CN112617746A - Non-contact physiological signal detection device - Google Patents
Non-contact physiological signal detection device Download PDFInfo
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- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000013186 photoplethysmography Methods 0.000 description 11
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Abstract
The invention mainly provides a non-contact physiological signal detection device, the simplest structure of which only comprises a light sensing unit and a signal processing module; the light sensing unit is used for facing a sensing part of a tested object, and then collecting diffused light from the surface of the sensing part in a non-contact mode. Moreover, the signal processing module at least comprises a signal receiving unit and a signal processing unit. After the physiological signal is received by the signal receiving unit, the signal processing unit performs at least one signal process on the physiological signal to obtain at least one piece of physiological information. The non-contact physiological signal detection device does not comprise any photographing unit, so that the physiological signal detection program can be finished under the conditions of protecting the privacy of a testee and not damaging the skin of the testee, and the non-contact physiological signal detection device also has the advantages of simple structure and low cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of physiological signal detection, and particularly relates to a non-contact physiological signal detection device which can complete a physiological signal detection program under the conditions of protecting the privacy of a testee and not damaging the skin of the testee.
Background
The physiological information such as blood oxygen concentration and heartbeat is an important index for judging the health status of a person. Currently, Photoplethysmography (PPG) has been widely used to measure physiological signals of an individual and extract physiological characteristics of the individual from the physiological signals. For example, taiwan patent No. I592138 discloses a wearable blood pressure measuring device adapted to be worn on a wrist of a subject to perform measurement of physiological signals of the subject. In the process of measuring the physiological signals of the individual, the wearable blood pressure measuring device can send out detection light to the skin tissue of the wrist, then the light receiving unit is used for receiving reflected light from the skin tissue of the wrist and continuously recording the change of the reflected light to obtain a photoplethysmography signal (PPG signal). On the other hand, U.S. patent publication No. US2017/0340217a1 discloses a physiological sensing device, which is actually a Fingertip pulse oximeter (Fingertip pulse oximeter). When measuring the individual physiological signals, the person to be measured must place his/her finger in a measuring space of the fingertip pulse oximeter, and then the fingertip pulse oximeter sends out a detection light to a surface of the finger. Finally, after the transmitted light of the detection light is received and continuously recorded on the other surface of the finger, a light volume change signal can be obtained.
As can be seen from the foregoing description, the photoplethysmography method has been applied to the light reflection type or light transmission type contact physiological signal measuring device. However, the feedback of the user indicates that the contact physiological signal measuring device causes inconvenience, such as skin allergy, in the user (e.g., infant) with sensitive skin. In view of the above, another non-contact physiological signal measurement technique is proposed. For example, chinese patent No. CN102973253B discloses a system for monitoring human physiological indicators using visual information. In performing the measurement of the physiological signal, the conventional system continuously takes an image of the subject using a camera, recognizes the face of the subject from the image of the subject through a complicated operation, and selects a Region of interest (ROI) on the face of the subject. Continuously, a three-color channel separation process is performed on the ROI image to obtain an R channel signal, a G channel signal, and a B channel signal. Finally, after processing and/or analyzing the RGB three-channel signals by using a specific algorithm, the physiological characteristics or information of the individual can be obtained.
The foregoing is also known as Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) or teleplethysmography (rPPG). Engineers familiar with rPPG must know that a contactless physiological signal measurement device using rPPG must be equipped with a processing chipset with high-speed computing capability, so that the overall cost cannot be effectively reduced. Even if a processing chip set with high-speed computation capability is mounted, a noncontact type physiological signal measurement device using rPPG still takes a lot of time to complete a huge amount of computation, and then extracts individual physiological characteristics or information from an image of a subject obtained by imaging. More importantly, the face image of the testee is largely copied and stored in the process of receiving the non-contact physiological signal measurement of the rPPG, which raises the doubtful question that the privacy of the testee is not guaranteed.
As can be seen from the above description, although the contact physiological signal measuring device based on the PPG technique has the advantages of simple structure and low cost, the feedback of the user indicates that the contact physiological signal measuring device is prone to cause skin allergy for the user with sensitive skin. On the other hand, although the non-contact physiological signal measuring device based on the rPPG technology can complete the acquisition of the individual physiological signal without touching the user, the non-contact physiological signal measuring device needs to be equipped with a processing chipset with high-speed computing capability, which results in high overall cost. Meanwhile, the non-contact physiological signal measuring device based on the rPPG technology can also raise the privacy concerns of the testee.
