。这种系统称为反转流式过滤器清洁系统(reverse-flowfilter cleaning system)。空气通过喷口递送，喷口可专门设计为使卷吸(entrain)进所得射流的卷吸量及因此通过过滤器的反转气流增大。
为了在限定的包络内优化/最大化对于给定过滤器形状的清洁流，需要考虑喷口的形状和分布以及所得射流的速度分布。
例如，诸如US 8440002中公开的棱锥形过滤器使用3面式或4面式的配置构造，这样的配置构造不能利用如通常针对圆筒形或圆锥形过滤器使用的圆形射流或分叉射流来有效地清洁。此外，增大卷吸率可使喷口能够高效地清洁，同时减小喷口出口平面与过滤器之间的距离并因此缩减过滤室的整体尺寸和成本。
US7195659在图11往后公开了各种配置构造的脉冲喷口，本发明寻求对这些脉冲喷口加以改进。
先前的工作已关于改进针对圆形筒式过滤器的喷口设计开展过，并且一系列不同的设计正在使用中。示例性的设计在例如US7585343中被示出。
在US2007/0137151中，针对大型V型过滤器，喷口的配置构造使用多个出口，所述多个出口引导脉冲空气穿越薄的楔形体来尝试产生相似的效果。
发明内容
现在已经设计出一种改进的布置结构。
改进的喷口包括：
i)具有入口开口和出口开口的接头部；和，
ii)位于接头部下游的分流器部；其中，分流器部具有导流表面，所述导流表面布置为使离开接头部出口的气流成3股或更多股不同/分开的气流引导，每股气流以从离开接头部出口的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜的方式被引导。
优选地，引导每股气流的导流表面为大体平坦的。
优选地，针对每股气流，两个或更多个倾斜的导流表面以在一个或多个相交部处会合的方式被设置。
优选地，所述相交部是线形的且优选从接头部的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜。
优选地，接头部具有单一/公共的出口开口，该单一/公共的出口将气流引导到所述导流表面中的每个上。
优选地，接头部的出口开口包括圆形孔口。
优选地，分流器部形成为具有间隔件部段(例如，桥接物、壁或腹板)以将所述不同/分开的气流分开。
优选地，间隔件部段以在各不同/分开的气流的相邻导流表面之间延伸的方式存在。
优选地，间隔件部段沿着分流器部的长度纵向延伸并从接头轴线向外轴向倾斜。
优选地，间隔件部段每个以相同的倾斜角度轴向倾斜。
优选地，间隔件部段从接头部延伸。
优选地，用于各股气流的导流表面限定气流通道。
优选地，每个气流通道具有与喷口的其它分开的气流通道相同的形状和配置构造。
优选地，分流器部具有使离开接头出口的气流在沿着喷口的纵向轴线的公共点处分流成不同/分开的气流的导流表面前缘配置构造。
优选地，分流器部具有使离开接头出口的气流分流成不同/分开的气流的导流表面前缘配置构造，该前缘定位成与接头部的出口开口邻接(或邻近)。由“邻近”将理解的是大致10mm或更小的距离。
优选地，分流器部具有使离开接头出口的气流分流成不同/分开的气流的导流表面前缘配置构造，该导流表面前缘配置构造横向穿越接头部的整个出口开口延伸。
优选地，喷口设置为过滤器清洁系统的一部分，并且该系统还包括压缩空气源和用于将压缩空气递送到喷口的器具。
优选地，该系统包括用于使递送到喷口的空气产生脉冲的脉冲系统。
附图说明
现在将进一步描述本发明，描述仅以示例的方式进行并且参考附图，在附图中：
图1是根据本发明的过滤器清洁系统的示意图；
图2是根据本发明的喷口的实施例的立体图；
图3是根据本发明的喷口的第二实施例的立体图；
图4是根据本发明的替代喷口配置构造的喷口几何结构的简图；
图5是根据本发明的示例性的3路式分流器喷口的喷口几何结构的简图；
图6是通过诸如图3中所示的4路式分流器喷口的截面图。
具体实施方式
反转流脉冲式过滤器清洁系统在图1中示出。该系统适于与普遍已知的工业应用(例如，US7195659中描述的工业应用)相关的使用，以便清洁例如为燃气轮机系统的进气系统设置的过滤器布置结构。图1中所示的反转流脉冲式过滤器清洁系统包括带有多个脉冲阀2的压缩空气集管1，所述多个脉冲阀中的每个连接到吹管3。吹管3将压缩空气的短脉冲递送到一个或多个喷口4。每个喷口引导所得脉冲射流以使得空气流反转通过单个过滤器5。喷口可经由鞍座(以6示出)附接到吹管的侧部或直接配合到吹管的开口端。
如图2至图4中图示的，在本发明中，喷口利用分流器喷口部7，所述分流器喷口部具有星形或棱锥形的楔形体——基本上但非排它地为3角/边式的或4角/边式的。分流器喷口部7安设在单个会聚或会聚-发散型的(大体)圆形的接头喷口部8的沿着流动方向的下游。分流器的前缘可与喷口出口平面重合或下游若干(例如5-15)毫米处。分流器对从单个喷口流出的流进行导流并使之分开为成角度远离喷口轴线9的多股(三股或更多股)流，从而由于剪切层表面积增大而允许卷吸增加。侧板间隔件10可用于将分流器附接到接头喷口。在某些配置构造中，这些(侧板间隔件)也协助射流/气流分开。
