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CN113195991B - 低温空气分离单元的启动方法和相关联的空气分离单元 - Google Patents

低温空气分离单元的启动方法和相关联的空气分离单元 Download PDF

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CN113195991B
CN113195991B CN201880100344.6A CN201880100344A CN113195991B CN 113195991 B CN113195991 B CN 113195991B CN 201880100344 A CN201880100344 A CN 201880100344A CN 113195991 B CN113195991 B CN 113195991B
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supercharger
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E·戴
高飞
谢华丽
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

用于启动处于高于0℃的温度下的空气分离单元的方法,该空气分离单元包括用于压缩进料空气的主空气压缩机(3)、由涡轮机(5a)驱动的增压机(4a)和连接在增压器下游和主热交换器上游的排气导管(50),其中,为了启动空气分离单元,当涡轮机以所述给定速度运行时,排气导管打开,以将至少一部分在增压器中压缩的空气从增压器出口输送到大气中。

Description

低温空气分离单元的启动方法和相关联的空气分离单元
本发明涉及一种用于启动低温空气分离单元的方法和相关联的空气分离单元。
特别地,它可以适用于具有压缩空气的增压器的空气分离单元(ASU),该空气已经被压缩然后在主热交换器中被冷却,随后在增压器中压缩之后被冷却,并且被输送到联接到增压器的塔系统或涡轮机。
在空气分离单元中,进料空气被压缩冷却、在塔系统中蒸馏,并且塔系统的气态和/或液体产品被加热。产品的加热和进料空气的冷却通常在主热交换器中进行,热端的入口温度高于0℃。
在一些可能很少或没有液体生产的工厂中,空气可以在主空气压缩机中被压缩,然后部分空气在称为增压器的压缩机中被进一步压缩。来自增压器的空气通常在单独的热交换器中被冷却,然后被送到主热交换器,空气分离单元的产品在该主热交换器中被加热。
取消这种称为涡轮增压器后冷却器的单独的热交换器,既节省了热交换器的成本,又可以降低压缩功率,因为消除了单独的热交换器中的压降。
然而,当空气分离单元从热条件启动时,例如,当该单元因维护或初始启动而关闭时,会带来一些问题。
这些问题包括:
a.无法从ASU系统去除热量;
b.增压器喘振的风险;
c.增压器反向旋转的风险;
d.由于涡轮增压器产生的高温气体导致主热交换器损坏的风险。
本发明包括一种在从热状态启动ASU时降低这些风险中的至少一个的方法,该方法使用排气导管从系统释放热量以产生冷量。
根据本发明的一个目的,提供了一种用于启动温度高于0℃的空气分离单元的方法,该空气分离单元包括:用于压缩进料空气的主空气压缩机;主热交换器;用于将压缩空气从主空气压缩机输送到主热交换器以便进行冷却的导管;增压器;用于将在主热交换器中冷却的压缩空气的至少一部分输送到增压器的导管;用于将空气从增压器输送到主热交换器的装置,其中在增压器下游和主热交换器上游没有用于冷却空气的装置;塔系统;至少一个涡轮机,其连接成接收来自主空气压缩机和可能地来自增压器的压缩空气,该至少一个涡轮机连接到塔系统,以提供