CN114134222B - 狼疮性肾炎诊断标志物及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了狼疮性肾炎诊断标志物及其应用。本发明的第一方面,提供定量检测C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2中的至少一种标志物的试剂在制备狼疮性肾炎的诊断、疾病监测、预后判断产品中的应用。根据本申请实施例的应用,至少具有如下有益效果:本申请通过激光捕获显微切割技术获得不同部位的微量肾组织样本,从而筛选出在各种肾组织中差异表达的标志物作为狼疮性肾炎的诊断标志物使用,弥补了现有狼疮性肾炎诊断指标的不足,具有良好的临床诊断价值。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及狼疮性肾炎诊断技术领域,尤其是涉及狼疮性肾炎诊断标志物及其应用。
背景技术
系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是一种全身性、系统性疾病,可损伤机体各个器官,当狼疮免疫复合物累及到肾脏时,会导致狼疮性肾炎(LN)。LN可以归类为肾小球肾炎的一种疾病,它也是SLE总体发病率和死亡率的主要危险因素。尽管针对LN可以采用强效抗炎和免疫抑制的疗法,但多数患者的预后仍然会以长期慢性肾脏病(Chronic Kidney Disease,CKD)或终末期肾脏病(End Stage Renal Disease,ESRD)告终。
目前临床上对LN诊断的主要手段是肾脏活检和血清学检查,其中肾活检是LN确诊的金标准。LN目前共分为6型(I-VI)。根据文献报道,LN的预后与确诊时间有关。换句话说,早诊断早治疗,LN的预后较好。当患者有明显肾炎临床症状时应立即进行肾活检,以加快治疗决定,并将炎症引起的不可逆肾损害的风险降到最低,该结果也同样提示了早诊断对LN的重要作用。
寻找LN新型的、可替代肾活检的诊断标志物是当前LN的研究热点之一。随着新的研究技术的进展,LN的组学研究,如转录组学,蛋白质组学等,推动了在血液或者尿液中寻找LN特异诊断生物标志物研究的发展。因此,有必要借助上述手段寻找到更有效的LN诊断标志物。
发明内容
本申请旨在至少解决现有技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此,本申请提出一种具有良好的诊断价值的狼疮性肾炎标志物,定量检测这些标志物的试剂能够用于狼疮性肾炎的诊断或预后判断。
本申请的第一方面,提供定量检测C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2中的至少一种标志物的试剂在制备狼疮性肾炎的诊断、监测或预后判断产品中的应用。
根据本申请实施例的应用,至少具有如下有益效果:
本申请通过激光捕获显微切割技术获得不同部位的微量肾组织样本,从而筛选出在各种肾组织中差异表达的标志物作为狼疮性肾炎的诊断标志物使用,弥补了现有狼疮性肾炎诊断指标的不足,具有良好的临床诊断价值。
其中,C8b(Complement C8 Beta Chain)是补体组分8的β链。C8由α、β和γ亚基组成,其是膜攻击复合物的一个组分,介导细胞裂解,并引发复合物的膜渗透。
NDUFA4(NDUFA4 Mitochondrial Complex Associated)是属于复合物I 9KDA亚基家族的蛋白。这种哺乳动物线粒体呼吸链的复合物I由45个不同的亚基组成。该蛋白质具有NADH脱氢酶活性和氧化还原酶活性。
COL6A2(Collagen Type VI Alpha 2Chain)是胶原蛋白VI型α2链,是一种能够在大多数结缔组织中发现的串珠丝胶原。该胶原蛋白在组织基质组分中具有重要的相互作用。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,试剂定量检测其中的至少两种,包括C8b和NDUFA4、C8b和COL6A2、NDUFA4和COL6A2以及全部三种标志物。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,试剂在基因水平或蛋白水平上定量检测标志物。在基因水平上定量检测核酸的试剂通过以下方法进行,具体包括但不限于聚合酶链反应(PCR)、等温扩增反应(如环介导等温扩增LAMP、重组酶聚合酶扩增RPA等)、探针杂交技术、RNA印迹等方法。在蛋白水平上定量检测标志物的试剂通过以下方法进行,包括但不限于酶联免疫反应(ELISA)、放射免疫反应(IRA)、免疫组化染色、蛋白质印记、电泳、液相色谱-质谱/质谱(LC-MS/MS)等。