CN112242564B - 具有电容器辅助夹层的固态电池 - Google Patents
具有电容器辅助夹层的固态电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112242564B CN112242564B CN201910639729.6A CN201910639729A CN112242564B CN 112242564 B CN112242564 B CN 112242564B CN 201910639729 A CN201910639729 A CN 201910639729A CN 112242564 B CN112242564 B CN 112242564B
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- capacitor
- solid state
- anode
- litfsi
- auxiliary interlayer
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- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XVCUGNWRDDNCRD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadecafluorooctane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F XVCUGNWRDDNCRD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- DOMLXBPXLNDFAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxyethane;methyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOCC.COC(=O)C=C DOMLXBPXLNDFAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920001427 mPEG Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005569 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- -1 lithium cations Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002227 LISICON Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium lithium Chemical compound [Li].[In] LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000468 styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910006194 Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006196 Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006210 Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006212 Li1+xAlxTi2−x(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003405 Li10GeP2S12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005317 Li14Zn(GeO4)4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010408 Li2NH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008745 Li2O-B2O3-P2O5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008590 Li2O—B2O3—P2O5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910009297 Li2S-P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910009176 Li2S—P2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910009228 Li2S—P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007860 Li3.25Ge0.25P0.75S4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011244 Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011245 Li3xLa2/3−xTiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011201 Li7P3S11 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011195 Li7PN4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013698 LiNH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013641 LiNbO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000857 LiTi2(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012448 Lithium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002228 NASICON Substances 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910006939 Si0.5Ge0.5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910009866 Ti5O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- FACXGONDLDSNOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 FACXGONDLDSNOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical class C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000664 lithium aluminum titanium phosphates (LATP) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KUJOABUXCGVGIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium zinc Chemical compound [Li].[Zn] KUJOABUXCGVGIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;manganese(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Mn].[Mn+3] CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001251 solid state electrolyte alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001935 styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H01G11/08—Structural combinations, e.g. assembly or connection, of hybrid or EDL capacitors with other electric components, at least one hybrid or EDL capacitor being the main component
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有电容器夹层的固态电池单元。固态电池包括阳极、与阳极隔开的阴极、设置在阳极和阴极之间的固态电解质层以及夹在(i)阳极和固态电解质层以及(ii)阴极和固态电解质层的至少一者之间的电容器辅助夹层。电容器辅助夹层包括聚合物基材料、无机材料和聚合物‑无机杂化材料中的至少一者;和电容器阳极活性材料或电容器阴极活性材料。聚合物基材料包括具有Al2O3和LiTFSI的聚(乙二醇)甲基醚丙烯酸酯、具有LiTFSI的聚环氧乙烷(PEO)和具有六氟丙烯(PVDF‑HFP)基凝胶电解质的聚(偏二氟乙烯)共聚物中的至少一者。无机材料包括70%Li2S‑29%P2S5‑1%P2O5。聚合物‑无机杂化材料包括PEO、LiTFSI和75%Li2S‑24%P2S5‑1%P2O5(LPOS)的混合物。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及可再充电固态电池,并且更具体地,涉及具有电容器辅助夹层的固态电池。
背景技术
众所周知,可再充电电池用于从小型电子装置(诸如手机)到较大型电子装置(诸如笔记本电脑)的消费电子应用中。与诸如镍氢电池、镍镉电池或铅酸电池的较老类型的可再充电电池相比,现代可再充电电池(诸如可再充电锂离子电池)具有保持相对高的能量密度的能力。可再充电锂离子电池的益处是,电池可以在多次循环中完全或部分充电和放电,而不会保留充电记忆。另外,可再充电锂离子电池可用于较大应用中(诸如用于电动车辆和混合动力车辆),这是由于电池的高功率密度、长循环寿命和形成为各种形状和大小以便有效地填充此类车辆中的可用空间的能力。