待在塔系统中蒸馏的空气;用于从塔系统取出富氧产品并将其输送到主热交换器中进行加热的导管;用于从塔系统取出富氮产品并将其输送到主热交换器中进行加热的导管,其中,在正常操作中,空气从主空气压缩机被输送到热交换器,在热交换器中被冷却,在增压器中被压缩,在热交换器中被冷却,并且在塔系统中分离,空气从热交换器被输送到涡轮机中进行膨胀,并且在塔系统中进行分离,富氮产品和富氧产品在热交换器中被加热,其特征在于,空气分离单元包括连接在增压器下游和主热交换器上游的排气导管,并且为了启动空气分离单元,
i)空气在主空气压缩机中被压缩并且被输送到增压器入口,
ii)空气被输送到涡轮机入口,并且
iii)在涡轮机以其临界速度的给定比例运行之前,排气导管保持关闭,并且一旦涡轮机以所述给定比例或更高速度运行,排气导管打开,以将在增压器中被压缩的空气的至少一部分从增压器出口输送到大气中。
根据其它可选特征:
-在正常操作中,第一空气流从增压器被输送到第二增压器,第二空气流从主热交换器被输送到涡轮机,并且在启动期间,空气被输送到增压器,并且经由旁通导管被输送到涡轮机。
-在至少部分启动期间,没有空气被输送到第二增压器。
-在启动期间,当空气在主空气压缩机中被压缩然后被输送到增压器入口时,空气被输送到涡轮机,并且当涡轮机至少以其临界速度的所述给定比例运行时排气导管打开,主热交换器冷却,如果检测到主热交换器内的温度低于给定阈值,则逐渐关闭排气导管。
-检测在增压器下游并且在主热交换器上游的增压器出口温度,当空气在主空气压缩机中被压缩然后被输送到增压器入口时,空气被输送到涡轮机,并且如果增压器出口温度高于给定温度,则排气导管至少部分打开,如果增压器出口温度低于给定温度,则排气导管完全关闭。
-空气分离单元包括旁通导管,其用于将空气直接从增压器输送到在主空气压缩机中(优选地仅在主空气压缩机中)压缩的空气流而不经过主热交换器。
-在步骤i)中,空气在主空气压缩机中被压缩,并且与经由旁通导管来自增压器出口的空气混合。
-在正常操作中,来自增压器的空气在不与另一空气流混合的情况下被输送到主热交换器。
-在启动期间,检测在增压器下游并且在主热交换器上游的增压器出口温度,空气在主空气压缩机中被压缩,被输送到增压器入口,空气被输送到涡轮机中,并且
i)如果增压器出口温度高于给定温度,则用于输送来自增压器的空气在不经过主热交换器的情况下与来自主空气压缩机的空气混合的旁通导管至少部分地打开,以及
ii)如果增压器出口温度低于给定温度,则旁通导管完全关闭,并且将空气在不与另一空气流混合的情况下从增压器输送到主热交换器。
-在正常操作中,将液化空气输送到塔系统,该液化空气优选地已经在增压器中被压缩,并且来自塔系统的液体产品在热交换器中蒸发。
-在启动过程期间,
i)最初,没有来自塔系统的液体产品在热交换器中蒸发,也没有液化空气被输送到塔系统,并且
ii)随后,液体产品被从塔系统取出并且在热交换器中蒸发,并且将液化空气输送到塔系统。
-在启动期间,排气管线可能保持打开,直到一定量的液体储存在塔系统的至少一个塔中。
根据本发明的另一目的,提供了一种空气分离单元,其包括:用于压缩进料空气的主空气压缩机;主热交换器;用于将压缩空气从主空气压缩机输送到主热交换器以便进行冷却的导管;增压器;用于将在主热交换器中冷却的压缩空气的至少一部分输送到增压器的导管;用于将空气从增压器输送到主热交换器的装置,其中在增压器下游和主热交换器上游没有用于冷却空气的装置;塔系统;至少一个涡轮机,其连接成接收来自主空气压缩机和可能地来自增压器的压缩空气,所述至少一个涡轮机连接到塔系统,以提供待在塔系统中蒸馏的空气;用于从塔系统取出富氧产品并将其输送到主热交换器中进行加热的导管;用于从塔系统取出富氮产品并将其输送到主热交换器进行加热的导管,其特征在于,空气分离单元包括连接在增压器下游且在主热交换器上游的排气导管。