射流/气流分散的角度、它们之后是否以及在何处重新组合为形成具有非圆形横截面的单股射流，这些受到分流器的角度、长度、位置、横截面形状以及(可选地)侧板间隔件10的控制。可利用CFD模拟和实验测试来确定这些参数对卷吸率和射流横截面的影响。通过这种方式，可以使用这些参数为特定值的喷口，提供针对给定过滤器尺寸和/或形状的最佳清洁流。
分流器喷口部7的各种参数、与接头喷口部8的间距以及接头喷口部8的几何结构都可以被定制，以提供所需的射流形状和卷吸特性。喷口设计的有益特征在于，射流卷吸以及流的重组可针对不同形状的过滤器被指定。
现在参考图2的特定喷口配置构造，该布置结构具有用于安装到吹管3的鞍座6，具有与吹管3中的出口孔的轴线共同对齐的轴线9。分流器喷口部7借助侧板间隔件10安装到接头喷口部，并且分流器喷口部7具有导流表面7a、7b，所述导流表面从离开接头喷口部8的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜。在图2中所示的布置结构中，分流器喷口部7的导流表面将大体所有离开接头喷口部8的空气引导成3股分开的气流(A、B、C)，每股气流以从离开接头喷口部8的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜的方式被引导。分开的各对导流表面7a、7b实际上限定用于各股气流(A、B、C)的单独的气流通道。大体所有离开接头喷口部8的轴向流动的空气因此以对于三股气流(A、B、C)中的每股气流都一致的气流方向被向外轴向地导流(在分开的相应气流通道中)。向外轴向倾斜的导流表面7a、7b在纵向延伸的相交线7c处相交，所述相交线也从离开接头喷口部8的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜。
在该实施例中，分开的气流在分流器喷口部7的与接头喷口部8的单个出口开口邻接的公共前缘7d处被分开。在一定程度上，这通过侧板间隔件10被增强，间隔件侧板在该公共前缘7d处使气流分开成分开的气流(A、B、C)。用于各股气流(A、B、C)的导流表面7a、7b倾斜至公共的倾斜角度，相交线7c和侧板间隔件10也如此。侧板间隔件10的宽度、表面7a、7b和/或侧板间隔件10的倾斜都可以被定制，以修改在给定流率条件下的喷口的卷吸特性和下游气流重组特性。分流器喷口部7具有后缘7e，并且在气流经过后缘7e之前，初始射流/气流轨迹由导流表面7a、7b建立。
该实施例特别适于用在被设计来清洁三角形横截面的锥形过滤器的系统中。然而，该实施例也适于与圆柱形或圆锥形过滤器一起使用。
图3中所示的实施例特别适于清洁方形横截面的过滤器(比如，具有棱锥几何结构的过滤器)，并且与图2的喷口实施例共享许多特征。该布置结构布置成具有分流器喷口部7，该分流器部具有分流器表面7a、7b，这些分流器表面引导气流来引入到平坦的导流表面7f中，该平坦的导流表面向外轴向倾斜到后缘7e。在图3中所示的布置结构中，分流器喷口部7的分流表面将大体所有离开接头喷口部8的空气引导成4股分开的气流(A、B、C、D)，每股气流以从离开接头喷口部8的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜的方式被引导。分开的各组分流器和导流表面7a、7b、7f实际上限定用于各股气流(A、B、C、D)的单独的气流通道。大体所有离开接头喷口部8的轴向流动的空气因此在分开的相应气流通道中以对于四股气流(A、B、C、D)中的每股气流都一致的气流方向被向外轴向导流。在该实施例中，分开的气流在分流器喷口部7的与接头喷口部8的单个出口开口邻接的前缘7d处被分开。这通过侧板间隔件10被增强/维持，间隔件侧板在前缘7d处使气流分开成分开的气流(A、B、C、D)。用于各股气流(A、B、C、D)的导流表面7f倾斜至共同的倾斜角度，侧板间隔件10也如此。侧板间隔件10的宽度、表面7f和/或侧板间隔件10的倾斜都可以被定制，以修改在给定流率条件下的喷口的卷吸特性和下游气流重组特性。分流器喷口部7具有后缘7e，并且在气流经过后缘7e之前，初始射流/气流轨迹由导流表面建立。
图4示意性地示出替代的喷口分流器喷口部7的几何结构，该喷口分流器部可用于将气流分流成四股分开的气流(A、B、C、D)。该布置结构布置成具有分流器喷口部7，该分流器部具有导流表面7a、7b，这些导流表面从离开接头喷口部8的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜。在图4中所示的布置结构中，分流器喷口部7的导流表面将大体所有离开接头喷口部8的空气引导成为4股分开的气流(A、B、C、D)，每股气流以从离开接头喷口部8的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜的方式被引导。分开的各对导流表面7a、7b实际上限定用于各股气流(A、B、C、D)的单独的相应气流通道。大体所有离开接头喷口部8的轴向流动的空气因此以对于四股气流(A、B、C、D)中的每股气流都一致的气流方向被向外轴向导流(在分开的相应气流通道中)。在该实施例中，分开的气流在分流器喷口部7的与接头喷口部8的单个出口开口邻接的前缘7d处被分开。这通过侧板间隔件10被实现，间隔件侧板在前缘7d处使气流分开成分开的气流(A、B、C、D)。用于各股气流(A、B、C、D)的导流表面7a、7b倾斜至共同的倾斜角度，侧板间隔件10也如此。侧板间隔件10的宽度、表面7a、7b和/或侧板间隔件10的倾斜都可以被定制，以修改在给定流率条件下的喷口的卷吸特性和下游气流重组特性。分流器喷口部7具有后缘7e，并且在气流经过后缘7e之前，初始射流/气流轨迹由导流表面建立。在该实施例中，侧板间隔件10以与图2的实施例类似的方式从接头喷口部8)附近的相对较窄的部分锥化至朝向后缘7e的相对较宽的部分。
