CN113647224B - Allocation method of composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land based on comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation - Google Patents
Allocation method of composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land based on comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，包括划分集水坡面、划分坡段、测定每个坡段的土层厚度、确定配置措施类型；根据规划区域的坡耕地地形变化，将规划区域的坡耕地划分为若干个集水坡面；根据集水坡面内的坡度变化差异，将集水坡面划分为若干个配置具体措施的坡段；根据每个坡段的土层厚度和坡段的坡度，确定每个坡段的配置措施类型、实施配置措施。将集水坡面划分为不同坡段，综合考虑各坡段坡形起伏变化和土层厚度差异，逐段选择适宜水土保持措施，形成有机整体，该方法打破了现有措施配置以集水坡面为最小立地单元的界限，引入了表层土壤厚度因素，使水土保持措施配置符合因地制宜、生态节地、综合高效原则。
The invention provides a method for configuring compound measures for water and soil conservation of sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation, including dividing the water-collecting slope, dividing the slope section, measuring the thickness of the soil layer of each slope section, and determining the type of configuration measure; according to the plan According to the topographical changes of sloping cultivated land in the area, the sloping cultivated land in the planning area is divided into several catchment slopes; according to the difference in slope change within the catchment slope, the catchment slope is divided into several slope sections with specific measures; according to The thickness of the soil layer and the slope of each slope section determine the type of configuration measures for each slope section and implement the configuration measures. Divide the water-collecting slope into different slope sections, comprehensively consider the slope fluctuation and soil thickness difference of each slope section, select appropriate water and soil conservation measures section by section, and form an organic whole. The surface is the boundary of the smallest site unit, and the surface soil thickness factor is introduced to make the configuration of water and soil conservation measures conform to the principles of adapting measures to local conditions, ecologically saving land, and being comprehensive and efficient.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及水土流失治理技术领域，尤其涉及一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法。The invention relates to the technical field of water and soil loss control, in particular to a method for configuring composite measures for water and soil conservation of sloping cultivated land with integrated slope and soil layer differentiation.
背景技术Background technique
坡耕地水土流失是区域自然条件与不合理生产活动共同作用的结果。东北黑土区是中国重要粮食产地，由于重用轻养的土地垦殖方式，该区坡耕地水土流失严重，给黑土地生态与粮食安全带来重要制约。长期监测结果显示，东北地区耕地的黑土层因土壤侵蚀平均每年变薄2～3mm，而其土速率仅为每年0.1mm左右。截至2020年，全区存在水土流失22.2万km2，占国土面积1/5强，水土流失导致表层肥沃黑土层的厚度明显减少，部分地方的黑土层剥蚀殆尽，下层母质出露，形成所谓“破皮黄”的严重侵蚀退化土地，生产力基本完全丧失，每年因此造成的粮食减产高达14.7％。为防治东北地区的坡耕地水土流失，多年来，结合生产实践提出了许多适宜有效的水土保持措施，主要分为工程措施、生物措施和耕作措施3类。Soil erosion in sloping farmland is the combined result of regional natural conditions and unreasonable production activities. The black soil area in Northeast China is an important grain-producing area in China. Due to the land reclamation method of emphasizing land use and light farming, soil erosion of sloping farmland in this area is serious, which has brought important constraints to the ecology and food security of black soil. Long-term monitoring results show that the black soil layer of cultivated land in Northeast China is thinning by 2-3 mm per year on average due to soil erosion, while the soil rate is only about 0.1 mm per year. As of 2020, there will be 222,000 km 2 of water and soil erosion in the whole region, accounting for more than 1/5 of the country's land area. Water and soil erosion has caused the thickness of the fertile black soil layer on the surface to be significantly reduced. "Popihuang" has severely eroded and degraded the land, and its productivity has been basically completely lost. The annual grain production has been reduced by as much as 14.7%. In order to prevent and control the soil and water loss of sloping farmland in Northeast China, many suitable and effective soil and water conservation measures have been put forward in combination with production practice for many years, which are mainly divided into three categories: engineering measures, biological measures and farming measures.
