CN112219651B - Double-cropping and double-cropping cultivation method for greenhouse watermelons in Jiangsu coastal areas - Google Patents
Double-cropping and double-cropping cultivation method for greenhouse watermelons in Jiangsu coastal areas Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a double-cropping cultivation method of greenhouse watermelons in coastal areas of Jiangsu, which comprises the following steps: in the early spring, watermelons are cultivated, a greenhouse is built before field planting, the south-north direction is in the direction of double-layer greenhouse + small greenhouse + mulching film cultivation, the width of an outer greenhouse is 5-7 m, the length of the greenhouse is 100-200 m, the distance between agricultural films on the top layers of the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.25-0.30 m, the distance between bottom edges of the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.10-0.15 cm, the height of the outer greenhouse is 2.2-2.3 m, the width of an apron film is 1-1.3 m, the distance between the greenhouse is 0.6-0.8 m, a heat-preservation non-drip long-life thin film is covered, a drip irrigation tape is laid in advance, and the ground temperature is increased by covering a mulching film; after the harvest of the spring-stubble watermelons is finished, cleaning the stubble and raising the greenhouse, sealing the greenhouse film, and covering the greenhouse for 7-10 days in high-temperature weather; before watermelon is cultivated in autumn, each greenhouse is divided into short greenhouse with the length of 30-35 m, an interval of 8-10 m is reserved between the greenhouse and the greenhouse, and single greenhouse and mulching film cultivation is adopted. The invention adopts two shed-type productions in the same field, thus achieving the purposes of improving the quality of the watermelon and increasing the income.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of facility agriculture, in particular to a greenhouse watermelon double-cropping cultivation method in Jiangsu coastal areas.
Background
In recent years, due to factors such as high production cost investment, high labor cost, aggravation of plant diseases and insect pests and the like of production data, the facility watermelon planting benefit is reduced, and sustainable and healthy development of the watermelon industry is seriously influenced. The watermelon is planted in coastal areas of Jiangsu, the early spring facility cultivation is mainly adopted, the length of a shed is generally 100-200 m, multilayer covering cultivation is adopted, the heat preservation and temperature increase effects in early spring are high, the watermelon is early on the market, the benefit is high, the low temperature in early spring has certain risks, the product generally begins to appear on the market in the middle ten days of April, the end of 6 months is early, and the market in high-temperature days of 8 months and 9 months is basically from watermelons in foreign countries such as Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Ningxia and the like. At present, the market gap for annual supply of watermelons is getting bigger and bigger, and the planting benefit of watermelons in the local area is gradually reduced, so that the realization of the long-season cultivation of watermelons is a way for the sustainable development of the watermelon industry in Jiangsu coastal areas. However, the greenhouse in early spring facility in coastal areas of Jiangsu has poor ventilation effect due to long greenhouse type, and particularly in high-temperature seasons, the temperature and moisture in the greenhouse are high, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is serious and difficult to control, and the long-season cultivation of watermelons is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to solve the problems and provide a double-cropping and double-cropping cultivation method for greenhouse watermelons in coastal areas of Jiangsu. In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention relates to a greenhouse watermelon double-cropping cultivation method in Jiangsu coastal areas, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
in the early spring, watermelons are cultivated, a greenhouse is built before field planting, the south-north direction is in the direction of double-layer greenhouse + small greenhouse + mulching film cultivation, the width of an outer greenhouse is 5-7 m, the length of the greenhouse is 100-200 m, the distance between agricultural films on the top layers of the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.25-0.30 m, the distance between bottom edges of the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.10-0.15 cm, the height of the outer greenhouse is 2.2-2.3 m, the width of an apron film is 1-1.3 m, the distance between the greenhouse is 0.6-0.8 m, a heat-preservation non-drip long-life thin film is covered, a drip irrigation tape is laid in advance, and the ground temperature is increased by covering a mulching film;
after the harvest of the spring-stubble watermelons is finished, cleaning the stubble and raising the greenhouse, sealing the greenhouse film, and covering the greenhouse for 7-10 days in high-temperature weather;
before watermelon is cultivated in autumn, each greenhouse is divided into short greenhouse with the length of 30-35 m, an interval of 8-10 m is reserved between the greenhouse and the greenhouse, and single greenhouse and mulching film cultivation is adopted.