现代可再充电锂离子电池通常利用有机液体电解质在阴极活性材料和阳极活性材料之间携带或传导锂阳离子(Li+)。为了进一步增强电池性能,在更现代的电池中,有机液体电解质被固态电解质(SSE)取代。固态电解质可以拓宽可再充电锂离子电池的工作温度范围并提高可再充电锂离子电池的能量密度。已知具有固态电解质的可再充电锂离子电池被称为可再充电固态锂电池。
可再充电固态锂电池通常包括正电极层、负电极层、设置在正电极层和负电极层之间的固态电解质层。然而,如果固态电解质层与电极层之间的接触不良,则其将抑制锂离子传输、增加界面电阻,并且在循环期间扩大极化。因此,虽然可再充电固态锂电池实现了其用于电动车辆和混合动力车辆的预期目的,但是仍然需要持续改进以在电极层和固态电解质层之间实现有利的界面接触,从而提高这些类型的电池的电化学性能。
发明内容
根据若干方面,本申请公开了一种固态电池单元。该固态电池单元包括:阳极;阴极,与阳极隔开;固态电解质层,设置在阳极和阴极之间;以及电容器辅助夹层,夹在(i)阳极和固态电解质层以及(ii)阴极和固态电解质层中的至少一者之间。
在本公开的另一方面中,固态电池单元还包括夹在阴极和固态电解质层之间的分隔夹层。电容器辅助夹层夹在阳极和固态电解质层之间,并且与阳极和固态电解质层两者紧密接触。
在本公开的另一方面中,固态电池单元还包括夹在阳极和固态电解质层之间的分隔夹层。电容器辅助夹层夹在阴极和固态电解质层之间,并且与阴极和固态电解质层两者紧密接触。
在本公开的另一方面中,电容器辅助夹层包括:第一电容器辅助夹层,夹在阳极和固态电解质层之间并与阳极和固态电解质层紧密接触,以及第二电容器辅助夹层,夹在阴极和固态电解质层之间并与阴极和固态电解质层紧密接触。
在本公开的另一方面中,第一电容器辅助夹层包括电容器阳极活性材料,该电容器阳极活性材料包括活性炭、软碳、硬碳、金属氧化物和金属硫化物中的至少一者。第二电容器辅助夹层包括电容器阴极活性材料,该电容器阴极活性材料包括活性炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管(CNT)和导电聚合物中的至少一者。
在本公开的另一方面中,电容器辅助夹层包括聚合物基材料,该聚合物基材料包括以下中的至少一者:与Al2O3和LiTFSI混合的聚(乙二醇)甲基醚丙烯酸酯;与LiTFSI混合的聚环氧乙烷(PEO);和具有六氟丙烯(PVDF-HFP)基凝胶电解质的聚(偏二氟乙烯)共聚物。
在本公开的另一方面中,电容器辅助夹层包括无机材料,该无机材料包括以摩尔%计的70%Li2S-29%P2S5-1%P2O5中的至少一者,以及聚合物-无机杂化材料,该聚合物-无机杂化材料包括以mol%计的PEO+LiTFSI+75%Li2S-24%P2S5-1%P2O5(LPOS)。
在本公开的另一方面中,电容器辅助夹层包括Nb、Al、Si和Al2O3中的至少一者。
在本公开的另一方面中,分隔夹层不含电容器活性材料。
在本公开的另一方面中,固态电池单元还包括液体电解质,该液体电解质包括以下中的至少一者:包括Li(三甘醇二甲醚)双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺(Li(G3)TFSI)的离子液体、包括EC/DEC中的LiPF6的碳酸盐基电解质、和包括乙腈TFSI中的LiTFSI的浓缩电解质。
根据若干方面,本申请公开了一种可再充电固态锂离子电池单元。该可再充电固态锂离子电池单元包括:阴极,具有能够存储锂的锂基活性材料;阳极,包含能够相对于阴极以较低的电化学电势存储锂的锂主体材料;固态电解质层,设置在阳极和阴极之间;以及第一电容器辅助夹层,夹在阳极和固态电解质层之间并且与阳极和固态电解质层紧密接触。
在本公开的另一方面中,第一电容器辅助夹层还包括电容器阳极活性材料,该电容器阳极活性材料包括活性炭、软碳、硬碳、金属氧化物和金属硫化物中的至少一者。
在本公开的另一方面中,可再充电固态锂离子电池单元还包括第二电容器辅助夹层,该第二电容器辅助夹层夹在阴极和固态电解质层之间并且与阴极和固态电解质层接触。
在本公开的另一方面中,第二电容器辅助夹层包括电容器阴极活性材料,该电容器阴极活性材料包括活性炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管(CNT)、多孔碳材料和导电聚合物(诸如聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩))中的至少一者。
在本公开的另一方面中,第一电容器辅助夹层和第二电容器辅助夹层中的至少一者包括具有LiTFSI的聚环氧乙烷(PEO)。
在本公开的另一方面中,第一电容器辅助夹层和第二电容器辅助夹层中的至少一者包括包含PEO、LiTFSI和以摩尔%计的75%Li2S-24%P2S5-1%P2O5(LPOS)的混合物。
在本公开的另一方面中,可再充电固态锂离子电池单元还包括渗透固态电解质层、电容器辅助夹层、阳极和阴极的液体电解质。