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,在基因水平上定量检测C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2中的至少一种标志物的试剂选自引物、探针和基因芯片。其中,引物是指能够特异性扩增C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2基因的引物,探针是指能够特异性识别C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2基因或者该基因转录本的探针,基因芯片是指在基底材料(具体包括但不限于聚合物如尼龙膜、硝酸纤维素膜,以及玻璃等)上固定有前述的探针的阵列所形成的复合结构。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,在蛋白水平上定量检测标志物的试剂为抗体。其中,抗体是指能够特异性识别C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2中的至少一种标志物蛋白的抗体,具体包括单克隆抗体及多克隆抗体中的至少一种。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,试剂在蛋白水平上定量检测肾小球样本中的C8b、肾小管样本中的NDUFA4、肾间质样本中的COL6A2中的至少一种。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,肾小球组织样本中C8b蛋白的表达水平相对正常人上调、肾小管组织样本中的NDUFA4蛋白的表达水平相对正常人下调、肾间质组织样本中的COL6A2蛋白的表达水平相对正常人上调中的至少一种情况出现时,诊断为患有狼疮性肾炎。在其中一些实施方式中,当上述两种或三种情况出现时,诊断为患有狼疮性肾炎。其中,相对正常人的上下调水平是指,以满足未患有狼疮性肾炎的临床诊断相关标准的样本(如正常人样本)中的标志物的表达水平的关键值(如中值、最小值、最大值或其倍数值)为阈值,受试者的样本中标志物的表达水平高于某一阈值则判定为上调,低于某一阈值则判定为下调。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,通过监测C8b蛋白、NDUFA4蛋白、COL6A2蛋白的表达水平的变化来对患者狼疮性肾炎的疾病进展情况进行监测或对其预后进行判断。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,诊断包括诊断狼疮性肾炎的病理分级、活动性(AI)、慢性化(CI)中的至少一种。
其中,狼疮性肾炎主要分为六型,通过肾脏病理类型进行分型,具体如下,Ⅰ型:轻微系膜性狼疮性肾炎,光镜下肾小球正常,但免疫荧光和(或)电镜可见系膜区免疫复合物沉积。Ⅱ型:系膜增生性狼疮性肾炎,光镜下可见单纯系膜细胞不同程度增生或伴有系膜基质增多,伴系膜区免疫复合物沉积;免疫荧光和电镜下可见少量上皮下或内皮下免疫复合物沉积。Ⅲ型:局灶性狼疮性肾炎,分活动性(A)或非活动性(C)病变,呈局灶性(受累肾小球<50%)节段性或球性的肾小球内增生、膜增生和中重度系膜增生或伴有新月体形成,典型的局灶性的内皮下免疫复合物沉积,伴或不伴有系膜改变。Ⅳ型:弥漫性狼疮性肾炎,活动性或非活动性病变。呈弥漫性(受累肾小球≥50%)节段性或球性的肾小球毛细血管内增生、膜增生和中重度系膜增生,或呈新月体性肾小球肾炎,典型的弥漫性内皮下免疫复合物沉积,伴或不伴有系膜病变。Ⅴ型:膜性狼疮性肾炎。肾小球基底膜弥漫增厚,可见弥漫性或节段性上皮下免疫复合物沉积,伴或不伴系膜病变。Ⅵ型:严重硬化型狼疮性肾炎。超过90%的肾小球呈现球性硬化,不再有活动性病变。狼疮性肾炎的临床活动性(AI)和慢性化指数(CI)在一定程度上可反映肾脏受损害程度,目前广泛使用的是美国国家卫生研究院(NIH)给出的AI和CI评分。
本申请的第二方面,提供狼疮性肾炎的标志物的筛选方法,该筛选方法包括以下步骤:
采用激光捕获显微切割技术从组织切片中获得不同部位的肾组织样本;从肾组织样本中提取肽段;对肽段进行DIA定量检测;根据检测结果进行生物信息学分析,得出差异表达蛋白并筛选出标志物。
根据本申请实施例的筛选方法,至少具有如下有益效果:
激光捕获显微切割技术(LCM)是一个可以在较短时间内(一般为1-1.5h)在显微镜的帮助下切割任何感兴趣的区域,可以精确到单个细胞上来,因此可以用来研究组织的空间性。理解肾脏疾病中肾脏不同区域的分子和病理变化有较为深入的认知。因而采用LCM分离LN患者和正常对照组肾脏组织中的肾小球、肾小管和肾间质,并进行蛋白质组学研究,通过生信分析筛选出合适的标志物。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,从差异表达蛋白到筛选出标志物的方法包括但不限于通过合适的算法利用收集到的肾组织或其它样本中差异表达蛋白的具体表达情况与对样本来源人员是否患病进行建模,具体的方法可以采用线性回归方法或其它监督的机器学习非线性算法替代。
在本申请的一些实施方式中,不同的肾组织样本包括肾小球组织样本、肾小管组织样本、肾间质组织样本中的至少一种。
本申请的第三方面,提供治疗狼疮性肾炎的药物的筛选方法,该筛选方法包括以下步骤:将待筛药物与狼疮性肾炎模型作用,检测C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2中至少一种标志物的表达量,根据表达量的变化情况筛选出对狼疮性肾炎具有显著治疗作用的药物。
本申请的附加方面和优点将在下面的描述中部分给出,部分将从下面的描述中变得明显,或通过本申请的实践了解到。
附图说明
图1是本申请的实施例1中肾小球参与补体系统蛋白的Metascape结果,其中,A是生物学进程的柱状图,B是生物学进程的网络互作图,C是蛋白网络互作图。
图2是本申请的实施例1中肾小管代谢通路蛋白的Metascape结果,其中,A是生物学进程的柱状图,B是生物学进程的网络互作图,C是蛋白网络互作图。
图3是本申请的实施例1中肾间质的ECM受体相关蛋白的Metascape结果,其中,A是生物学进程的柱状图,B是生物学进程的网络互作图,C是蛋白网络互作图。
图4是本申请的实施例2中C8b的免疫组化实验结果,A为不同放大倍数下的染色图,B为IRS评分比较结果。
图5是本申请的实施例2中NDUFA4的免疫组化实验结果,A为不同放大倍数下的染色图,B为IRS评分比较结果。
图6是本申请的实施例2中COL6A2的免疫组化实验结果,A为不同放大倍数下的染色图,B为IRS评分比较结果。
图7是本申请的实施例2中C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2作为LN生物诊断标志物的ROC曲线,A~C表示C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2区分轻中度和重度活动性指数的ROC曲线,D~F表示C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2区分轻度和中重度慢性化指数的ROC曲线。
图8是本申请的实施例2中C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2的组合作为LN生物诊断标志物的ROC曲线,A~C为任意两个组合来区分轻中度和重度活动性指数的ROC曲线,D为三个组合来区分轻中度和重度活动性指数的ROC曲线。
图9是本申请的实施例2中C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2的组合作为LN生物诊断标志物的ROC曲线,A~C为任意两个组合来区分轻度和中重度慢性化指数的ROC曲线,D为三个组合来区分轻度和中重度慢性化指数的ROC曲线。
具体实施方式
以下将结合实施例对本申请的构思及产生的技术效果进行清楚、完整地描述,以充分地理解本申请的目的、特征和效果。显然,所描述的实施例只是本申请的一部分实施例,而不是全部实施例,基于本申请的实施例,本领域的技术人员在不付出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的其他实施例,均属于本申请保护的范围。
下面详细描述本申请的实施例,描述的实施例是示例性的,仅用于解释本申请,而不能理解为对本申请的限制。
在本申请的描述中,若干的含义是一个以上,多个的含义是两个以上,大于、小于、超过等理解为不包括本数,以上、以下、以内等理解为包括本数。如果有描述到第一、第二只是用于区分技术特征为目的,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的先后关系。
本申请的描述中,除非另有明确的限定,设置、安装、连接等词语应做广义理解,所属技术领域技术人员可以结合技术方案的具体内容合理确定上述词语在本申请中的具体含义。