该单元优选地包括导管,该导管用于将空气从增压器输送到用于将压缩空气从主空气压缩机输送到主热交换器以便进行冷却的导管。
该单元包括一设备,该设备用于检测增压器的出口温度,并且根据增压器的出口温度来控制阀的打开,从而使在增压器中压缩的空气与在主空气压缩机中压缩的空气流混合。
优选地,增压器由所述至少一个涡轮机驱动。
该单元可以包括用于检测所述至少一个涡轮机的速度,并且在涡轮机达到给定速度时打开排气导管的装置。
该单元可以包括用于检测增压器的出口温度,并且在出口温度低于给定值时打开阀以允许空气在不与另一空气流混合的情况下直接从增压器流到主热交换器的装置。
现在将参照图1详细描述本发明,图1示出了可以应用该启动方法的空气分离单元。
在图1中,空气分离单元包括双塔,其具有在第一压力下操作的第一塔28和在第二压力下操作的第二塔30,该第二压力低于第一压力,并且略高于大气压。制冷段1包括一系列压缩机和涡轮机以及主热交换器6。蒸馏段2包括塔28、30以及再沸器34和过冷器32。
在正常操作中,空气7被输送到主空气压缩机3,空气在其中被压缩到高于第一塔28的压力的压力。部分空气18在主热交换器6中被冷却,并且分成两部分。一部分空气8在恰好低于热交换器6的热端温度的温度下被取出,并且在凉增压器4a中被压缩。使用术语“凉增压器”是因为空气在热交换器6中只被稍微冷却。然后,所有增压空气在没有被冷却的情况下被输送回热端,然后在主热交换器6中被冷却到中间温度,并且作为流9被输送到第二增压器4b,该第二增压器4b被称为冷增压器,因为到达该增压器的空气比到达增压器4a的空气冷得多。来自冷增压器4b的空气被输送回主热交换器6,被冷却至冷端温度,作为流10取出,膨胀,并且作为液化流25被输送到第一塔28以及作为液化流26被输送到第二塔30。
流18的其余部分20被冷却到低于冷增压器4b的入口温度的温度,并且作为并行流11、22在涡轮机5a和5b中膨胀。涡轮机5a驱动凉增压器4a,涡轮机5b驱动冷增压器4b。来自涡轮机5a、5b的膨胀空气流混合形成流12,并且作为气态进料被输送到第一塔。
富氧液体和富氮液体按常规方式从第一塔被输送到第二塔。
富氮气态流15从第二塔30顶部的尖塔中被取出,并且在交换器6中被加热。液氧13在靠近第二塔30的底部再沸器34处被取出,并且在交换器6中蒸发。
富氮气态流14从第二塔30的顶部被取出,并且在交换器6中被加热。
应当理解,在正常操作中,来自增压器4a或4b的增压空气都没有被输送到涡轮机。
为了启动空气分离单元,在启动方法的基本方案中,阀80用于隔离来自凉增压器4a的高压空气,并且允许来自主空气压缩机3的旁通空气进入冷增压器4b的入口,以用于初始启动。
当单元需要在高于0℃的温度下启动时,空气在主空气压缩机3中被压缩,然后输送到主热交换器,但是在温暖条件下,没有来自冷箱的冷流13、14、15来冷却该空气。因此,空气在温暖条件下被输送到凉增压器4a的入口。同时,空气被输送到涡轮机5a和5b。来自主空气压缩机3的空气9经由旁通导管70被输送到冷增压器4b。
当涡轮机5a以高于其非驻留区的速度(对应于一个或多个临界速度附近的速度范围)运行时,排气阀50打开,以将增压空气从增压器4a经由排气导管24释放到大气中。来自增压器4a的空气的一部分经由导管24被释放到大气中,而该空气的其余部分经由导管60被输送以加入空气流18中。阀80关闭。
空气从涡轮机5a被输送到塔28,并且开始在塔中分离。
如果在将流引入凉增压涡轮机5a之前通过打开排气阀50来打开该排气导管24,则凉增压涡轮机可能开始旋转,这可能损坏机器。因此,在凉增压涡轮机启动之前该阀应当保持关闭。此外,该排气阀应当是故障时关闭,以确保机器在设备关闭时不会旋转。