根据若干方面,一种可再充电固态锂离子电池包括多个电池单元。电池单元中的至少一个包括:阴极,包括能够存储锂的锂基活性材料;阳极,包含能够相对于阴极以较低的电化学电势存储锂的锂主体材料;固态电解质层,设置在阳极和阴极之间;电容器辅助夹层,夹在阳极和固态电解质层之间。电容器辅助夹层与阳极和固态电解质层紧密接触。电容器辅助夹层包括电容器阳极活性材料,该电容器阳极活性材料包括活性炭、软碳、硬碳、金属氧化物和金属硫化物中的至少一者,并且厚度在约20纳米和约200微米之间。电容器辅助夹层还包括具有LiTFSI的聚环氧乙烷(PEO)。
根据本文提供的描述,其他应用领域将变得显而易见。应理解的是,该描述和具体示例仅用于说明的目的,并不旨在限制本公开的范围。
附图说明
本文描述的附图仅用于说明的目的,并不旨在以任何方式限制本公开的范围。
图1是根据示例性实施方案的具有电容器辅助夹层的可再充电固态锂电池单元结构的示意图;
图2是电容器辅助夹层的示意图;
图3是具有邻近阳极的电容器辅助夹层和邻近阴极的分隔夹层的电池结构的示意图;以及
图4是单元结构的替代实施方案的示意图,该单元结构具有邻近阴极的电容器辅助夹层和邻近阳极的分隔夹层。
具体实施方式
以下描述本质上仅仅是示例性的,并不旨在限制本公开、应用或用途。参考附图公开了所示的实施例,其中贯穿若干附图,相同的附图标记表示相对应的部件。附图不一定按比例绘制,一些特征可能被放大或缩小以显示特定特征的细节。所公开的具体结构和功能细节不旨在被解释为限制性的,而是作为用于教导本领域技术人员如何实践所公开的概念的代表性基础。
图1示出了具有至少一个电容器辅助夹层的可再充电固态锂电池单元的示意性表示的示例性实施例,该可再充电固态锂电池单元一般地由附图标记100(固态电池单元100)表示。多个固态电池单元可以折叠或堆叠而形成可再充电固态锂电池。固态电池单元100(也称为混合固态电池单元100)包括负电极102、正电极104和设置在负电极102和正电极104之间的固态电解质层106。固态电解质层106包括固态电解质材料108,诸如Li10GeP2S12(LGPS)。负电极102也被称为阳极102,正电极104也被称为阴极104。
负电极102包括阳极层103和负极集电器112。阳极层103包括与固态电解质层106相同的固态电解质材料108和阳极活性材料110。第一电容器辅助夹层118设置在负电极102和固态电解质层106之间,使得第一电容器辅助夹层118与负电极102和固态电解质层106直接紧密接触。
正电极104包括阴极层105和正极集电器116。阴极层105包括与固态电解质层106相同的固态电解质材料108和阴极活性材料114。第二电容器辅助夹层120设置在正电极104和固态电解质层106之间,使得第二电容器辅助夹层114与正电极104和固态电解质层106两者直接紧密接触。
虽然固态电池单元100的示例性实施例呈现为具有第一电容器辅助夹层118和第二电容器辅助夹层120,但是应理解的是,替代实施例可以具有单个电容器辅助夹层。单个电容器辅助夹层可以设置在负电极102和固态电解质层106之间,或者设置在正电极104和固态电解质材料106之间而不脱离本发明范围。电容器辅助夹层118、120使得电极102、104和固态电解质层106之间能够进行良好且紧密的界面接触,并且降低界面电阻。由于电容器活性材料的快速离子吸附和解吸能力,所引入的电容器活性材料可以增强功率响应,并且有效地改善固态电池单元100的电化学性能。
在电池单元100的示例性实施例中,负电极102中的阳极层103具有介于约1微米和约1000微米之间的厚度。负极集电器112具有介于约4微米和约100微米之间的厚度。负极集电器112优选是与阳极层103同延(coextensively)接触的薄膜铜或镍箔。阳极层103优选由固态电解质材料108、阳极活性材料110、可选的导电剂和可选的粘合剂形成。阳极活性材料110包括锂主体材料,该锂主体材料能够相对于阴极活性材料114以更低的电化学电势存储锂。阳极活性材料110可以包括碳质材料(诸如石墨、硬碳和软碳);硅;硅-石墨混合物;钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12);过渡金属(诸如锡);金属氧化物或金属硫化物(诸如TiO2、FeS、SnO2);和其他锂接受性阳极材料(诸如锂-铟(Li-In))。
阳极材料110的导电剂可以包括任何合适的材料,诸如炭黑、石墨、石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、Super P、乙炔黑、碳纳米纤维、碳纳米管和其他电子导电剂。阳极材料的粘合剂可以包括聚(四氟乙烯)(PTFE)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、丁苯橡胶(SBR)、聚(偏氟乙烯)(PVDF)、丁腈橡胶(NBR)、氢化苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)和苯乙烯丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物(SBS)。
在电池单元100的示例性实施例中,正电极104中的阴极层105具有介于约1微米和约1000微米之间的厚度。正极集电器116具有介于约4微米与约100微米之间的厚度。正极集电器116优选为与阴极层105共延接触的薄膜铝箔。阴极层105优选由固态电解质材料108、阴极活性材料114、可选的导电剂和可选的粘合剂形成。阴极活性材料114包括一种或多种能够存储锂的锂基活性材料。这种锂基活性材料的示例包括但不限于锂锰氧化物(LiMn2O4)和LiNbO3涂覆的LiMn2O4。一种或多种聚合物粘合剂材料(诸如聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、三元乙丙(EPDM)橡胶、聚(四氟乙烯)(PTFE)、丁苯橡胶(SBR)和羧甲基纤维素(CMC))可以与锂基活性材料混合以为阴极提供增强的结构完整性。