本申请的描述中,参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示意性实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本申请的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中,对上述术语的示意性表述不一定指的是相同的实施例或示例。而且,描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任何的一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。
实施例1:蛋白组学研究
实验方法
1.确定样本
共纳入21例LN肾组织样本、11例正常人肾组织样本的组织切片用于激光显微切割并进行DIA蛋白定量。其中LN组中肾脏穿刺检查病理诊断符合LN,病理结果依据2003年国际肾脏学会/肾脏病理学会(ISN/RPS)对LN分型的修订标准。纳入标准包括:(1)年龄16至55岁;(2)未进行免疫抑制剂治疗及激素治疗;(3)无急慢性感染性疾病,如肺结核等;(4)无其他免疫相关性疾病,如皮肌炎、强直性脊柱炎等。排除IgA肾病、紫癜肾病、乙肝病毒相关性肾病、糖尿病肾病、急性肾小球肾炎、慢性肾小球肾炎及药物相关性肾损害等。
2.LCM取样
应用徕卡激光捕获显微切割系统(Leica LMD7000,德国),用4倍物镜找到组织,调整为10倍物镜后通过电脑屏幕分别寻找肾小球、肾小管和肾小管,然后通过鼠标在电脑显示屏幕上圈划出所需要的目的区域,其中切割能量设置为38,aperture设置为14,速度设置为4。然后按下激光发生器的开关,激光沿所画图形进行切割,靶细胞与周围组织细胞即被分隔开来,由于重力作用,被切割下来的靶细胞将掉进收集器载物台上预先装好的200μlPCR管帽中。如此重复,直至将所需样品切割完毕。切割后的样本收集于PCR管中,并放置于干冰保存,进行蛋白提取及后续实验部分。
3.蛋白组学研究
3.1蛋白提取
样品管20000g常温离心10分钟;加入含二硫苏糖醇(DTT)浓度为10mM的50mM碳酸氢铵水溶液20微升;95℃金属浴反应30min;待其温度降至室温后立即加入碘乙酰胺(IAM),使其终浓度为50mM,室温下避光静置30min;将样品管放入水浴超声仪中超声20分钟。
3.2蛋白酶解
每个样品管中加入0.2ug Trypsin酶进行酶解;振荡混匀30s,短暂离心后,37℃水浴锅中酶解过夜14~16h。
3.3肽段除盐
活化:取一根新的C18柱,用1mL甲醇过柱,流速3滴/s;
平衡:用1mL 0.1%FA过柱,流速3滴/s;
上样:蛋白液样品用无SDS L3稀释至1mL过柱流速1滴/s;
洗涤:用1mL 0.1%FA过柱,流速3滴/s,共重复3次;
洗脱:用800L 75%ACN缓慢洗脱,流速0.5滴/s;
抽干:洗脱液冷冻抽干。
3.4高效液相色谱法分离
采用岛津LC-20AD液相系统,分离柱为5μm 4.6x250mm Gemini C18柱对样品进行液相分离。实验方法如下,将所有样本各取等量肽段进行混合后,用5%乙腈(acetonitrile,ACN)稀释并进样,以1mL/分钟的流速梯度洗脱,流动相B为95%ACN,洗脱流程为:5%流动相B 10min,5%至35%流动相B 40min,35%至95%流动相B1min,流动相B持续3min,5%流动相B平衡10min。在214nm波长下监测洗脱峰并每分钟收集一个组分,结合色谱洗脱峰图合并样品得到10个组分,然后冷冻抽干。
3.5DIA定量检测
将抽干的肽段样品用流动相A(2%ACN,0.1%甲酸(Formic acid,FA))复溶,20000g离心10min后,取上清进样,并用高效液相色谱法分离。样品首先进入trap柱富集并除盐,随后与C18柱(150μm内径,1.8μm柱料粒径,约35cm柱长)串联,以500nL/min流速通过如下有效梯度进行分离:0~5min,5%流动相B(98%ACN,0.1%FA);5~130min,流动相B从5%线性升至25%;130~150min,流动相B从25%升至35%;150~160min,流动相B从35%升至80%;160~175min,80%流动相B;175~175.5min,流动相B从80%降至5%;175.5~180min,5%流动相B。高效液相分离末端直接连接质谱仪,并进行检测。
3.5.1建库检测