由于该涡轮增压器4a没有后冷却器,因此涡轮增压器下游的热空气不能被引入增压器4a的吸入口或涡轮机5a的入口中,这会使喘振恶化。因此,这里安装了从增压器排放口到主热交换器6上游的空气导管的防喘振管线60。这允许来自增压器4a的空气与来自压缩机3的主进料空气18混合。由于增压空气的量减少,并且与另一较冷的流(流18)混合,因此降低了损坏热交换器的风险。
为了防止主热交换器跳闸,我们需要在涡轮机通过非驻留区(如果存在非驻留区的话)后尽可能快地打开排气管线24。
对于这种基本变型,由于冷增压器与其涡轮机之间的流动不相通,因此涡轮机不可能独立启动。
在本发明的基本方案中,在启动期间,来自凉增压器4a的空气被输送到大气或涡轮机5a中。在至少一部分启动过程期间,没有来自凉增压器4a的空气被输送到冷增压器4b。在至少一部分启动过程期间,在增压器4a中被增压并且未被输送到大气中的任何空气被输送到涡轮机5a和/或涡轮机5b中。
理想地,希望与冷增压器4b同时启动凉增压器4a。在这种情况下,旁通管线70用于和凉增压器4a后的隔离阀80一起使空气进入冷增压器4b。此外,旁通管线70必须连接成避免使流从防喘振管线60直接输送到主热交换器6的短路。
热启动步骤:
a.在启动涡轮机之前,打开用于凉增压器4a和冷增压器4b的防喘振管线60、60';关闭排气导管24;关闭液态空气阀90;关闭凉增压器4a后的隔离阀80;打开旁通管线70。
b.同时启动凉增压器4a和涡轮机5a以及冷增压器4b和涡轮机5b。
c.一旦涡轮增压器通过非驻留区,打开排气管线24。
d.当主热交换器中的温度降低时,逐渐关闭排气管线。但是应注意,这是用于ASU的主要制冷源,直到能够从系统中获得功的其他设备启动。
e.当凉增压器4a的排放口处的温度降低到约40℃时,我们可以逐渐打开凉增压器后的隔离阀80,并且关闭旁通管线70。这允许来自增压器4a的空气经由阀80流到热交换器6,管线70关闭。
f.一旦冷液体13(LOX或LIN)被输送到主交换器6中,用于液态空气的液体阀90可以被打开。
在主热交换器6中的温度足够低之前,来自凉增压器4a的空气被全部输送到大气中,或者被部分地输送到大气中且部分地输送到涡轮机中。没有空气像在正常操作中那样被输送到冷增压器4b。
检测主热交换器6中的温度,当其足够冷时,排气管线24和旁通管线70关闭,使得来自增压器4a的所有增压空气进入热交换器6,并从该热交换器6进入冷增压器4b。
根据制冷需要来调节排气管线24的打开。该排气管线保持至少部分打开,直到其他产生冷量的设备启动。该排气管线也可以保持部分打开,以帮助在冷箱中建立正常的液体库存。一旦隔离阀80打开,来自凉增压器4a的一些流将被输送到热交换器和冷增压器。一旦凉增压器4a的排放温度足够冷,则不需要通过阀70旁通空气,从而直接将空气输送到热交换器。
如果冷增压器4b的出口温度太高,则防喘振管线60'将空气从冷增压器4b输送到涡轮机5b的入口,而不通过热交换器。
附图并未说明以下仍然存在的元件:
-用于检测增压器4a的出口温度,并且根据增压器的出口温度来控制阀的打开,从而使在增压器4a中压缩的空气与在主空气压缩机3中压缩的空气流18混合的设备。
-用于检测至少一个涡轮机5a的速度,并且在涡轮机达到给定速度时打开排气导管24的装置。
-用于检测增压器4a的出口温度,并且在出口温度低于给定值时打开阀80,以允许空气在不与另一空气流混合的情况下直接从增压器流到主热交换器6的装置。
附图标记列表
1 低温制冷
2 低温蒸馏
3 主空气压缩机
4a 增压空气压缩机
4b 增压空气压缩机
5a 凉涡轮机
5b 冷涡轮机
6 主热交换器
7 入口空气
8 凉高压空气
9 冷高压空气
10 高压液态空气
11 进入膨胀机中的高压空气
12 中压空气
13 O2产品
14 废氮气
15 低压氮气
18 从主压缩机到主热交换器的空气流