图2是电容器辅助夹层200的一部分的放大视图。在所提出的实施例中,电容器辅助夹层200具有介于约20纳米和约200微米之间的厚度。应理解的是,电容器辅助夹层200的基本公开内容适用于图1的第一电容器辅助夹层118和第二电容器辅助夹层120两者。电容器辅助夹层200降低了电极和固态电解质之间的界面电阻,使得能够有效地吸附和解吸离子,并且由于其电容器特征,为固态电池单元100提供了快速的功率响应。
电容器辅助夹层200包括由聚合物基材料、无机材料、聚合物-无机杂化物以及金属和/或金属氧化物材料中的一者或多者形成的基础结构202。该聚合物基材料包括以下中的一者或多者:具有Al2O3和锂双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺(LiTFSI)的聚(乙二醇)甲基醚丙烯酸酯;具有LiTFSI的聚环氧乙烷(PEO);具有六氟丙烯(PVDF-HFP)基凝胶电解质的聚(偏氟乙烯)共聚物。无机材料包括70%Li2S-29%P2S5-1%P2O5。聚合物-无机杂化材料包括PEO、LiTFSI和以摩尔%计的75%Li2S-24%P2S5-1%P2O5(LPOS)的混合物。金属和金属氧化物材料包括Nb、Al、Si和Al2O3中的一者或多者。
电容器辅助夹层200还包括电容器活性材料204,该电容器活性材料204可以根据电容器辅助夹层是用作设置在负电极102和固态电解质层106之间的第一电容器辅助夹层118,还是设置在正电极104和固态电解质层106之间的第二电容器辅助夹层120而变化。
设置在负电极102和固态电解质层106之间的第一电容器辅助夹层118包括电容器阳极活性材料,该电容器阳极活性材料包括活性炭、软碳、硬碳、金属氧化物(诸如TiO2)和金属硫化物中的至少一者。设置在正电极104和固态电解质层106之间的第二电容器辅助夹层120包括电容器阴极活性材料114,该电容器阴极活性材料114包括活性炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管(CNT)、其他多孔碳材料、导电聚合物(诸如聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩),也称为PEDOT中)的至少一者。
图3示出了固态电池单元300的替代实施例,该固态电池单元300具有设置在负电极102和固态电解质层106之间的第一电容器辅助夹层118,使得第一电容器辅助夹层118与负电极102和固态电解质层106直接接触。电池单元300还包括设置在正电极104和固态电解质层106之间的分隔夹层302(不添加电容器活性材料),使得分隔夹层302与正电极104和固态电解质层106直接接触。
图4示出了固态电池单元400的另一替代实施例,该固态电池单元400具有设置在正电极104和固态电解质层106之间的第二电容器辅助夹层120,使得第二电容器辅助夹层120与正电极104和固态电解质层106直接接触。电池单元400还包括设置在负电极102和固态电解质层106之间的分隔夹层402(不添加电容器活性材料),使得分隔夹层402与负电极102和固态电解质层106直接接触。
图3和图4的分隔夹层302、402由聚合物基材料、无机材料、聚合物-无机杂化物和金属和/或金属氧化物材料中的一者或多者形成。聚合物基材料包括以下中的一者或多者:具有Al2O3和LiTFSI的聚(乙二醇)甲基醚丙烯酸酯;具有LiTFSI的聚环氧乙烯(PEO);和具有六氟丙烯(PVDF-HFP)基凝胶电解质的聚(偏氟乙烯)共聚物。无机材料包括以摩尔%计的70%Li2S-29%P2S5-1%P2O5。聚合物-无机杂化材料是PEO、LiTFSI和以摩尔%计的75%Li2S-24%P2S5-1%P2O5(LPOS)的混合物。金属和金属氧化物材料包括Nb、Al、Si和Al2O3中的一者或多者。分隔夹层302、304不包含电容器活性材料。
参考图1、图3和图4,替代固态电池单元100、300、400中的每个可以包括液体电解质,以帮助促进锂离子在阳极活性材料110和阴极活性材料114之间转移。液体电解质包括但不限于离子液体(诸如Li(三甘醇二甲醚)双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺(Li(G3)TFSI));碳酸盐基电解质(诸如具有添加剂的LiPF6-EC/DEC);和浓缩电解质(诸如乙腈中的LiTFSI)。
应理解的是,固态电解质层106可以包括第一固态电解质,阳极102可以包括第二固态电解质,并且阴极104包括第三固态电解质。第一固态电解质、第二固态电解质和第三固态电解质可以是选自以下多种固态电解质(SSE)中的相同或不同的固态电解质:
硫化物基SSE,诸如:Li2S-P2S5、Li2S-P2S5–MSx、LGPS(Li10GeP2S12)、硫代-锗酸锌锂(LISICON)(Li3.25Ge0.25P0.75S4)、Li3.4Si0.4P0.6S4、Li10GeP2S11.7O0.3、锂-硫银锗矿(lithiumargyrodite)Li6PS5X(X=C1、Br或I)、Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3、Li9.6P3S12、Li7P3S11、Li9P3S9O3、Li10.35Ge1.35P1.65S12、Li10.35Si1.35P1.65S12、Li9.81Sn0.81P2.19S12、Li10(Si0.5Ge0.5)P2S12、Li10(Ge0.5Sn0.5)P2S12、Li10(Si0.5Sn0.5)P2S12;
氧化物基SSE,诸如:钙钛矿型(Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3)、钠超离子导体(NASICON)型(LiTi2(PO4)3)、Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3(LATP)、Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3(LAGP)、Li1+xYxZr2-x(PO4)3(LYZP)、LISICON型(Li14Zn(GeO4)4)、石榴石型(Li6.5La3Zr1.75Te0.25O12);
聚合物基SSE,诸如:聚合物主体与锂盐一起用作固态溶剂。聚合物:PEO、PPO、PEG、PMMA、PAN、PVDF、PVDF-HFP、PVC;
氮化物基SSE,诸如:Li3N、Li7PN4、LiSi2N3;
氢化物基SSE,诸如:LiBH4、LiBH4-LiX(X=Cl,Br或I)、LiNH2、Li2NH、LiBH4-LiNH2、Li3AlH6;
卤化物基SSE,诸如:LiI、Li2CdCl4、Li2MgCl4、Li2CdI4、Li2ZnI4、Li3OCl;
硼酸盐基SSE,诸如:Li2B4O7、Li2O-B2O3-P2O5;
无机SSE/聚合物基混合电解质;和
表面改性的SSE。
本公开的描述本质上仅是示例性的,并且不脱离本公开的主旨的变型旨在落入本公开的范围内。这种变化不应被认为脱离了本公开的精神和范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种固态电池单元,包括:
阳极;
阴极,与所述阳极隔开;
固态电解质层,设置在所述阳极和所述阴极之间;以及
第一电容器辅助夹层,夹在所述阳极和固态电解质层之间,并且与所述阳极和所述固态电解质层紧密接触,其中,所述第一电容器辅助夹层的厚度在20纳米和200微米之间;
其中,所述第一电容器辅助夹层包括电容器阳极活性材料,所述电容器阳极活性材料包括活性炭、软碳、硬碳、金属氧化物和金属硫化物中的至少一者;
其中,所述第一电容器辅助夹层包括聚合物基材料,所述聚合物基材料包括以下至少一者:与Al2O3和锂双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺(LiTFSI)混合的聚(乙二醇)甲基醚丙烯酸酯;与LiTFSI混合的聚环氧乙烷(PEO);和与六氟丙烯基凝胶电解质混合的聚(偏氟乙烯)共聚物(PVDF-HFP);
其中,所述第一电容器辅助夹层包括无机材料,所述无机材料包括以摩尔%计的70%Li2S-29%P2S5-1%P2O5;或聚合物-无机杂化材料,所述聚合物-无机杂化材料包括PEO、LiTFSI和以摩尔%计的75%Li2S-24%P2S5-1%P2O5(LPOS)的混合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池单元,还包括:
第二电容器辅助夹层,夹在所述阴极和所述固态电解质层之间并且与所述阴极和所述固态电解质层紧密接触。
3.根据权利要求2所述的固态电池单元,其中:
所述第二电容器辅助夹层包括电容器阴极活性材料,所述电容器阴极活性材料包括活性炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管(CNT)和导电聚合物中的至少一者。
4.根据权利要求3所述的固态电池单元,其中所述第二电容器辅助夹层包括:
聚合物基材料,包括以下至少一者:与Al2O3和锂双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺(LiTFSI)混合的聚(乙二醇)甲基醚丙烯酸酯;与LiTFSI混合的聚环氧乙烷(PEO);和与六氟丙烯基凝胶电解质混合的聚(偏氟乙烯)共聚物(PVDF-HFP)。
5.根据权利要求3所述的固态电池单元,其中所述第二电容器辅助夹层包括:
无机材料,包括以摩尔%计的70%Li2S-29%P2S5-1%P2O5;或聚合物-无机杂化材料,包括PEO、LiTFSI和以摩尔%计的75%Li2S-24%P2S5-1%P2O5(LPOS)的混合物。
6.根据权利要求2所述的固态电池单元,其中所述第二电容器辅助夹层为分隔夹层,且不含电容器活性材料。
7.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池单元,还包括液体电解质,所述液体电解质包括以下中的至少一者:包括Li(三甘醇二甲醚)双(三氟甲磺酰基)酰亚胺(Li(G3)TFSI)的离子液体、包括LiPF6-EC/DEC的碳酸盐基电解质和包括乙腈中的LiTFSI的浓缩电解质。
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