经过液相分离的肽段通过nano ESI源离子化后进入到串联质谱仪进行数据依赖获取(Data Dependent Acquisition,DDA)模式检测。主要参数设置:离子源电压设置为2kV;一级质谱扫描范围350~1,500m/z;分辨率设置为60000,最大离子注入时间(MIT)为50ms;二级质谱碎裂模式为HCD,碎裂能量设置为30;分辨率设置为15,000,最大离子注入时间(MIT)为50ms,动态排除时间设定为30s。二级质谱起始m/z固定为100;二级碎裂的母离子筛选条件为:电荷2+到6+,峰强度超过2E4的强度排在前30的母离子。AGC设置为:一级1E5,二级2E4。
3.5.2DIA质谱检测
经过液相分离的肽段通过nano ESI源离子化后进入到串联质谱仪进行DIA模式检测。主要参数设置:离子源电压设置为2kV;一级质谱扫描范围400~1500m/z;分辨率设置为60000;最大离子注入时间(MIT)为50ms;将400-1500m/z均分为44个窗口进行连续窗口碎裂及信号采集。离子碎裂模式为HCD,最大离子注入时间为54ms,碎片离子在Orbitrap中进行检测,分辨率设置为30000,碎裂能量30;AGC设置为5E4。
4.生物信息学分析
下机的DDA数据使用Max Quant整合的Andromeda引擎完成鉴定,接着利用该结果建立谱图库。对于大规模的DIA数据,使用m Prophet算法完成数据的分析质控,从而获得大量可靠的定量结果。
4.1数据库选择
数据库的选择UniProt蛋白数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/),UniProt是信息最丰富、资源最广的蛋白质数据库。它由整合Swiss-Prot,TrEMBL和PIR-PSD三大数据库的数据而成。
4.2DDA数据分析
使用Max Quant完成DDA数据的鉴定,作为后续DIA分析的谱图库。操作时以原始下机数据为输入文件,配置好相应参数及数据库,然后进行鉴定和定量分析。其中满足FDR≤1%的鉴定信息将用于建立最终的谱图库。
4.3DIA数据分析
下机的DIA数据利用肽段对保留时间(retention time)完成校正。然后基于SWATH-MS适用的Target-decoy模型,以FDR小于等于1%完成假阳性控制,从而获得显著性的定量结果。
4.4MSstats差异分析
根据设定的比较组,采用MSstats对数据进行预处理,然后基于模型进行显著性检验。之后,根据差异倍数>1.5和P value<0.05作为显著性差异的判断标准进行差异蛋白筛选。同时对差异的蛋白完成富集分析。
4.5注释分析
采用GO、KOG、KEGG Pathway、PPI注释分析以及亚细胞定位分析、Metascape分析等手段对蛋白进行分析处理。
实验结果
5.1肽段和蛋白的鉴定
在收集完LCM的实验样本后,对肾脏区域进行蛋白质组学研究。采用DIA模式去获取MS数据,除去一个样本鉴定数为0,剩余的95个样本中,一共鉴定到49658个肽段,4056个蛋白。另外,结果显示,大部分样本鉴定出的蛋白数超过500个,提示DIA蛋白鉴定技术具有一定的深度。而某些样本只含有几十个蛋白,因此我们推测造成部分区域鉴定的蛋白数较少的可能的原因有样本自身表达量就很少,或者是蛋白提取过程出现降解。
5.2差异蛋白筛选
在获得各个样本各区域的蛋白后,我们以差异倍数(Fold change,FC)>1.5,P<0.05进行差异蛋白的筛选,实验结果显示,在LN组中肾小球中共鉴定出478个差异表达蛋白,其中167个蛋白高表达,311个蛋白低表达,共有2383个蛋白无统计学差异。在LN组肾小管中共鉴定出532个差异表达蛋白,其中有125个蛋白表达量升高,407个蛋白表达量下降,共有3153个蛋白无统计学差异。在LN组肾间质中共鉴定出653个差异表达蛋白,有573个蛋白表达上调,80个蛋白表达下调,1330个蛋白无统计学差异。
5.2.1肾小球差异蛋白分析
对这478个肾小球差异蛋白进行GO富集分析。结果显示,最多差异蛋白参与的生物学过程是细胞进程(cellular process),为418个。最多差异蛋白参与的细胞组分是细胞(cell)和细胞区域(cell part),两者同为428个。最多差异蛋白参与的分子功能是结合(binding),为361个。在细胞亚定位结果显示最多的蛋白定位的细胞区域分别是细胞质,随后是细胞核,结果说明了肾小球差异蛋白主要在肾小球细胞中的细胞质和细胞核行使功能。