集水坡面是土壤侵蚀，尤其水力侵蚀发生、发展的完整地貌单元，也是东北地区耕种经营的基本单元。东北低山丘陵区地形起伏多变，加之水力侵蚀和长期人为耕作的共同影响，使得集水坡面内的坡顶至坡脚普遍存在坡度和表层耕作土层厚度的沿程变化。坡度是决定坡面土壤侵蚀的重要因素，坡度愈大侵蚀强度愈高，相应需要补充不同的水土保持措施。尤其在东北地区，地形整体长缓，坡面坡度变化对土壤侵蚀强度以及适应水土保持措施的影响更为敏感。同时，坡面水土保持措施实施过程中，通常需要对布设措施的坡耕地进行必要的开挖翻扰，如地埂植物带等生物措施实施时，需要进行一定范围的表土开挖以堆筑地埂，并适当整地以栽植植物；水平梯田等工程措施实施时，更需要对坡面进行全面开挖、回填，以降低坡度、修整坡型。当表层肥沃土壤较厚时，以上布设措施的扰动过程，主要改变土壤紧实度等物理性状，对后期的土地生产力影响不大，而当表层肥沃土壤较薄时，上述扰动过程将使表层土壤与其下伏黄土母质大量混合，导致措施实施后的耕地生产力明显下降。因此，在东北地区，尤其低山丘陵区进行坡耕地水土流失治理时，应当综合考虑坡度、土层厚度进行措施选择和配置，以便在水土保持功能提升和土地生产力维护两方面获得最佳综合效益。The catchment slope is a complete landform unit where soil erosion, especially hydraulic erosion, occurs and develops, and it is also the basic unit for farming and management in Northeast China. Due to the undulating topography of the low mountainous and hilly areas in Northeast China, combined with the joint influence of hydraulic erosion and long-term human cultivation, there are generally changes in slope gradient and surface cultivated soil thickness along the slope from the top to the foot of the slope in the catchment slope. Slope is an important factor determining soil erosion on slopes. The greater the slope, the higher the erosion intensity, and different soil and water conservation measures need to be supplemented accordingly. Especially in Northeast China, the overall terrain is long and gentle, and slope gradient changes are more sensitive to the impact of soil erosion intensity and adaptation to soil and water conservation measures. At the same time, during the implementation of slope soil and water conservation measures, it is usually necessary to excavate and disturb the slope farmland where the measures are laid. For example, when implementing biological measures such as ridge plant belts, it is necessary to excavate a certain range of topsoil to pile up the ridge , and properly prepare the site for planting plants; when engineering measures such as horizontal terraces are implemented, it is even more necessary to fully excavate and backfill the slope to reduce the slope and modify the slope type. When the surface fertile soil is thick, the disturbance process of the above layout measures mainly changes the physical properties such as soil compaction, and has little effect on the later land productivity. When the surface fertile soil is thin, the above disturbance process will make the surface soil A large amount of mixing with the underlying loess parent material led to a significant decline in the productivity of cultivated land after the implementation of the measures. Therefore, in Northeast China, especially in low mountain and hilly areas, when water and soil loss control of sloping cultivated land is carried out, the slope and soil thickness should be considered comprehensively in the selection and configuration of measures, so as to obtain the best comprehensive benefits in terms of soil and water conservation function improvement and land productivity maintenance. .
然而，东北低山丘陵区现有水土保持措施选择与配置，通常以坡顶到坡脚的整个坡面为单元，按其平均坡度大小选择单一措施，整体全面实施。这样的配置方法，一方面忽略了东北低山丘陵区地形起伏多变的地形变化，造成局部坡段的措施配置不合理，从而影响坡面整体水土保持效果或增大措施实施的投入成本等问题；另一方面，长期水土流失已导致东北低山丘陵区许多坡耕地的表层肥沃土壤遭受严重剥蚀，单纯依据坡度选用的水土保持措施，在一些土层浅薄的坡段会因措施实施中的必要开挖翻扰，将使本就浅薄的表层土壤与下层黄土母质大量混合，造成措施实施后土地生产力明显下降。However, the selection and allocation of existing water and soil conservation measures in the low mountain and hilly areas of Northeast China usually takes the entire slope from the top to the foot of the slope as a unit, and selects a single measure according to the average slope size, and implements it as a whole. Such a configuration method, on the one hand, ignores the undulating terrain changes in the low mountain and hilly areas of Northeast China, resulting in unreasonable configuration of local slope measures, which affects the overall soil and water conservation effect of the slope or increases the input cost of measures. On the other hand, long-term soil erosion has led to severe erosion of fertile surface soil in many sloping farmlands in the low mountain and hilly areas of Northeast China. The soil and water conservation measures selected solely based on the slope may be affected by the necessity of implementing the measures in some shallow soil slopes. Excavation and disturbance will cause the already shallow surface soil to mix with the underlying loess parent material in large quantities, resulting in a significant decline in land productivity after the measures are implemented.
因此，如何解决现有水土保持措施选择与配置以坡顶到坡脚的整个坡面为基本单元，按其平均坡度大小选择单一措施造成局部坡段措施配置不合理而影响坡面整体水土保持效果、增大措施的投入成本或造成土地生产力下降的问题，是目前业界亟待解决的重要课题。Therefore, how to solve the problem of how to select and configure the existing soil and water conservation measures, take the entire slope from the top to the foot of the slope as the basic unit, and choose a single measure according to the average slope size, resulting in unreasonable configuration of local slope measures and affecting the overall soil and water conservation effect of the slope. , Increase the input cost of the measures or cause the problem of land productivity decline, which is an important issue that the industry needs to solve urgently.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提供一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，用以解决现有技术中水土保持措施选择与配置以坡顶到坡脚的整个坡面为基本单元，按其平均坡度大小选择单一措施造成局部坡段措施配置不合理而影响坡面整体水土保持效果、增大措施的投入成本或造成土地生产力下降的缺陷，将集水坡面划分为不同坡段，综合考虑各坡段间的坡形起伏变化和土层厚度差异，逐段选择适宜水土保持措施，并形成有机整体，解决现有措施配置方法存在的措施布局不合理、不精细，投入成本大、土地生产力下降而使综合效益欠佳的问题。该方法打破了现有措施配置以集水坡面为最小立地单元的界限，引入了表层土壤厚度因素，使水土保持措施配置的因地制宜和精准配置原则。The present invention provides a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation, which is used to solve the problem of selecting and configuring soil and water conservation measures in the prior art. The selection of a single measure for the average slope size results in unreasonable configuration of local slope measures, which affects the overall soil and water conservation effect of the slope, increases the input cost of measures, or causes the decline in land productivity. The water collection slope is divided into different slopes. Considering the variation of slope shape and the difference in soil layer thickness between slope sections, select appropriate soil and water conservation measures section by section, and form an organic whole, so as to solve the problems of unreasonable and imprecise layout of measures, high input cost, and land The problem of poor overall benefits due to reduced productivity. This method breaks the boundary of the existing measure configuration that takes the catchment slope as the smallest site unit, introduces the surface soil thickness factor, and makes the water and soil conservation measure configuration adapt to local conditions and the principle of precise configuration.