In view of the above, the present inventors have studied and developed the non-contact type physiological signal detecting device of the present invention, which can complete the physiological signal detecting process under the condition of protecting the privacy of the subject and not damaging the skin of the subject, and the non-contact type physiological signal detecting device has the advantages of simple structure and low cost.
Disclosure of Invention
The main objective of the present invention is to provide a non-contact physiological signal detection device, which has the advantages of simple structure and low cost of a contact physiological signal measurement device based on PPG technology, and has the characteristics of non-contact physiological signal measurement of a non-contact physiological signal measurement device based on rPPG technology. Furthermore, the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the invention does not comprise any photographing unit, so that the physiological signal detection program can be completed under the condition of protecting the privacy of the testee and not damaging the skin of the testee.
To achieve the above objective, the present invention provides an embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device, which includes:
the light sensing unit is used for facing a sensing part of a tested object and further collecting diffused light from the surface of the sensing part in a non-contact mode; and
a signal processing module, comprising:
a signal processing unit;
a control unit coupled to the signal processing unit and the light sensing unit for controlling the light sensing unit to collect the diffused light; and
a signal receiving unit coupled to the light sensing unit and the signal processing unit for receiving the diffused light through the light sensing unit and transmitting a physiological signal corresponding to the diffused light to the signal processing unit;
after receiving the physiological signal, the signal processing unit performs at least one signal process on the physiological signal to obtain at least one piece of physiological information.
In an embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the present invention, the physiological information may be any one of the following: blood volume, heart rate, respiration rate, Blood oxygen, Blood pressure, Blood vessel viscosity (Blood vessel viscocity), venous function, venous return, ankle pressure, Genital response (genetic responses), Cardiac output (Cardiac output).
In a possible embodiment, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the invention further includes a data output unit coupled to the signal processing unit, so that the signal processing unit outputs at least one physiological information through the data output unit. Wherein, the data output unit can be any one of the following: display, speaker, wired transmission interface, wireless transmission interface.
In a practical embodiment, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the invention further includes a condensing lens, which is disposed between the light sensing unit and the diffused light, and is used for focusing the diffused light to the light sensing unit. Wherein the diffused light is a single wavelength light or a multi-wavelength light.
In an embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device, the diffused light is generated on the surface of the sensing site when the subject is exposed to an ambient light. Wherein the ambient light is a natural light or an artificial light provided by an external light source.
In a practical embodiment, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the invention further includes a light emitting unit for emitting a detection light to the surface of the sensing site of the subject, so that the diffused light is generated on the surface of the sensing site. Wherein, the light-emitting unit comprises at least one light-emitting component, and the light-emitting component can be any one of the following components: light emitting diode, vertical resonant cavity light emitting diode, organic light emitting diode.
In an embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the invention, the signal processing module further includes a driving unit coupled to the control unit for driving the light emitting unit to emit the detection light.
In an embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the present invention, the light sensing unit may be any one of the following: a Single-point photo sensor (Single-point photo sensor), a Matrix photo sensor (Matrix photo sensor), a Single-channel image sensor (One-channel image sensor), and a multi-channel image sensor (multi-channel image sensor).
In an embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention, the light sensing unit includes an infrared light sensor, so that the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention has an integrated temperature measurement function.
In one possible embodiment, the light sensing unit includes an infrared light sensor, so that the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the present invention can be integrated into an optical body temperature measuring device.
In a practical embodiment, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the invention further includes a sensing area marking unit, coupled to the control unit, for emitting a marking signal to the surface of the sensing portion based on the control of the control unit, so as to mark a sensing area on the surface of the sensing portion. Wherein the label signal can be any one of the following: light spots, patterns, symbols, text.
In a possible embodiment, the signal processing module further includes a living body detecting unit, coupled to the signal processing unit and/or the signal receiving unit, for performing a signal analysis on the physiological signal to determine whether the physiological signal contains at least one living body physiological characteristic, so as to determine whether the test object is a living body or a non-living body.
In an embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the present invention, the living body physiological characteristics include: at least one frequency domain physiological characteristic and/or at least one time domain physiological characteristic. The frequency domain physiological characteristic is periodic pulsation of heartbeat, and the time domain physiological characteristic is at least one living body waveform characteristic carried by the physiological signal.
In a possible embodiment, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the invention further includes an alert unit coupled to the living body detecting unit; wherein, under the condition that the living body detecting unit judges that the tested object is the non-living body, the warning unit sends out a warning message.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a first schematic perspective view of a first embodiment of a non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a second schematic perspective view of the first embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a second embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of a non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of a non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a functional block diagram of a non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram of a fifth embodiment of a non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to the present invention.