KOG注释结果表明,肾小球中的差异蛋白主要参与了细胞过程和信号转导(cellular processes and signaling),有389个蛋白,其中102个蛋白参与了信号转导机制(signal transduction mechanisms)。KEGG通路分析结果显示,肾小球差异蛋白通过补体系统(complement and coagulation cascades)、SLE、PI3K-Akt、Hippo信号通路参与LN的发病机制。补体系统的异常激活与机体的免疫反应密切相关。因此,肾小球中的差异蛋白可以通过补体系统参与LN的疾病进程。
5.2.2肾小管差异蛋白分析。
对这532个肾小管差异蛋白进行GO富集分析。结果显示,449个蛋白参与了细胞进程,387个蛋白参与了代谢过程,488个蛋白参与形成细胞组分,362个蛋白参与分子功能的结合功能。亚细胞定位结果显示,肾小管差异蛋白主要集中在线粒体和细胞质,其中在线粒体中有198个,该结果提示肾小管差异蛋白在细胞的线粒体中执行生物功能。综合上述结果推测,肾小管差异蛋白主要与代谢相关。
KOG注释结果表明,252个蛋白富集在代谢相关通路上,其中参与能量代谢(Energyproduction and conversion)有97个。参与细胞进程和信号转导的有185个(粉红色),最少差异蛋白富集在信息储存和处理功能上。KEGG通路分析结果显示,肾小管差异蛋白主要参与肾脏代谢的过程,如氨基酸代谢,脂肪酸代谢,碳代谢等。上述结果进一步提示肾小管的差异蛋白主要通过调节肾脏代谢从而参与LN的发病机制。
5.2.3肾间质差异蛋白分析
对这653个肾小管差异蛋白进行GO富集分析。结果显示,592个蛋白参与细胞进程,622个蛋白参与细胞形成,544个蛋白行使结合功能。细胞亚定位结果显示247个蛋白定位在细胞质上,远高于在细胞核上的131个。
KOG注释结果表明,386个蛋白参与了细胞过程和信号转导,其中98个参与了蛋白翻译后修饰,蛋白质转换和分子伴侣。KEGG通路分析结果显示,肾间质差异蛋白参与了多条信号转导通路,包括SLE、PI3K-AKT等信号通路。其中与肾小球和肾小管蛋白差异蛋白不同,在肾间质KEGG富集通路中特异的是细胞外基质受体的相互作用(ECM receptorinteraction)。综上所述,肾间质差异蛋白可以通过细胞外基质受体的相互作用参与LN的进展。肾间质中的差异蛋白可能与肾脏纤维化相关,同时说明肾脏不同区域可以通过不同的通路和作用参与LN的发病机制。
5.3Metascape分析结果
应用Metascape分析肾小球补体系统通路,肾小管代谢通路以及肾间质细胞外基质受体相互作用通路中蛋白间的相互作用。
肾小球参与补体系统蛋白的Metascape结果如图1所示,这些蛋白主要的生物学过程就是调节补体级联反应(regulation of complement cascades),并且这些蛋白间存在相互作用。基于MCODE算法,补体分子C5、C6、C8A、C8B、C8G和C9存在密切相互作用。提示这些补体分子通过调节补体的级联反应,影响补体系统参与LN的发病机制。因而,可能作为狼疮性肾炎的诊断标志物使用。
肾小管代谢通路蛋白的Metascape结果如图2所示,这些蛋白主要是通过参与线粒体中的氧化磷酸化系统(OXPHOS system in mitochondria)参与肾脏组织的代谢过程。PPI结果显示泛素氧化还原酶核心亚基(NDUF)家族分子之间存在密切的相关作用,这些亚基是形成线粒体复合物的关键分子。上述结果进一步提示,肾小管差异蛋白中的泛素氧化还原酶亚基家家族(包括NDUFA2、NDUFA4、NDUFB1、NDUFB5、NDUFS3、NDUFS4、NDUFS7)可能通过细胞线粒体系统的氧化磷酸化影响代谢,从而参与LN的疾病进展。因而,可能作为狼疮性肾炎的诊断标志物使用。
肾间质的ECM受体相关蛋白的Metascape结果如图3所示,这些蛋白可以通过影响细胞外基质蛋白聚糖(ECM proteoglycans)影响细胞外基质受体的相互作用,从而影响肾脏的纤维化。PPI结果显示,在细胞外基质相互作用的蛋白中,胶原蛋白COL1A1、COL2A1、COL1A2、COL4A2、COL6A2和COL6A3等存在密切作用。这些结果提示我们这些胶原蛋白在肾脏纤维化中可能具有重要的作用。因而,可能作为狼疮性肾炎的诊断标志物使用。
实施例2:免疫组化验证
为了验证蛋白鉴定的可靠性和探究一些蛋白作为生物诊断标志物的潜力,用IHC验证蛋白的表达情况。在肾小球差异蛋白中,基于GO富集分析、KEGG通路分析及蛋白间相互作用等,从参与补体系统的补体分子蛋白中筛选出蛋白C8b,其log2FC为2.71,P=0.005,C8b参与的生物学过程是调节补体系统的激活和免疫反应。
在肾小管差异表达的蛋白中,基于基于GO富集分析、KEGG通路分析及蛋白间相互作用等分析,从代谢通路中参与细胞氧化磷酸化反应的泛素氧化还原酶亚基家族筛选出NDUFA4,蛋白质组学结果显示NDUFA4在LN患者中是低表达的蛋白。其log2FC为-2.11,P=0.003。