本发明提供一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，包括步骤：The present invention provides a method for configuring composite measures for soil and water conservation of sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation, comprising steps:
划分集水坡面，根据规划区域的坡耕地地形变化，将规划区域的坡耕地划分为若干个集水坡面；Divide the water-collecting slope, and divide the slope farmland in the planning area into several water-collecting slopes according to the terrain changes of the slope farmland in the planning area;
划分坡段，根据集水坡面内的坡度变化差异，将集水坡面划分为若干个配置具体措施的坡段；Divide the slope section, and divide the water collection slope into several slope sections with specific measures according to the slope change difference within the water collection slope;
测定每个坡段的土层厚度；Determination of soil thickness for each slope section;
确定配置措施类型，根据每个坡段的土层厚度和坡段的坡度，确定每个坡段的配置措施类型、并实施配置措施。Determine the type of configuration measures, determine the type of configuration measures for each slope segment according to the thickness of the soil layer and the slope of each slope segment, and implement the configuration measures.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，所述划分坡段包括：According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, the division of slope sections includes:
测定集水坡面不同位置的坡度和坡面曲率；Determination of slope and slope curvature at different positions on the catchment slope;
根据坡度和坡面曲率将每个集水坡面自下而上或自上而下划分为多个不同的坡段；Divide each catchment slope from bottom to top or from top to bottom according to slope and slope curvature;
测定各个坡段的具体坡度。Determine the specific slope of each slope segment.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，每个所述集水坡面被划分为平坡、缓坡和陡坡，所述平坡的坡度小于或等于3度，所述缓坡的坡度大于3度且小于5度，所述陡坡的坡度大于5度。According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, each of the water-collecting slopes is divided into flat slopes, gentle slopes, and steep slopes, and the slopes of the flat slopes are less than or equal to 3 degrees, the slope of the gentle slope is greater than 3 degrees and less than 5 degrees, and the slope of the steep slope is greater than 5 degrees.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，所述平坡的配置措施为耕作措施，所述缓坡的配置措施为生物措施与耕作措施复合配置，所述陡坡的配置措施为工程措施与耕作措施复合配置。According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, the configuration measures for flat slopes are farming measures, and the configuration measures for gentle slopes are composite configurations of biological measures and farming measures, The configuration measures of the steep slope are combined configuration of engineering measures and farming measures.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，所述平坡的土层厚度大于20cm时，所述耕作措施为横坡改垄或垄向农田；所述平坡的土层厚度小于或等于20cm时，所述耕作措施为原位深松或横坡改垄；According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, when the thickness of the soil layer on the flat slope is greater than 20cm, the cultivation measure is to change the horizontal slope to a ridge or to a ridge to farmland; When the soil layer thickness of the flat slope is less than or equal to 20cm, the tillage measures are subsoiling in situ or changing ridges from cross slopes;
所述缓坡的土层厚度大于20cm时，所述生物措施为地埂植物带，所述耕作措施为少耕免耕或横坡改垄或垄向农田；所述缓坡的土层厚度小于或等于20cm时，所述生物措施为地埂植物带，所述耕作措施为原位深松或少耕免耕或横坡改垄；When the thickness of the soil layer of the gentle slope is greater than 20cm, the biological measures are ridge plant belts, and the tillage measures are low-tillage and no-tillage or cross slope to ridge or ridge to farmland; the thickness of the soil layer of the gentle slope is less than or equal to 20cm, the biological measures are ridge plant belts, and the tillage measures are in-situ subsoiling or less-tillage and no-tillage or cross-slope to ridge change;
所述陡坡的土层厚度大于20cm时，所述工程措施为水平梯田，所述耕作措施为少耕免耕或横坡改垄；所述陡坡的土层厚度小于或等于20cm时，所述工程措施为坡式梯田，所述耕作措施为原位深松或少耕免耕或横坡改垄。When the thickness of the soil layer of the steep slope is greater than 20cm, the engineering measures are horizontal terraces, and the farming measures are low-tillage and no-tillage or cross-slope changing to ridges; when the thickness of the soil layer of the steep slope is less than or equal to 20cm, the engineering measures The measures are slope terraced fields, and the cultivation measures are in-situ subsoiling or less-tillage and no-tillage or cross-slope to ridge.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，还包括：在所述集水坡面周边的汇水线布设生态草沟和石笼谷坊。According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land with integrated slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, it further includes: arranging ecological grass ditches and gabion valley squares at catchment lines around the water-collecting slope.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，所述划分集水坡面包括：According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, the division of water-collecting slopes includes:
获取规划区域的坡耕地的数字地形数据；Obtain the digital terrain data of the sloping farmland in the planning area;
依据分水线和汇水线，并结合河流、沟渠的分布，将规划区域的坡耕地划分为若干集水坡面。According to the water dividing line and catchment line, combined with the distribution of rivers and ditches, the sloping cultivated land in the planning area is divided into several catchment slopes.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，所述测定每个坡段的土层厚度包括：According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, the measurement of the soil layer thickness of each slope section includes:
采集各个坡段的土样；Collect soil samples from each slope section;
风干所述土样；Air-dry the soil sample;
确定各个所述土样的土壤类型；determining the soil type of each of said soil samples;
测量各个所述土样的土层厚度。The thickness of the soil layer was measured for each of the soil samples.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，所述规划区域的坡耕地的数字地形数据通过勘测设备现场获取或直接收集。According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land that integrates slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, the digital terrain data of sloping farmland in the planning area is obtained on-site or directly collected by survey equipment.