The invention achieves the purposes of improving the quality of watermelons and increasing the income by planting two crops of watermelons in spring and autumn in one field and producing the watermelons in two shed types in the same field. The yield of the watermelon in spring crops is 6000 jin to 7000 jin, and the yield of the watermelon in autumn crops is 4000 jin to 5000 jin.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the watermelon cultivated in early spring is a variety with high yield, high quality, low temperature and low light resistance, strong disease resistance and stress resistance, strong fruit setting capability and storage and transportation resistance, and the variety is selected from one or more of Zaojia 8424, Jingjia, Quanmei 4K, Jingmei 4K, Carnival and Xiaolan.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, watermelons are cultivated in early spring, and the watermelons are sown and cultivated in three batches in late 12 months, late 1 month and early 2 months, are heated and cultivated by electric heating wires, are transplanted and planted in 1 st month and the first 4 months, are listed in late 4 months, are transplanted and planted in 2 nd months, are listed in early 5 months, are transplanted and planted in 3 rd months and are listed in late 5 months.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the watermelon is cultivated in autumn by selecting one or a combination of Zaojia 8424 and Jianian Hua.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the watermelons are planted in autumn and transplanted in 3 batches in the middle of 7 months, in the last ten days of 7 months and in the first 8 months, the seedling age is 10-15 days, and the watermelons begin to appear on the market before and after the festival of national celebration.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the early growth stage of the watermelon cultivated in early spring, the daily temperature in the greenhouse is kept between 28 ℃ and 32 ℃, and the night temperature is kept between 16 ℃ and 18 ℃; the daily temperature in the shed is 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; after fruit setting, keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at about 30 ℃ and the lowest temperature of 20 ℃; when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the air inlet under the apron film is ventilated.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the early growth stage of the watermelon cultivated in autumn, the temperature is controlled at 32-35 ℃ in the daytime, when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the ventilation volume is increased, the greenhouse film and the apron film at two ends are completely ventilated, and the insect-proof net is covered; and (4) preserving heat after 9 months in the middle and last ten days, and when the temperature is too high, uncovering the film at two ends of the greenhouse for ventilation, so that the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, three vines are adopted for pruning in early spring watermelon cultivation, 1 main vine and 2 side vines are reserved, and redundant side vines are removed in time; 17-18 sections of the main vines, namely the second female flowers begin artificial pollination to sit on the melons, and the vines at the positions of the reserved female flowers are padded up to lift the young melons off the ground, so that fruit setting is promoted.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, when 6 leaves of the main vine are cultivated in autumn, topping is carried out, 2-3 lateral vines are selected and left, about 30 sections of the lateral vines close to the main vine are reserved, namely, the fourth female flower and the fifth female flower are pollinated artificially to sit the melon, sufficient leaf area is kept, and redundant lateral branches are removed in time before fruit setting.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in early spring cultivation, when young melons enter a melon expansion period, watering is carried out properly according to soil moisture, and 10-20kg of the compound fertilizer of potassium sulfate and fruit setting fertilizer is additionally applied to each mu according to field growth vigor.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, drip irrigation under a film is adopted every 7-10 days in the early stage of autumn cultivation, and 3-5 kg of water is applied per mu; before the vine extending period, outside drip irrigation is adopted, and after the vine extending, inside drip irrigation is adopted; and (3) timely applying expanding melon fertilizer after thinning fruits, and applying 5-15kg of ternary compound fertilizer or watermelon and melon formula fertilizer per mu.
The invention fully integrates the special climate advantages of good heat preservation and temperature increase effects of early spring facility watermelon greenhouses and good ventilation, temperature reduction and humidity reduction effects of spring and summer facility watermelon greenhouses in Jiangsu coastal areas, realizes cultivation of the watermelons in spring and autumn in long seasons by greenhouse type modification, high-temperature greenhouse closing, green prevention and control and other technical measures, realizes batch transplanting, field planting and batch harvesting of the watermelons for sale, prolongs the watermelon planting period, meets the market demand of annual supply of watermelon production, fully utilizes the high-quality advantages of the first-batch watermelons, improves the market competitiveness of products, increases the planting benefits, improves the enthusiasm of watermelon growers, and effectively promotes the sustainable and healthy development of watermelon industry.
Detailed Description
Unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art.