[ notation ] to show
< present invention >
1 non-contact physiological signal detection device
10 data output unit
11 light sensing unit
12 signal processing module
120 signal processing unit
121 control unit
122 signal receiving unit
123 drive unit
124 in vivo detection unit
13 light emitting unit
14 condensing lens
15 sensing area marking unit
16 warning unit
2 test substance
21 sensing site
M sense region
< Prior Art >
Is free of
Detailed Description
In order to more clearly describe the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the present invention, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
First embodiment
Fig. 1 shows a first schematic perspective view of a first embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention, and fig. 2 shows a functional block diagram of the first embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention. In particular, in the first embodiment, the present invention realizes the non-contact type physiological signal detecting device 1 with the simplest structure. As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention is composed of a light sensing unit 11 and a signal processing module 12. The light sensing unit 11 is configured to face a sensing portion 21 of a subject 2, and further collect a diffused light from the surface of the sensing portion 21 in a non-contact manner. For example, fig. 1 shows that the subject 2 is a human body, and the sensing portion 21 is the skin of the face, hands or other exposed portions of the human body.
In the case where the subject 2 is exposed to an ambient light, the diffused light is generated on the surface of the sensing site 21. It is noted that the ambient light may be a natural light or an artificial light provided by an external light source, and thus the diffused light may be a single wavelength light or a multi-wavelength light. For the above reasons, the present invention is not limited to the type of the light sensing unit 11. The light sensing unit 11 mounted on the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 may be a Single-point light sensor (Single-point light sensor), a Matrix light sensor (Matrix light sensor), a Single-channel image sensor (One-channel image sensor), or a multi-channel image sensor (multi-channel image sensor) according to the type of the light source of the ambient light.
To explain in more detail, the signal processing module 12 includes: a signal processing unit 120, a control unit 121, and a signal receiving unit 122. The control unit 121 is coupled to the signal processing unit 120 and the light sensing unit 11, and is configured to control the light sensing unit 11 to collect the diffused light. On the other hand, the signal receiving unit 122 is coupled to the light sensing unit 11 and the signal processing unit 120, and is configured to receive the diffused light through the light sensing unit 11 and transmit a physiological signal corresponding to the diffused light to the signal processing unit 120. Further, after receiving the physiological signal, the signal processing unit 120 performs at least one signal process on the physiological signal to obtain at least one physiological information. The physiological information obtained finally differs according to the execution content and algorithm of the signal processing. In general, the physiological information may be Blood volume variation (Blood volume variation), Heart Rate (HR), Respiration Rate (RR), Blood oxygen (Blood oxygen level), Blood pressure (Blood pressure), Blood vessel viscosity (Blood pressure), Venous function (Venous function), Venous reflux (Venous reflux), Ankle pressure (Ankle pressure), Genital response (genetic response), and Cardiac output (Cardiac output).
Fig. 2 also shows that the signal processing unit 120 is coupled to a data output unit 10. After completing the processing of the physiological signals and acquiring at least one piece of physiological information, the signal processing unit 120 outputs the at least one piece of physiological information through the data output unit 10. The present invention is not limited to the type of the data output unit 10, and may be a display device, a speaker, a wired transmission interface, or a wireless transmission interface. Please further refer to fig. 3, which shows a second schematic perspective view of the first embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the present invention. As shown in fig. 3, a condenser lens 14 is disposed between the light sensing unit 11 and the diffused light, so that the diffused light is effectively focused to the light sensing unit 11.
After carefully observing fig. 1 and fig. 3, it can be seen that fig. 1 and fig. 3 are presented by the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention in the form of a Forehead thermometer (Forehead thermometer). In practical application of the present invention, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 can have an integrated temperature measuring function as long as the light sensing unit 11 includes an infrared light (light) sensor. Therefore, it is easy to deduce that the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention can be integrated into an optical clinical thermometer, such as: forehead temperature gun or Ear thermometer (Ear thermometer). Alternatively, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention may be a set of optical thermometers having a physiological signal detecting function.