根据本发明提供的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，所述坡段的坡度通过经纬仪或水平仪测定。According to a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land that integrates slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention, the slope of the slope section is measured by a theodolite or a level.
本发明提供的综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，通过划定措施配置单元、基于坡度划分坡段、测定坡段土层厚度，配置不同坡段的配置措施的方法，将集水坡面划分为不同坡段的基础上，综合考虑各坡段间的坡形起伏变化和土层厚度差异，逐段选择适宜水土保持措施，并形成有机整体，以解决现有措施配置方法存在的措施布局不合理、不精细、投入成本大、土地生产力下降而使综合效益欠佳的问题。该方法打破了现有措施配置以集水坡面为最小立地单元的界限，引入了表层土壤厚度因素，使水土保持措施配置的因地制宜和精准配置原则，从以往的坡面尺度细化到坡段尺度、从过去的单纯地形约束扩展到地形与土壤的综合考量，可提高东北低山丘陵区坡耕地水土保持复合措施高效对位配置，在有效防控水土流失的同时，尽可能维持或提升土地生产能力。The method for configuring composite measures for soil and water conservation of sloping cultivated land with comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention is a method for configuring configuration measures for different slope segments by delineating measure configuration units, dividing slope segments based on slope, and measuring the thickness of soil layers in slope segments , on the basis of dividing the catchment slope into different slope sections, comprehensively considering the slope fluctuation and soil layer thickness difference among the slope sections, selecting suitable water and soil conservation measures section by section, and forming an organic whole, so as to solve the existing measures The configuration method has the problems of unreasonable and imprecise layout of measures, high input cost, and decline of land productivity, resulting in poor comprehensive benefits. This method breaks the limit of the existing measure configuration with the catchment slope as the smallest site unit, and introduces the surface soil thickness factor, so that the water and soil conservation measure configuration can be adjusted to local conditions and the principle of precise configuration, from the previous slope scale to the slope section Scale, from the simple terrain constraints in the past to the comprehensive consideration of terrain and soil, can improve the efficient alignment of compound measures for soil and water conservation in the low mountain and hilly areas of Northeast China, and maintain or improve the land as much as possible while effectively preventing and controlling soil erosion. production capacity.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了更清楚地说明本发明或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。In order to more clearly illustrate the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the accompanying drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are the present invention. For some embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art can also obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative effort.
图1是本发明提供的综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法的流程示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for configuring composite soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land that integrates slope and soil layer differentiation provided by the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明中的附图，对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention , but not all examples. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
下面结合图1描述本发明的综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，包括：Below in conjunction with Fig. 1, describe the composite measure configuration method of slope farmland water and soil conservation of integrated slope and soil layer differentiation of the present invention, comprising:
划分集水坡面，根据规划区域的坡耕地的地形变化，将规划区域的坡耕地划分为若干个集水坡面，来作为措施配置单元；Divide water-collecting slopes. According to the topographical changes of sloping farmland in the planning area, divide the sloping farmland in the planning area into several water-collecting slopes, which are used as measure configuration units;
划分坡段，根据集水坡面的坡度变化差异，将集水坡面划分为若干个坡段；Divide the slope section, divide the water collection slope into several slope sections according to the slope change difference of the water collection slope;
测定每个坡段的土层厚度；Determination of soil thickness for each slope section;
确定配置措施类型，根据每个坡段的土层厚度和坡段的坡度，确定每个坡段的配置措施类型、并实施配置措施。Determine the type of configuration measures, determine the type of configuration measures for each slope segment according to the thickness of the soil layer and the slope of each slope segment, and implement the configuration measures.
如此设置，通过划定措施配置单元、基于坡度划分坡段、测定坡段土层厚度，配置不同坡段的配置措施的方法，将集水坡面划分为不同坡段，综合考虑各坡段间的坡形起伏变化和土层厚度差异，逐段选择适宜水土保持措施，并形成有机整体，以解决现有措施配置方法存在的措施布局不合理、不精细，投入成本大、土地生产力下降而使综合效益欠佳的问题。该方法打破了现有措施配置以集水坡面为最小立地单元的界限，引入了表层土壤厚度因素，使水土保持措施配置的因地制宜和精准配置原则，从以往的坡面尺度细化到坡段尺度、从过去的单纯地形约束扩展到地形与土壤的综合考量，可提高东北低山丘陵区坡耕地水土保持复合措施高效对位配置，在有效防控水土流失的同时，尽可能维持或提升土地生产能力，对于提升水土保持工程精细化水平和促进黑土地保护，具有重要意义。In this way, the catchment slope is divided into different slope sections by delineating the measure configuration unit, dividing the slope section based on the slope, measuring the thickness of the soil layer on the slope section, and configuring the configuration measures for different slope sections. In order to solve the problem of unreasonable and imprecise layout of measures, high input cost and decline of land productivity in existing measures allocation methods The problem of poor overall efficiency. This method breaks the limit of the existing measure configuration with the catchment slope as the smallest site unit, and introduces the surface soil thickness factor, so that the water and soil conservation measure configuration can be adjusted to local conditions and the principle of precise configuration, from the previous slope scale to the slope section Scale, from the simple terrain constraints in the past to the comprehensive consideration of terrain and soil, can improve the efficient alignment of compound measures for soil and water conservation in the low mountain and hilly areas of Northeast China, and maintain or improve the land as much as possible while effectively preventing and controlling soil erosion. Production capacity is of great significance for improving the level of refinement of soil and water conservation projects and promoting the protection of black soil.