Example 1:
1 variety selection and crop rotation configuration
Early spring cultivation is selected as early good (8424), seeding and seedling are carried out in three batches in the last ten days of 12 months, in the middle ten days of 1 month and in the beginning of 2 months, heating and seedling are adopted for heating and seedling raising, the 1 st batch is transplanted and field-planted at the bottom of 1 month, the last ten days of 4 months is on the market, the 2 nd batch is transplanted and field-planted in the middle ten days of 2 months, the 5 th month is on the market, the 3 rd batch is transplanted and field-planted in the beginning of 3 months, and the last ten days of 5 months is on the market.
In autumn, Carnival is selected, transplanting and field planting are carried out in 3 batches at the beginning of 7 months, 7 late days and 8 months, the seedling age is 10-15 days, and the seedlings begin to appear on the market before and after the festival of national celebration.
2 technical points of cultivation
2.1 greenhouse construction
Selecting field blocks with good fertility and good irrigation and drainage, wherein 5-7 years of rice stubble is planted, applying 500kg of commercial organic fertilizer and 50kg of sulfur-based ternary (15-15-15) compound fertilizer as base fertilizers to each mu before winter, and preparing soil and making furrows.
And (3) building a greenhouse 30 days before field planting in early spring, and adopting a double-layer greenhouse, a small greenhouse and a mulching film for cultivation in the north-south direction. The width of the outer greenhouse is 6m, the length of the outer greenhouse is 100-200 m, the specific length can be determined according to the field, the distance between the agricultural films on the top layers of the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.25-0.30 m, the distance between the bottom edges of the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.10-0.15 cm, the height of the outer greenhouse is 2.2-2.3 m, the distance between the apron films is 1-1.3 m, the distance between the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.6-0.8 m, the heat-preservation non-drip long-life thin film is covered, the drip irrigation tape is laid in advance, and the ground temperature is increased by covering the mulching film.
After harvesting of the spring stubbles and watermelons is finished, immediately cleaning stubbles and making the greenhouse, sealing the greenhouse film, and closing the greenhouse for 7-10 days in high-temperature weather. Before watermelon cultivation in autumn, each greenhouse is divided into short greenhouse with the length of 30-35 m, and an interval of 8-10 m is reserved between the greenhouse and the greenhouse, so that ventilation in summer is facilitated, and single greenhouse and mulching film cultivation are adopted. And (3) respectively paving a drip irrigation tape at the positions 60cm inside and 20cm outside the planting row, supplementing fertilizer and supplementing water by using the drip irrigation tape at the outer side in a seedling stage, supplementing water and supplementing fertilizer by using the drip irrigation tape at the outer side in a vine stage and a flowering stage, simultaneously supplementing water and supplementing fertilizer by using the drip irrigation tape at the inner side and the drip irrigation tape at the outer side in a fruit expanding stage, and paving a silver gray mulching film of 0.01-0.015 mm for preventing grasses before transplanting.
2.2 seed treatment
Before sowing, the surface of the seeds is repeatedly cleaned by clear water to remove impurities and mucus, the seeds are laid on gauze, placed on a wood board or A4 paper, sun-dried for 5 to 6 hours, and turned over once every 1 hour or 2 hours in the sun; then soaking the seeds in warm water of 55 ℃, stirring the water, cooling to 40 ℃, and continuing to soak the seeds for 4 hours; then, continuously cleaning mucus on the surface of the seeds by using clear water, and then putting the seeds in a 30-32 ℃ thermostat for accelerating germination for 24 hours.
2.3 transplantation and field planting
Planting is carried out in sunny weather with cold tails and warm heads, climbing cultivation is adopted, the planting distance is 0.2m in early spring transplanting, 1000-1100 plants are planted in each mu, sufficient seedling reviving water is poured after planting, planting holes are sealed, and the shed is closed for about 7 days to promote survival. Transplanting the plants in autumn with the plant spacing of 0.4m, planting 550-600 plants per mu, and watering enough live water after planting.
2.4 temperature management
In the early spring, the greenhouse needs to be heated and insulated in the early cultivation period, and is ventilated and cooled in the later period. In the early growth stage of the watermelon, keeping the daily temperature in the shed at 28-32 ℃ and the night temperature at 16-18 ℃; the daily temperature in the shed is 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; after fruit setting, keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at about 30 ℃ and the lowest temperature of 20 ℃; when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the air inlet under the apron film is ventilated.