在肾间质差异表达的蛋白中,基于GO富集分析、KEGG通路分析及蛋白间相互作用等分析,从胶原蛋白家族中筛选出Col6A2,其log2FC为4.06,P<0.001。
实验方法:
将石蜡包埋的组织切成4μm厚度置于载玻片上,烘干保存备用。
免疫组织化学染色法检测组织中上述三种蛋白的方法步骤简要描述如下:
1)脱蜡,置于二甲苯中脱蜡,三次,每次5分钟;
2)脱水,酒精梯度脱水(100%酒精-95%酒精2次-70%酒精);
3)清洗,使用Milli-Q纯水清洗5分钟;
4)抗原修复,使用柠檬酸钠缓冲液于微波炉中煮沸修复20分钟;
5)清洗,使用Milli-Q纯水清洗5分钟后用PBS清洗5分钟;
6)用2.5%的马血清孵育,降低非特异性背景;
7)将一抗用马血清稀释,4度孵育过夜,三个抗体稀释倍数均为1:100;
8)第二天用PBS清洗3次,每次5分钟;
9)3%过氧化氢孵育5分钟,降低内源性过氧化物酶造成的非特异性背景染色;
10)PBS缓冲液清洗3次,每次5分钟;
11)二抗孵育30分钟;
12)PBS缓冲液清洗3次,每次5分钟;
13)DAB显色;
14)冲洗,Mayor's hematoxylene复染2分钟后继续冲洗;
15)脱水,95%酒精2次,100%酒精2次;
16)干燥并用DPX封片。
2.5免疫反应评分
封片后的组织于显微镜下拍照保存。免疫组织化学评分方法(TheImmunoreactive Score,IRS)参考现有文献,并邀请两位对此次实验设计完全不知情的病理学家进行,确保评分的准确性。评分标准表如下表1所示。
表1.IRS评分标准表
临床数据和IRS表示为mean±SD。因LN组和对照组的数量不一致,C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2的IRS平均值对比使用Mann-Whitney U检验。C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2的IHC评分和临床资料的相关性分析采用spearman相关性分析,并计算相关系数。C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2的诊断潜力和鉴别病理分型潜力使用ROC曲线计算。所有统计学均使用SPSS 22.0执行分析,当P值小于0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
本实施例中共纳入44例LN患者和6例正常对照组样本。所有LN患者均由肾活检和临床指标确诊。
C8b的检验结果如图4所示,A为不同放大倍数下的染色图,B为IRS评分比较。从图中可以看出,C8b主要表达在LN组肾脏组织中的肾小球上,且C8b在LN组的表达量明显高于其在正常对照组中的表达(P<0.05)。这与实施例1中的蛋白质组学的结果相似,证实数据的可靠性。
NDUFA4的检验结果如图5所示,A为不同放大倍数下的染色图,B为IRS评分比较。从图中可以看出,NDUFA4主要表达在肾脏组织的肾小管上,且NDUFA4在LN的表达量明显低于其在正常对照组中的表达(P<0.05)。这些结果与实施例1中的蛋白质组学的研究结果一致,验证了结果。
COL6A2的检测结果如图6所示,A为不同放大倍数下的染色图,B为IRS评分比较。从图中可以看出,COL6A2主要表达在肾脏组织的肾小管和肾间质上,且COL6A2在LN中的表达明显高于在对照组中的表达(P<0.05)。这些结果与实施例1中的蛋白质组学的研究结果一致,验证了结果。
为了初步探讨C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2作为LN生物诊断标志物的潜力,应用ROC曲线分析探讨这三个分子作为LN分级诊断标志物的潜力,LN活动指数评分1-2分归类为轻度,3-9分为中度,≥10分为重度,LN慢性化指数0-1分为轻度,2分中度,≥3分为重度。结果如图7所示,其中,A~C表示C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2区分轻中度和重度活动性指数的ROC曲线,D~F表示C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2区分轻度和中重度慢性化指数的ROC曲线,图中y=x以外的即为其ROC曲线。从图中可以看出,ROC曲线下面积均小于0.8,其中C8b预测活动性指数曲线下面积为0.606,NDUFA4预测活动性指数曲线下面积为0.741,COL6A2预测活动性指数曲线下面积为0.603。C8b预测慢性化指数曲线下面积为0.502,NDUFA4的预测慢性化指数曲线下面积为0.504,COL6A2预测慢性化指数曲线下面积为0.505。因此,这三个蛋白作为独立的分级诊断标志物的价值较低。