Second embodiment
Fig. 4 shows a schematic perspective view of a second embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention, and fig. 5 shows a functional block diagram of the second embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention. As can be easily seen by comparing FIG. 2 with FIG. 5, the second embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention further includes a light emitting unit 13. Also, in the second embodiment, a driving unit 123 is further integrated into the signal processing module 12. As shown in fig. 5, the driving unit 123 is coupled to the control unit 121 and the light emitting unit 13, and is used for driving the light emitting unit 13 to emit an artificial light as the detection light. It should be understood that the artificial light may be a single wavelength light or a multi-wavelength light. In more detail, the light emitting unit 13 includes at least one light emitting device, and the light emitting device may be a light emitting diode, a vertical cavity light emitting diode, or an organic light emitting diode. The Light-emitting diode (LED) may be a monochromatic LED or a polychromatic LED at least including green Light (400-.
In brief, the first embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device described above is to perform the physiological signal measurement of the subject 2 without a light source or a natural light source. In contrast, in the second embodiment, the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 can automatically emit the detection light to the sensing portion 21 of the subject 2 by the light emitting unit 13 thereof, and then complete the physiological signal measurement of the sensing portion 21.
Third embodiment
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of a non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to a third embodiment of the present invention. As can be easily found by comparing fig. 5 and fig. 6, the third embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention further includes a sensing region marking unit 15, which is coupled to the control unit 121 and is configured to emit a marking signal to the surface of the sensing portion 21 based on the control of the control unit 121, so as to mark a sensing region M on the surface of the sensing portion 21. For example, a light spot, a pattern, a symbol or a character is marked on the surface of the sensing portion 21. It should be noted that the addition of the sensing region labeling unit 15 helps to improve the measurement accuracy of the non-contact type physiological signal detecting device 1. For example, it is difficult for the operator to determine whether the light sensing unit 11 is facing the sensing portion 21 of the subject 2 without using the light emitting unit 13 or the detecting light is an infrared light (infrared light). In particular, if the sensing portion 21 is the forehead of the subject 2, there is a high probability that the operator will directly face the light sensing unit 11 to the forehead of the subject 2 covered by hair. In this case, the physiological signal carried by the diffused light collected by the light sensing unit 11 cannot completely reflect the real physiological condition of the subject 2. In contrast, after marking the sensing region M on the surface of the sensing site 21 of the test object 2 by the sensing region marking unit 15, the operator may align the light sensing unit 11 with the correct sensing site 21 of the test object 2. Thus, the physiological signal of the diffused light collected by the light sensing unit 11 can be ensured to reflect the real physiological status of the tested object 2, and the measurement accuracy of the non-contact physiological signal detection device 1 of the invention is further improved.
Fourth embodiment
FIG. 7 is a functional block diagram of a fourth embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device of the present invention. As can be easily seen by comparing FIG. 2 with FIG. 7, the fourth embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device is obtained by adding a sensing region marking unit 15 to the structure of the first embodiment. In the fourth embodiment, the operator can mark the sensing region M on the surface of the sensing site 21 of the test object 2 by using the sensing region marking unit 15, and then align the light sensing unit 11 with the correct sensing site 21 of the test object 2. Thus, the physiological signal of the diffused light collected by the light sensing unit 11 can be ensured to reflect the real physiological status of the tested object 2, and the measurement accuracy of the non-contact physiological signal detection device 1 of the invention is further improved.
Fifth embodiment
FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram of a fifth embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to the present invention. As can be seen from comparing fig. 6 and fig. 8, the fifth embodiment of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention further includes a living body detecting unit 124, which is coupled to the signal processing unit 120 and the signal receiving unit 122, and is configured to perform a signal analysis on the physiological signal, so as to determine whether the physiological signal contains at least one living body physiological characteristic, thereby determining that the test object 2 is a living body or a non-living body. It should be noted that, in a practical embodiment, the living body detecting unit 124 can also be selectively connected to only the signal processing unit 120 or the signal receiving unit 122. In addition, the fifth embodiment further includes an alarm unit 16 coupled to the liveness detection unit 124.
In more detail, the living body detecting unit 124 receives a physiological signal corresponding to the diffused light through the signal receiving unit 122, and the physiological signal is a light volume change signal (PPG signal). After time-domain signal processing, such as Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA) or Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS), is performed on the physiological signal, time-domain physiological features may then be extracted from the physiological signal after the time-domain signal processing is completed. Many research reports and/or literatures indicate that the physiological signal of a living body (e.g., a human body) has a specific time-domain physiological characteristic, so that the living body detection unit 124 can determine whether the test object 2 is a living body or a non-living body after determining whether the physiological signal has at least one living body physiological characteristic.