In the early stage of autumn greenhouse cultivation, ventilation and cooling are increased, and in the later stage, heat preservation is carried out to prevent low temperature at night. In the early growth stage of the watermelon, the temperature is controlled to be 32-35 ℃ in the daytime, when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the ventilation volume is increased, the greenhouse film and the apron film at two ends are completely ventilated, and a 30-mesh insect-proof net is covered; after 9 months, the greenhouse is kept warm after the last ten days, and is properly ventilated when the temperature is too high, two ends of the greenhouse are mainly taken to uncover the film for ventilation, so that the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced. Before the fruit is ripe, low temperature at night is prevented, and when the temperature is too low, a small shed is added according to actual conditions to promote the watermelon to be ripe.
2.5 pollination in whole branches
The early spring watermelon cultivation method adopts three-vine pruning, 1 main vine and 2 lateral vines are reserved, and redundant lateral vines are timely removed. 17-18 sections of the main vines, namely the second female flowers begin artificial pollination to sit on the melons, and the vines at the positions of the reserved female flowers are padded up to lift the young melons off the ground, so that fruit setting is promoted.
And (3) topping when 6 leaves of the main vine are planted in autumn watermelon, selecting and reserving 2-3 lateral vines, carrying out artificial pollination on the fourth female flower and the fifth female flower to sit the watermelon about 30 nodes on one lateral vine close to the main vine, so that sufficient leaf area is kept, and removing redundant lateral branches in time before fruit setting.
2.6 management of fertilizer and water
In early spring cultivation, young melons are watered appropriately according to the soil moisture content when entering a melon expanding period (when eggs are large), and meanwhile, about 15kg of 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is additionally applied to each mu of field according to the field growth vigor, and if the base fertilizer is sufficient, the additional application can be omitted.
In autumn cultivation, the temperature is high in the early stage, the nutrient consumption of plants is large, sufficient supply of rich water is guaranteed, the growth of watermelons is promoted, drip irrigation under films is generally adopted every 7-10 days, 3-5 kg of irrigation is applied in a supplementing mode per mu, and drip irrigation on the outer side and drip irrigation in the inner side after tendril extension are adopted before the vine extension stage. And (3) applying expanding melon fertilizer in time after thinning fruits, and applying 10kg of ternary compound fertilizer or special formula fertilizer for watermelon and melon per mu.
2.7 prevention and control of diseases and pests
The method implements a plant protection policy of 'prevention is mainly and comprehensively controlled', applies a green prevention and control technology, scientifically and reasonably uses chemical pesticides, and ensures the safe production of the watermelon.
The cultivation in spring mainly prevents and treats diseases. After the watermelon is transplanted in early spring, 50% carbendazim, chlorothalonil, triadimefon and the like are alternately used for preventing and treating diseases every 10-15 days, and 3% acetamiprid is used for preventing and treating aphids and red spiders.
In autumn and autumn, diseases and pests such as powdery mildew, aphids and the like are mainly prevented and controlled. In the positive high-temperature season of the growth period of watermelon cultivated in autumn, insect pests such as aphids, spider mites, bemisia tabaci and prodenia litura are seriously damaged and need to be prevented and treated in time. The prevention and treatment of aphids suggest to use dicyclanil, sulfoxaflor, cyantraniliprole, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran and matrine; chlorobipyrronil, bifenazate and cyenopyrafen are recommended for controlling red spider.
2.8 timely harvest
In spring and autumn, the watermelon should be harvested in time. The development period of the small watermelon is 28d to 30d, and the development period of the medium watermelon is 30d to 35 d. After picked, the watermelon is cleaned, packaged according to size in a grading way, sold under the brand name and improved in product benefit.
By adopting the cultivation method, the first-batch melons have high quality and good taste, and the center sugar can reach 12-13%. The acre yield of the spring watermelon is about 6500 jin generally, the yield of the watermelon at the bottom of 4 months is low, the watermelon yield in the last ten days of the month is about 4 yuan/jin, the watermelon yield in the last ten days of the month is about 5.6 yuan/jin, and the acre benefit of the spring watermelon is 1.8-2 ten thousand yuan. The yield of the autumn watermelon per mu is generally about 4500 jin, the yield of the early watermelon is low, the yield of the later watermelon is high, the average market price is about 2.2 yuan/jin, and the acre benefit of the autumn watermelon is about 0.99 yuan. The comprehensive mu benefit reaches about 2.9 ten thousand yuan, and the cost is saved because the greenhouses in two seasons can share one part of facilities.