本实施例中，划分集水坡面包括步骤：In this embodiment, dividing the catchment slope includes steps:
获取规划区域的坡耕地的数字地形数据；Obtain the digital terrain data of the sloping farmland in the planning area;
依据分水线和汇水线结合河流、沟渠的分布，将规划区域的坡耕地划分为若干集水坡面。According to the distribution of water-dividing lines and catchment lines combined with rivers and ditches, the sloping cultivated land in the planning area is divided into several catchment slopes.
需要说明的是，集水坡面是由分水岭与汇水线所包围的相对封闭、完成的地块单元，以及土壤侵蚀尤其水力侵蚀发生、发展的基本单元，往往也是东北地区耕种经营的最小地块。It should be noted that the catchment slope is a relatively closed and complete plot unit surrounded by watersheds and catchment lines, and the basic unit for the occurrence and development of soil erosion, especially hydraulic erosion. piece.
具体地，规划区域的坡耕地的数字地形数据可以使用勘测设备现场获取，也可以直接采集规划区域的数字地形或数字高程图。Specifically, the digital terrain data of the sloping farmland in the planning area can be obtained on-site using survey equipment, or the digital terrain or digital elevation map of the planning area can be directly collected.
勘测设备可以为无人机(RTK版)或全站仪或三维激光扫描仪，或其他勘测设备。The survey equipment can be a drone (RTK version) or a total station or a 3D laser scanner, or other survey equipment.
并且，借助常规地理信息系统或地形分析软件提取分水线和汇水线，并结合河流、沟渠的分布，将规划区域内的坡耕地划分为若干集水坡面，作为措施配置单元。In addition, with the help of conventional geographic information systems or terrain analysis software to extract watersheds and catchment lines, combined with the distribution of rivers and ditches, the sloping cultivated land in the planning area is divided into several catchment slopes as measure configuration units.
这里，根据水土流失防治工作的需要以及数据处理效率等因素，规划区域一般以小流域为对象，规划区域的面积不超过50km2，集水坡面的面积可以为2-10hm2。Here, according to the needs of water and soil erosion prevention and data processing efficiency and other factors, the planning area generally targets small watersheds, the area of the planning area is not more than 50km 2 , and the area of the catchment slope can be 2-10hm 2 .
本实施例中，划分坡段包括步骤：In this embodiment, dividing the slope segment includes steps:
测定集水坡面不同位置的坡度和坡面曲率；Determination of slope and slope curvature at different positions on the catchment slope;
根据坡度和坡面曲率将每个集水坡面自下而上或自上而下划分为多个不同的坡段。Each catchment slope is divided into several different slope segments from bottom to top or top to bottom according to slope and slope curvature.
测定各个坡段的具体坡度。Determine the specific slope of each slope segment.
具体地，在每个集水坡面内，测定集水坡面不同位置的坡度和坡面曲率，这里，可以先目测出集水坡面的大致坡度，计算出大致的坡面曲率，以分水岭、汇水线及整个坡面内的坡型地势存在较大转折或坡面曲率绝对值最大的位置为界，初步将集水坡面自上而下或自下而上划分为不同坡段，再使用经纬仪、水平仪等设备或其他方式测定各个坡段具体的坡度，将坡度一致或相近的连续坡段合并为一个坡段，并依据其平均坡度判定坡度等级，作为选择和配置具体水土保持措施的最小地块单元。这样，打破了现有措施配置以集水坡面整体为最小立地单元的界限，按坡段进行配置，提高了措施选择的适宜性和整体配置的有效性，可提升坡面措施体系的整体水土保持功能。Specifically, in each catchment slope, measure the slope and slope curvature at different locations on the catchment slope. Here, you can first visually measure the approximate slope of the catchment slope, and then calculate the approximate curvature of the slope. The watershed, catchment line, and the slope terrain within the entire slope surface have a large turning point or the position where the absolute value of the slope surface curvature is the largest is the boundary, and the water collection slope is initially divided into different slope sections from top to bottom or bottom to top , and then use theodolite, spirit level and other equipment or other methods to measure the specific slope of each slope section, combine the continuous slope sections with the same or similar slope into one slope section, and determine the slope grade according to the average slope, as the selection and configuration of specific soil and water conservation The smallest plot unit of the measure. In this way, it breaks the limit of the existing measure configuration that takes the entire catchment slope as the smallest site unit, and configures it according to the slope section, which improves the suitability of the measure selection and the effectiveness of the overall configuration, and can improve the overall water and soil of the slope measure system. Keep functioning.
其中，每个集水坡面被划分为平坡、缓坡和陡坡，平坡的坡度小于或等于3度，缓坡的坡度大于3度且小于5度，陡坡的坡度大于5度。Wherein, each catchment slope is divided into flat slope, gentle slope and steep slope, the slope of flat slope is less than or equal to 3 degrees, the slope of gentle slope is greater than 3 degrees and less than 5 degrees, and the slope of steep slope is greater than 5 degrees.