为此,将这些蛋白组合进行回归分析后做出预测活动性的ROC曲线,结果如图8所示,其中,A~C为两个组合的ROC曲线,D为三个组合的ROC曲线,图中y=x以外的即为ROC曲线。从图中可以看出,这些蛋白两两组合的ROC曲线下面积均在0.8~0.9,其中C8b+NDUFA4曲线下面积为0.86,C8b+COL6A2曲线下面积为0.81,NDUFA4+COL6A2曲线下面积是0.858,而三个蛋白的ROC曲线下面积高达0.904。上述结果表明这些蛋白组合后具备作为LN病理活动性分级生物诊断标志物的潜力。
同理,将这些蛋白组合进行回归分析后做了预测慢性化的ROC曲线,结果如图9所示,其中,A~C为两个组合的ROC曲线,D为三个组合的ROC曲线,图中y=x以外的即为ROC曲线。从图中可以看出,C8b+NDUFA4曲线下面积为0.732,C8b+COL6A2曲线下面积为0.832,NDUFA4+COL6A2曲线下面积是0.888,而三个蛋白结合的ROC曲线下面积为0.92。
因此,根据上述蛋白的表达水平可以对狼疮性肾炎的慢性化、活动性两种病理参数进行较为准确的反映,从而判断出受试者LN病变程度和肾脏的病理改变,达到监测疾病进展、预估疾病预后的目的。
实施例3
本实施例提供一种狼疮性肾炎的药物的筛选方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
将待筛药物与狼疮性肾炎模型作用;
检测C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2中至少一种标志物的表达量;
根据表达量的变化情况筛选出药物。
C8b、NDUFA4、COL6A2的组合具有作为LN病理活动和慢性化分级生物诊断标志物的潜力,因此,可以根据待筛药物使用前后相关标志物的表达情况来判断待筛药物是否起到相应的治疗作用。
综合上述结果可以看出,C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2能够作为狼疮性肾炎患者的诊断、预后标志物使用,具有良好的诊断价值。
上面结合实施例对本申请作了详细说明,但是本申请不限于上述实施例,在所属技术领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本申请宗旨的前提下作出各种变化。此外,在不冲突的情况下,本申请的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
Claims (7)
1.定量检测标志物组合的试剂在制备狼疮性肾炎的诊断或监测产品中的应用,所述标志物组合物为C8b、NDUFA4和COL6A2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述试剂在基因水平或蛋白水平上定量检测所述标志物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,在基因水平上定量检测所述标志物的所述试剂选自引物、探针和基因芯片。
4.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,在蛋白水平上定量检测所述标志物的所述试剂为抗体。
5.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,所述试剂在蛋白水平上定量检测肾小球样本中的C8b、肾小管样本中的NDUFA4、肾间质样本中的COL6A2。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,当肾小球样本中C8b蛋白的表达水平相对正常人上调、肾小管样本中的NDUFA4蛋白的表达水平相对正常人下调、肾间质样本中的COL6A2蛋白的表达水平相对正常人上调中的至少一种情况出现时,诊断为患有狼疮性肾炎。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的应用,其特征在于,所述诊断包括诊断狼疮性肾炎的病理分级、活动性、慢性化中的至少一种。
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