20 空气流
22 空气流
24 排气管线
25 进入第一塔的液态空气流
26 进入第二塔的液态空气流
28 第一塔
30 第二塔
32 过冷器
34 再沸器-冷凝器
50 阀
60 用于凉增压器的防喘振管线
60' 用于冷增压器的防喘振管线
70 用于冷增压器的热启动的旁通管线
90 阀

Claims (15)

1.用于启动处于高于0℃的温度下的空气分离单元的方法,所述空气分离单元包括:用于压缩进料空气的主空气压缩机(3);主热交换器(6);用于将压缩空气从所述主空气压缩机输送到所述主热交换器以便进行冷却的导管;增压器(4a);用于将在所述主热交换器中冷却的压缩空气的至少一部分输送到所述增压器的导管;用于将空气从所述增压器输送到所述主热交换器的装置,其中在所述增压器下游和所述主热交换器上游没有用于冷却空气的装置;塔系统(28、30);至少一个涡轮机(5a),其连接成接收来自所述主空气压缩机和来自所述增压器的压缩空气,所述至少一个涡轮机连接到所述塔系统,以提供待在所述塔系统中被蒸馏的空气;用于从所述塔系统取出富氧产品(13)并将其输送到所述主热交换器中进行加热的导管;用于从所述塔系统取出富氮产品(15)并将其输送到所述主热交换器进行加热的导管,其中,在正常操作中,空气从所述主空气压缩机被输送到所述主热交换器,在所述主热交换器中被冷却,在所述增压器中被压缩,在所述主热交换器中被冷却,并且在所述塔系统中分离,空气从所述主热交换器被输送到涡轮机中进行膨胀,并且在所述塔系统中分离,富氮产品和富氧产品在所述主热交换器中被加热,其特征在于,所述空气分离单元包括连接在所述增压器下游和所述主热交换器上游的排气导管,并且其中,为了启动所述空气分离单元,
i)空气在所述主空气压缩机中被压缩并且被输送到所述增压器入口,
ii)空气被输送到所述涡轮机入口,并且
iii)在所述涡轮机以其临界速度的给定比例运行之前,所述排气导管保持关闭,并且一旦所述涡轮机以所述给定比例或更高速度运行,所述排气导管打开以将在所述增压器中被压缩的空气的至少一部分从增压器出口输送到大气中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在正常操作中,第一空气流从所述增压器(4a)被输送到第二增压器(4b),第二空气流从所述主热交换器被输送到所述涡轮机(5a),并且在启动期间,空气被输送到所述增压器,并且经由旁通导管被输送到所述涡轮机。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,在至少部分启动期间,没有空气被输送到所述第二增压器(4b)。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中,在启动期间,当空气在所述主空气压缩机(3)中被压缩然后被输送到所述增压器入口时,空气被输送到所述涡轮机(5a),并且当所述涡轮机至少以其临界速度的所述给定比例运行时所述排气导管打开,所述主热交换器(6)冷却,如果检测到所述主热交换器内的温度低于给定阈值,则逐渐关闭所述排气导管。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中,检测所述增压器(4a)下游和所述主热交换器(6)上游的增压器出口温度,当空气在所述主空气压缩机(3)中被压缩然后被输送到所述增压器入口时,空气被输送到所述涡轮机(5a),并且如果所述增压器出口温度高于给定温度,则所述排气导管至少部分打开,如果所述增压器出口温度低于所述给定温度,则所述排气导管完全关闭。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述空气分离单元包括旁通导管(60),用于将空气直接从所述增压器(4a)输送到在所述主空气压缩机(3)中压缩的空气流而不经过所述主热交换器,并且在步骤i)中,空气在所述主空气压缩机中被压缩并且与经由所述旁通导管来自所述增压器出口的空气混合。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,在启动期间,检测所述增压器(4a)下游和所述主热交换器(6)上游的增压器出口温度,空气在所述主空气压缩机中被压缩,被输送到所述增压器入口,空气被输送到涡轮机(5a)中,并且