需要说明的是，坡度是决定坡面侵蚀强度的重要因素，坡度愈大侵蚀强度越高。尤其在东北地区，坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度与坡度的关系密切，一般坡度每增大1度，土壤侵蚀强度增加1000t/km2·a以上，且坡度越陡、增幅越大。东北低山丘陵区的集水坡面，从坡顶到坡脚的坡度一般随坡型起伏存在变化，并导致不同坡段间具有不同强度的土壤侵蚀，也相应适宜不同的水土保持措施。因此，为了精准配置坡面水土保持措施，就需要针对不同坡段的坡型坡度变化，选择各自适宜的水土保持措施，形成复合措施体系。根据《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(SL190-2007)和《黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准》(SL446-2009)，结合东北低山丘陵区的坡耕地坡型变化特点以及不同坡度所适宜的水土保持措施，可基于坡度将各坡段划定为不同等级。It should be noted that the slope is an important factor determining the erosion intensity of the slope, and the greater the slope, the higher the erosion intensity. Especially in Northeast China, the soil erosion intensity of sloping cultivated land is closely related to the slope. Generally, when the slope increases by 1 degree, the soil erosion intensity increases by more than 1000t/km 2 ·a, and the steeper the slope, the greater the increase. On the water-gathering slopes in the low mountainous and hilly areas of Northeast China, the slope from the top to the foot of the slope generally varies with the undulation of the slope type, resulting in different intensities of soil erosion between different slope sections, and correspondingly suitable for different soil and water conservation measures. Therefore, in order to accurately configure slope water and soil conservation measures, it is necessary to select appropriate water and soil conservation measures according to the slope changes of different slope sections to form a composite measure system. According to "Soil Erosion Classification and Grading Standards" (SL190-2007) and "Technical Standards for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Water and Soil Erosion in Black Soil Areas" (SL446-2009), combined with the slope type change characteristics of sloping cultivated land in the low mountain and hilly areas of Northeast China and the suitable soil and water conditions for different slopes Conservation measures can be used to classify each slope segment into different grades based on slope.
本实施例中，平坡的配置措施可以为耕作措施，缓坡的配置措施可以为生物措施与耕作措施的复合配置，陡坡的配置措施可以为工程措施与耕作措施的复合配置。In this embodiment, the configuration measures for flat slopes may be tillage measures, the configuration measures for gentle slopes may be a composite configuration of biological measures and farming measures, and the configuration measures for steep slopes may be composite configurations of engineering measures and farming measures.
本实施例中，测量各个坡段的土层厚度包括步骤：In the present embodiment, measuring the soil layer thickness of each slope section comprises steps:
采集各个坡段的土样；Collect soil samples from each slope section;
风干土样；air-dried soil sample;
确定各个土样的土壤类型；Determine the soil type of each soil sample;
测量各个土样的土层厚度。The soil thickness of each soil sample was measured.
具体地，在所有的坡段内，采用S形或梅花形或对角线取样法，至少采集每个坡段的3个土样。这样，采集的土样更均匀，有利于提高测量的每个坡段的土层厚度的准确性。将采集的土样按顺序分层放入容器内，为了消除土壤湿度的影响，将土样风干后，基于《中国标准土壤色卡》，对每个土样的不同深度的土壤进行颜色对比，确定土样的土壤类型，即确定每个土样含有的土壤类型；然后，测量各个土样的土层厚度，即测量各个土样的表层土壤的厚度。Specifically, in all slope sections, S-shaped or quincunx-shaped or diagonal sampling methods are used to collect at least 3 soil samples from each slope section. In this way, the collected soil samples are more uniform, which is conducive to improving the accuracy of the measured soil layer thickness of each slope section. The collected soil samples were layered into containers in order. In order to eliminate the influence of soil moisture, after the soil samples were air-dried, the color of each soil sample at different depths was compared based on the "China Standard Soil Color Card". Determine the soil type of the soil sample, that is, determine the soil type contained in each soil sample; then, measure the thickness of the soil layer of each soil sample, that is, measure the thickness of the surface soil of each soil sample.
这里，将采集的土样以10cm间隔按顺序分层放入容器内，以避免土样被压实而影响后续测量。该容器可以为铝盒。Here, the collected soil samples were sequentially placed into containers at intervals of 10 cm to prevent the soil samples from being compacted and affecting subsequent measurements. The container may be an aluminum box.
需要说明的是，鉴于东北地区维持作物正常生长的临界土层厚度一般为20cm，而许多坡面水土保持措施对土壤的翻扰深度多介于20-30cm，因此本发明将20cm作为表层土壤厚度的类别判别标准，这里，将土样的取样深度设置为30cm。当生产力较高的土层厚度不足20cm时，视为薄层土样。当一个坡段内被确定为薄层土样的数量占土样总数的50％或以上时，则将该坡段视为土层厚度不足20cm。It should be noted that, in view of the critical soil thickness for maintaining the normal growth of crops in the Northeast region is generally 20cm, and many slope surface water and soil conservation measures are mostly between 20-30cm to the depth of soil disturbance, so the present invention regards 20cm as the surface soil thickness The category discrimination standard of , here, the sampling depth of the soil sample is set to 30cm. When the thickness of the soil layer with high productivity is less than 20cm, it is regarded as a thin-layer soil sample. When the number of thin-layer soil samples in a slope section accounts for 50% or more of the total number of soil samples, the slope section is considered to be less than 20cm thick.