图4的喷口的几何结构通过以下参数限定：
De 接头喷口部(8)的出口直径
Lh 分流器喷口部(7)的半高
Ls 分流器喷口部(7)的长度
Rs 分流器部前缘(7d)的外接圆的半径
Xo接头喷口部8的出口平面与分流器喷口部7的前缘之间的轴向距离
α1 分流器半角
α2 分流器发散半角
Rs>De/2
Tan(α)＝Lh/Ls
这些几何参数也分别在图5和图6中针对这些图每个中示出的喷口设计进行了标识。
可以定制分流器喷口的各种参数以提供所需的射流形状和卷吸特性。
在图6中，气流通过穿过喷口的截面图被示出。

Claims (18)

1.一种用于过滤器清洁系统的喷口，所述喷口包括：
i)具有入口开口和出口开口的接头部；和，
ii)位于接头部下游的分流器部；其中，所述分流器部具有导流表面，所述导流表面布置为使离开接头部出口的气流成三股或更多股分开的气流引导，每股气流以从离开接头部出口的气流的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜的方式被引导；
其中，引导各股气流的导流表面是平坦的表面，并且用于各股气流的导流表面限定气流通道；其中，每个气流通道具有与喷口的其它分开的气流通道相同的形状和配置构造；所有离开接头部的气流通过分流器部被导流成所述三股或更多股分开的气流中的一股。
2.根据权利要求1所述的喷口，其中，针对每股气流，两个或更多个倾斜的导流表面以在一个或多个相交部处会合的方式被设置。
3.根据权利要求2所述的喷口，其中，所述相交部为线形的。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的喷口，其中，接头部具有单一/公共的出口开口，该单一/公共的出口将气流引导到所述导流表面中的每个上。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的喷口，其中，所述接头部的出口开口包括圆形孔口。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的喷口，其中，所述分流器部形成为具有间隔件部段以将所述分开的气流分开。
7.根据权利要求6所述的喷口，其中，所述间隔件部段在所述分开的气流的相邻导流表面之间延伸。
8.根据权利要求6所述的喷口，其中，所述间隔件部段沿着所述分流器部的长度纵向延伸并从接头轴线向外轴向倾斜。
9.根据权利要求8所述的喷口，其中，所述间隔件部段每个以相同的倾斜角度轴向倾斜。
10.根据权利要求6所述的喷口，其中，所述间隔件部段从接头部延伸。
11.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的喷口，其中，所述分流器部具有使离开接头部的出口开口的气流在沿着喷口的纵向轴线的公共点处分流成分开的气流的导流表面前缘配置构造。
12.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的喷口，其中，所述分流器部具有使离开接头部的出口开口的气流分流成分开的气流的导流表面前缘配置构造，该前缘定位成与接头部的出口开口邻接。
13.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的喷口，其中，所述分流器部具有使离开接头部的出口开口的气流分流成分开的气流的导流表面前缘配置构造，所述导流表面前缘配置构造横向穿越所述接头部的整个出口开口延伸。
14.根据权利要求3所述的喷口，其中，所述相交部从接头部的轴向方向向外轴向倾斜。
15.一种过滤器清洁系统，包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的喷口。
16.根据权利要求15所述的过滤器清洁系统，并且还包括压缩空气源和用于将压缩空气递送到喷口的器具。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的过滤器清洁系统，并且还包括用于使递送到喷口的空气产生脉冲的脉冲系统。
18.一种过滤系统，包括安装在过滤器壳体中与根据权利要求15所述的过滤器清洁系统相邻的过滤器。
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