Finally, it is also noted that the above-mentioned lists merely illustrate a few specific embodiments of the invention. It is obvious that the invention is not limited to the above embodiments, but that many variations are possible. All modifications which can be derived or suggested by a person skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present invention are to be considered within the scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. The double-cropping cultivation method of greenhouse watermelons in coastal areas of Jiangsu is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
in the early spring, watermelons are cultivated, a greenhouse is built before field planting, the south-north direction is in the direction of double-layer greenhouse + small greenhouse + mulching film cultivation, the width of an outer greenhouse is 5-7 m, the length of the greenhouse is 100-200 m, the distance between agricultural films on the top layers of the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.25-0.30 m, the distance between bottom edges of the inner greenhouse and the outer greenhouse is 0.10-0.15 cm, the height of the outer greenhouse is 2.2-2.3 m, the width of an apron film is 1-1.3 m, the distance between the greenhouse is 0.6-0.8 m, a heat-preservation non-drip long-life thin film is covered, a drip irrigation tape is laid in advance, and the ground temperature is increased by covering a mulching film;
after the harvest of the spring-stubble watermelons is finished, cleaning the stubble and raising the greenhouse, sealing the greenhouse film, and covering the greenhouse for 7-10 days in high-temperature weather;
before watermelon cultivation in autumn, each greenhouse is divided into short greenhouse with the length of 30-35 m, an interval of 8-10 m is reserved between the greenhouse and the greenhouse, and the watermelon is cultivated in autumn by adopting a single greenhouse and a mulching film;
in early spring, watermelons are cultivated, seeding and seedling are carried out in three batches in the last ten days of 12 months, in the middle ten days of 1 month and in the early 2 months, electric heating wires are adopted for heating and seedling raising, the 1 st batch is transplanted and field-planted at the bottom of 1 month, the 2 nd batch is listed in the last ten days of 4 months, the 2 nd batch is transplanted and field-planted in the middle ten days of 2 months, the 5 th month is listed in the early days of 3 months, and the 3 rd batch is transplanted and field-planted in the middle and last ten days of 5 months;
in autumn, watermelons are transplanted and fixed in 3 batches in the middle of 7 months, late 7 months and early 8 months, the seedling age is 10-15 days, and the watermelons begin to appear on the market before and after the festival of national celebration;
the yield of the watermelon in spring is 6000 jin to 7000 jin, and the yield of the watermelon in autumn is 4000 jin to 5000 jin.
2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the watermelon is cultivated in early spring, and a variety with high yield, high quality, low temperature and low light resistance, strong disease resistance and stress resistance, strong fruit setting capability and storage and transportation resistance is selected from one or more of Zaojia 8424, Jingjia, Quanmei 4K, Jingmei 4K, Jianianhua and Xiaolan.
3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the watermelon is cultivated in autumn by selecting one or a combination of Zaojia 8424 and Jianianhua.
4. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature in the shed is kept at 28-32 ℃ for the day and 16-18 ℃ for the night in the early growth period of the watermelon cultivated in early spring; the daily temperature in the shed is 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; after fruit setting, keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at about 30 ℃ and the lowest temperature of 20 ℃; when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the air opening under the apron membrane is ventilated.
5. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the early growth stage of the watermelon cultivated in autumn, the temperature is controlled at 32-35 ℃ in the daytime, when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the ventilation volume is increased, the two greenhouse films and the apron film are all ventilated, and the insect-proof net is covered; and (4) preserving heat after 9 months in the middle and last ten days, and when the temperature is too high, uncovering the film at two ends of the greenhouse for ventilation, so that the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced.
6. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein three vines are adopted for pruning in early spring, 1 main vine and 2 lateral vines are reserved, and redundant lateral vines are removed in time; 17-18 sections of the main vines, namely the second female flowers begin artificial pollination to sit on the melons, and the vines at the positions of the reserved female flowers are padded up to lift the young melons off the ground, so that fruit setting is promoted.
7. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the main vine is topped when 6 leaves are cultivated in autumn, 2-3 lateral vines are selected and left, about 30 nodes are arranged on one lateral vine close to the main vine, namely, the fourth and fifth female flowers are pollinated artificially to sit the melon, sufficient leaf area is kept, and the redundant lateral branches are removed in time before fruit setting.
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