在划定的集水坡面内，对每个坡段根据其坡度等级和土层厚度类别，分别选择适宜的水土保持措施。Within the demarcated catchment slope, select suitable water and soil conservation measures for each slope segment according to its slope grade and soil layer thickness category.
需要说明的是，各个坡段若存在多种可选措施时，应遵循同一集水坡面内不同坡段布设措施尽量相同的原则，进行选择和调整，以提高可操作性和降低实施成本。It should be noted that if there are multiple optional measures for each slope section, they should be selected and adjusted in accordance with the principle that the layout measures for different slope sections within the same catchment slope are as similar as possible, so as to improve operability and reduce implementation costs.
土层厚度大于20cm时，仅根据坡度等级选择单一或多种水土保持功能最佳的措施；土层厚度不足20cm时，需首先排除翻扰较深的水土保持，除依据坡度等级外，还需考虑土层厚度对措施实施的限制。When the thickness of the soil layer is greater than 20cm, only one or multiple measures with the best water and soil conservation functions shall be selected according to the grade of the slope; Consider the limitations imposed by the thickness of the soil layer on the implementation of the measures.
具体地，当坡段为平坡时，只需施用耕作措施，若土层厚度大于20cm，可选用的耕作措施有横坡改垄或垄向区田；土层厚度不足20cm则可选用原位深松或横坡改垄。当坡段为缓坡时，可以采取生物措施与耕作措施复合配置，若土层厚度大于20cm，生物措施可选用地埂植物带，耕作措施可选用的少耕免耕、横坡改垄或垄向区田；土层厚度不足20cm，生物措施仍选用地埂植物带，耕作措施可选用原位深松、少耕免耕或横坡改垄。当坡段为陡坡时，宜采取工程措施和耕作措施复合配置，若土层厚度大于20cm，工程措施可选用水平梯田，耕作措施可选用少耕免耕或横坡改垄；土层厚度不足20cm，工程措施应选用坡式梯田(田面保持原有坡型，仅修筑梯田田埂，减少对坡面土壤翻扰)，耕作措施可选用原位深松、少耕免耕或横坡改垄。Specifically, when the slope is flat, only tillage measures need to be applied. If the thickness of the soil layer is greater than 20cm, the tillage measures that can be selected include cross-slope to ridge or ridge-to-field; if the soil thickness is less than 20cm, in-situ subsoiling can be used. Or cross slope to ridge. When the slope is a gentle slope, a combination of biological measures and farming measures can be adopted. If the thickness of the soil layer is greater than 20cm, the biological measures can be selected with ridge plant belts, and the farming measures can be selected from low-tillage and no-tillage, cross-slope to ridge or ridge direction District field: the thickness of the soil layer is less than 20cm, and the biological measures still use the ridge plant belt, and the cultivation measures can be subsoiling in situ, less tillage and no-tillage, or cross slopes to ridges. When the slope is steep, it is advisable to adopt a combination of engineering measures and farming measures. If the thickness of the soil layer is greater than 20cm, the engineering measures can be used as horizontal terraces, and the farming measures can be selected as low-tillage and no-tillage or cross-slope to ridge; the thickness of the soil layer is less than 20cm , engineering measures should choose slope-type terraced fields (maintain the original slope type of the field surface, only build terraced fields and ridges to reduce soil disturbance on the slope surface), and farming measures can choose in-situ subsoiling, less-tillage and no-tillage, or cross-slope to ridge.
本实施例中，为提升集水坡面径流排导能力，将不同坡段的措施形成有机整体，在集水坡面周边的汇水线布设生态草沟和石笼谷坊。In this embodiment, in order to improve the runoff drainage capacity of the catchment slope, the measures of different slope sections are formed into an organic whole, and ecological grass ditches and gabion valley squares are arranged on the catchment line around the catchment slope.
本发明主要适用于东北低山丘陵区复合坡型的坡耕地水土流失治理，基于坡耕地水土流失发生规律和土层分异特点，以阻控坡耕地土壤流失为主要目标，兼顾耕地生产力维持，提出的一种综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法。通过将集水坡面划分为不同坡段，并综合考虑各坡段间的坡形起伏变化和土层厚度差异，逐段选择适宜水土保持措施，形成有机整体，可解决现有以集水坡面整体为单元，单纯考虑坡度配置措施所存在的配置不精细、布局不合理、综合效益低等问题。其优点主要在于：The present invention is mainly applicable to the control of water and soil loss of slope cultivated land with complex slope types in low mountains and hilly areas in Northeast China. Based on the law of occurrence of water and soil loss in slope cultivated land and the characteristics of soil layer differentiation, the main goal is to prevent and control soil loss in slope cultivated land, taking into account the maintenance of cultivated land productivity. A configuration method of compound soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land is proposed, which integrates slope gradient and soil layer differentiation. By dividing the water-collecting slope into different slope sections, and comprehensively considering the slope fluctuation and soil thickness difference between the slope sections, appropriate water and soil conservation measures are selected section by section to form an organic whole, which can solve the problem of existing water-collecting slopes. The surface as a whole is a unit, and the simple consideration of slope configuration measures has problems such as imprecise configuration, unreasonable layout, and low comprehensive benefits. Its advantages mainly lie in:
打破了现有措施配置以集水坡面整体为最小立地单元的界限，按坡段进行配置，提高了措施选择的适宜性和整体配置的有效性，可提升坡面措施体系的整体水土保持功能。It breaks the limit of the existing measure configuration that takes the water collection slope as a whole as the smallest site unit, and configures it according to the slope section, which improves the suitability of the measure selection and the effectiveness of the overall configuration, and can improve the overall water and soil conservation function of the slope measure system .