i)如果所述增压器出口温度高于给定温度,则用于输送来自所述增压器的空气在不经过所述主热交换器的情况下与来自所述主空气压缩机的空气混合的旁通导管(60)至少部分地打开,以及
ii)如果增压器出口温度低于给定温度,则所述旁通导管完全关闭,并且将空气在不与另一空气流混合的情况下从所述增压器输送到所述主热交换器。
8.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中,在正常操作中,将液化空气输送到所述塔系统(28、30),所述液化空气已经在所述增压器(4a)中被压缩,并且来自所述塔系统的液体产品(13)在所述主热交换器中蒸发。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,在启动过程期间,
i)最初,没有来自所述塔系统的液体产品(13)在所述主热交换器中蒸发,也没有液化空气被输送到所述塔系统,并且
ii)随后,液体产品被从所述塔系统取出并且在所述主热交换器中蒸发,并且将液化空气输送到所述塔系统。
10.空气分离单元,所述空气分离单元在启动时处于高于0℃的温度下,所述空气分离单元包括:用于压缩进料空气的主空气压缩机(3);主热交换器(6);用于将压缩空气从所述主空气压缩机输送到所述主热交换器以便进行冷却的导管;增压器(4a);用于将在所述主热交换器中冷却的压缩空气的至少一部分输送到所述增压器的导管;用于将空气从所述增压器输送到所述主热交换器的装置,其中在所述增压器下游和所述主热交换器上游没有用于冷却空气的装置;塔系统(28、30);至少一个涡轮机,其连接成接收来自所述主空气压缩机和来自所述增压器的压缩空气,所述至少一个涡轮机连接到所述塔系统,以提供待在所述塔系统中蒸馏的空气;用于从所述塔系统取出富氧产品(13)并将其输送到所述主热交换器中进行加热的导管;用于从所述塔系统取出富氮产品(15)并将其输送到所述主热交换器进行加热的导管,其特征在于,所述空气分离单元包括连接在所述增压器下游和所述主热交换器上游的排气导管。
11.根据权利要求10所述的空气分离单元,包括用于将空气从所述增压器(4a)输送到用于将压缩空气(18)从所述主空气压缩机(3)输送到所述主热交换器以便进行冷却的所述导管的导管。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的空气分离单元,包括一设备,所述设备用于检测所述增压器(4a)的出口温度,并且根据所述增压器的出口温度来控制管线(60)的打开,从而使在所述增压器中被压缩的空气与在所述主空气压缩机中被压缩的空气流混合。
13.根据权利要求12所述的空气分离单元,包括用于检测所述增压器(4a)的出口温度,并且在所述出口温度低于给定值时打开阀(80)以允许空气在不与另一空气流混合的情况下直接从所述增压器流到所述主热交换器(6)的装置。
14.根据权利要求10或11所述的空气分离单元,其中,所述增压器(4a)由所述至少一个涡轮机(5a)驱动。
15.根据权利要求14所述的空气分离单元,包括用于检测所述至少一个涡轮机(5a)的速度,并且在所述涡轮机达到给定速度时打开所述排气导管(24)的装置。
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