On the other hand, after receiving the physiological signal (i.e., the photoplethysmography signal (PPG signal)) corresponding to the diffuse light through the signal receiving unit 122, the living body detecting unit 124 may also perform frequency domain signal processing, such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) or Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), on the physiological signal, and then extract frequency domain physiological characteristics from the physiological signal after the frequency domain signal processing is completed, for example: the periodic pulsation of the heartbeat.
The use of the living body detecting unit 124 also helps to improve and correct the measurement accuracy of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention. To be more specific, if the operator faces a non-living object with the light sensing unit 11 of the non-contact physiological signal detecting device 1 of the present invention, the living object detecting unit 124 immediately determines that the object is not a living object. In this case, the presence detection unit 124 notifies the alert unit 16 to issue an alert message to notify the operator, for example: light messages, sound messages, text messages, image messages, etc., or alarm messages are transmitted through the data output unit 10.
Thus, all embodiments and features of the non-contact physiological signal detection device of the present invention have been fully and clearly described above. It should be emphasized that the above-described preferred embodiments of the present invention are merely exemplary in nature and, thus, many variations and modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
Claims (20)
1. A non-contact physiological signal detection device, comprising:
the light sensing unit is used for facing a sensing part of a tested object and further collecting diffused light from the surface of the sensing part in a non-contact mode; and
a signal processing module, comprising:
a signal processing unit;
a control unit coupled to the signal processing unit and the light sensing unit for controlling the light sensing unit to collect the diffused light; and
a signal receiving unit coupled to the light sensing unit and the signal processing unit for receiving the diffused light through the light sensing unit and transmitting a physiological signal corresponding to the diffused light to the signal processing unit;
after receiving the physiological signal, the signal processing unit performs at least one signal process on the physiological signal to obtain at least one piece of physiological information.
2. The non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to claim 1, wherein the physiological information is any one of the following: blood volume, heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygen, blood pressure, blood vessel viscosity, venous function, venous return, ankle pressure, genital response, cardiac output.
3. The non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to claim 1, further comprising a data output unit coupled to the signal processing unit, such that the signal processing unit outputs at least one physiological information via the data output unit.
4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the data output unit is any one of the following: display device, speaker, wired transmission interface, wireless transmission interface.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a condensing lens disposed between the light sensing unit and the diffused light for focusing the diffused light to the light sensing unit.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the diffused light is generated on the surface of the sensing site when the subject is exposed to an ambient light.
7. The non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to claim 6, wherein the ambient light is a natural light or an artificial light provided by an external light source.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a light-emitting unit for emitting a detecting light to the surface of the sensing site of the subject, so that the diffused light is generated at the surface of the sensing site.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the light-emitting unit comprises at least one light-emitting device, and the light-emitting device is any one of the following devices: light emitting diode, vertical resonant cavity light emitting diode, organic light emitting diode.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the signal processing module further comprises a driving unit coupled to the control unit for driving the light emitting unit to emit the detection light.
11. The non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to claim 1, wherein the diffused light is a single wavelength light or a multi-wavelength light.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the light sensing unit is any one of the following: single-point optical sensors, matrix optical sensors, single-channel image sensors, multi-channel image sensors.
13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the light sensing unit comprises an infrared light sensor, so that the apparatus has a temperature measurement function.
14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the apparatus is integrated into an optical thermometer.
15. The non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to claim 1, wherein the detecting device further comprises:
and the sensing area marking unit is coupled with the control unit and used for transmitting a marking signal to the surface of the sensing part based on the control of the control unit so as to mark a sensing area on the surface of the sensing part.
16. The non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to claim 1, wherein the signal processing module further comprises:
and the living body detection unit is coupled with the signal processing unit and/or the signal receiving unit and is used for executing signal analysis on the physiological signal so as to confirm whether the physiological signal contains at least one living body physiological characteristic, thereby judging that the tested object is a living body or a non-living body.
17. The non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to claim 15, wherein the label signal is any one of the following: light spots, patterns, symbols, text.
18. The non-contact physiological signal detection device of claim 16, wherein the living physiological characteristic comprises: at least one frequency domain physiological characteristic and/or at least one time domain physiological characteristic.
19. The non-contact physiological signal detection device of claim 16, further comprising:
an alarm unit coupled to the living body detection unit; wherein, the warning unit sends out warning information when the living body detection unit judges that the tested object is the non-living body.
20. The non-contact physiological signal detecting device according to claim 18, wherein the frequency-domain physiological characteristic is a periodic pulsation of a heartbeat, and the time-domain physiological characteristic is at least one living waveform characteristic carried by the physiological signal.
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