引入表层土壤厚度因素，在有效防控水土流失的同时，避免了以往部分坡段内因水土保持措施实施导致浅薄表层土壤与下层母质混合，而降低耕地生产力的问题，更有利于保障粮食生产。Introducing the surface soil thickness factor, while effectively preventing and controlling soil erosion, avoids the problem of reducing the productivity of cultivated land due to the implementation of water and soil conservation measures in some slope sections in the past, which caused the shallow surface soil to mix with the underlying parent material, which is more conducive to ensuring food production.
实施步骤相对简易，且较现有方法可节约实施成本或减少产量损失，具有良好应用和推广前景。The implementation steps are relatively simple, and compared with the existing methods, the implementation cost can be saved or the output loss can be reduced, and the method has good application and popularization prospects.
以吉林省东辽县安石镇杏木村选择典型坡耕地(E125°22′40″-125°26′10″,N42°58′05″-43°01′40)，进行了该方法的实际应用与示范。按照上述实施步骤，经地形坡度和土层厚度测定结果，划定出的集水坡面面占地35亩，自坡顶到坡脚，可划分为上坡(A)、中坡(B)、下坡(C)3段。其中，A段属平均土层厚度不足20cm的陡坡、B段属土层厚度不足20cm的缓坡、C段属土层厚度大于20cm的平坡。A typical slope farmland (E125°22′40″-125°26′10″, N42°58′05″-43°01′40) was selected in Xingmu Village, Anshi Town, Dongliao County, Jilin Province, and the method was carried out in practice. Application and demonstration. According to the above-mentioned implementation steps, the demarcated catchment slope covers an area of 35 mu according to the measurement results of terrain slope and soil layer thickness. From the top of the slope to the foot of the slope, it can be divided into uphill (A), middle There are 3 sections of slope (B) and downhill (C).Among them, section A is a steep slope with an average soil thickness of less than 20cm, section B is a gentle slope with a soil thickness of less than 20cm, and section C is a flat slope with a soil thickness greater than 20cm.
按照综合坡度与土层分异的坡耕地水土保持复合措施配置方法，最终提出A坡段选用坡式梯田和横坡改垄的复合配置、B坡段选用地埂植物带和横坡改垄的复合配置、C坡段选用少耕免耕等坡面复合措施配置模式。同时，为提升坡面径流排导能力，将不同坡段的措施形成有机整体，在集水坡面单元的周边汇水线布设生态草沟和石笼谷坊。According to the composite configuration method of soil and water conservation measures for sloping cultivated land based on the comprehensive slope and soil layer differentiation, it is finally proposed that the A slope section adopts the composite configuration of slope terraces and cross slopes to ridges, and the B slope section adopts ridge plant belts and cross slopes to ridges. Composite configuration and Slope C adopt the configuration mode of slope composite measures such as less tillage and no tillage. At the same time, in order to improve the runoff drainage capacity of the slope, the measures of different slope sections are formed into an organic whole, and ecological grass ditches and gabion valley squares are arranged on the catchment line around the catchment slope unit.
通过观测对比，上述措施配置较传统全坡面单一布设水平梯田的治理方式，减少措施占地宽度0.5-1m，并可避免治理当年约3％左右的作物减产，土壤侵蚀均可控制到允许流失量以下。Through observation and comparison, the configuration of the above measures is compared with the traditional management method of single-arrangement of horizontal terraces on the whole slope, which reduces the width of the measures by 0.5-1m, and can avoid about 3% of crop yield reduction in the year of treatment, and soil erosion can be controlled to allowable loss below the amount.
以上所描述的装置实施例仅仅是示意性的，其中所述作为分离部件说明的单元可以是或者也可以不是物理上分开的，作为单元显示的部件可以是或者也可以不是物理单元，即可以位于一个地方，或者也可以分布到多个网络单元上。可以根据实际的需要选择其中的部分或者全部模块来实现本实施例方案的目的。本领域普通技术人员在不付出创造性的劳动的情况下，即可以理解并实施。The device embodiments described above are only illustrative, and the units described as separate components may or may not be physically separated, and the components shown as units may or may not be physical units, that is, they may be located in One place, or it can be distributed to multiple network elements. Part or all of the modules can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of this embodiment. It can be understood and implemented by those skilled in the art without any creative efforts.
通过以上的实施方式的描述，本领域的技术人员可以清楚地了解到各实施方式可借助软件加必需的通用硬件平台的方式来实现，当然也可以通过硬件。基于这样的理解，上述技术方案本质上或者说对现有技术做出贡献的部分可以以软件产品的形式体现出来，该计算机软件产品可以存储在计算机可读存储介质中，如ROM/RAM、磁碟、光盘等，包括若干指令用以使得一台计算机设备(可以是个人计算机，服务器，或者网络设备等)执行各个实施例或者实施例的某些部分所述的方法。Through the above description of the implementations, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that each implementation can be implemented by means of software plus a necessary general hardware platform, and of course also by hardware. Based on this understanding, the essence of the above technical solution or the part that contributes to the prior art can be embodied in the form of software products, and the computer software products can be stored in computer-readable storage media, such as ROM/RAM, magnetic discs, optical discs, etc., including several instructions to make a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) execute the methods described in various embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.
最后应说明的是：以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that: it can still be Modifications are made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent replacements are made to some of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the various embodiments of the present invention.
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