CN112151969B - Strong coupling broadband phased array in-band RCS control method based on generalized scattering matrix - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of antenna engineering and discloses an in-band RCS control method for a strong coupling broadband phased array. The method is mainly based on generalized scattering matrix to quickly predict the radiation and scattering characteristics of the strong coupling broadband phased array after different matching circuits are connected between each unit port of the strong coupling broadband phased array antenna and a feed network, the terminated matching circuits are used as optimization variables, meanwhile, the radiation performance and the scattering performance of the array are optimized, and finally, the reduction of the RCS in the band of the strong coupling broadband phased array antenna is realized on the premise that the radiation characteristics are kept good. The invention can accurately estimate the radiation and scattering characteristics of the strong coupling broadband phased array after terminating the matching circuit, considers the factors which have larger influence on the radiation and scattering characteristics in the limited large array, solves the problem of reducing the in-band RCS of the broadband phased array antenna when the coupling effect is intentionally enhanced between array elements, and can effectively control the in-band RCS in the strong coupling broadband phased array while keeping good radiation performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of antenna engineering, and particularly relates to an in-band RCS control method for a strong-coupling broadband phased array antenna.
Background
The phased array antenna has the advantages of high beam scanning speed, high tracking precision, strong anti-interference capability and the like, is a main antenna type of a modern radar system, and is an indispensable antenna form of a radio electronic system of a new generation of combat platform. With the requirement of high integration of modern operation platforms, the phased array antenna technology is developing towards the direction of broadband design to adapt to the integrated electronic system integrating multiple functions such as electronic investigation, electronic interference, radar detection, wireless communication and the like. The traditional broadband phased array antenna is generally designed based on the idea of firstly arranging broadband units and then arranging arrays, the coupling effect among array elements is regarded as a negative factor, and the design method is very limited in the aspect of expanding the bandwidth effect of the phased array antenna. In recent years, a new concept technology of broadband phased array antenna design based on strong coupling effect is proposed in the international antenna research field. Different from the traditional design idea of the broadband antenna array, the strong coupling broadband phased array deliberately strengthens the coupling effect between array elements as a beneficial factor when designing units, so that the original discretely distributed array form is changed into a 'current layer' similar to continuous distribution, and the input impedance characteristic of each feed node of the 'current layer' is gradually changed along with the frequency, thereby realizing the broadband characteristic of the antenna array.
In order to meet the requirement of high stealth of modern combat carrier platforms (such as airplanes, missiles, naval vessels and the like), the phased array antenna is used as an essential part of the stealth carrier platform, and is increasingly required to have a lower RCS (radar cross section) characteristic so as to improve the survival capacity of the combat weapon equipment of the same party. Most of the current technical research on antenna RCS reduction is mainly focused on single antennas, mainly by employing 1) changing the antenna shape; 2) a wave-absorbing material; 3) and the RCS reduction of the antenna is realized by means of electromagnetic metamaterials and the like. A small amount of literature studies the scattering properties of antenna arrays, but most are limited to the reduction of the scattering properties of the array elements, and the scattering properties are not considered from the array synthesis perspective.
In the patent No. CN201610038643, a method for reducing the in-band RCS of a phased array antenna by a method of randomly rotating an array element around a feeding point is proposed, and a random scattering phase is generated by the random rotation of the array element, so that scattering fields of different array elements cannot be superposed in phase in a main lobe region, but are dispersed to a wider angular domain space, thereby reducing the RCS of the array antenna. Meanwhile, for the radiation situation, the radiation fields of different array elements can still realize in-phase superposition in the main lobe area through the phase compensation of the array element excitation, so that the radiation performance of the array antenna is basically not reduced. However, the patent does not disclose the fact that the method is only suitable for the antenna element with the polarization form of circular polarization, otherwise, the random rotation of the array elements can change the polarization state of each array element, and the radiation performance of the array is deteriorated after different array elements are superposed. In addition, the design method only considers the ideal situation under the environment of an infinite array, and the comprehensive design is not carried out aiming at the scattering characteristic of the actual infinite array. The utility model provides a reconfigurable phased array antenna RCS reduces method based on scattering polarization in the patent that patent number is CN201810738594, every array element of phased array antenna includes three kinds of different polarization modes, when phased array antenna radiates, all array elements are in the same polarization mode, form unified polarization array, after phased array antenna radiation, make the polarization mode random distribution of each array element, form the random polarization array, thereby can accomplish on the basis of the radiation performance who does not influence array antenna, the RCS after array antenna radiation ends is showing to reduce. The method sets the polarization states of the array units in the radiation and scattering states independently, each array unit needs to be controlled by switching on and off of a PIN diode, an external control processor for controlling the polarization mode of the array elements needs to be additionally arranged, the complexity of the system is increased, and in addition, the design method has larger limitations in antenna form selection and broadband phased array application. In order to control the in-band RCS, doctor wang, seian electronics science and technology, 2011, in the doctor's paper, "antenna radar scattering cross section analysis and control method research", proposed a reduction method for the RCS of the dipole array antenna pattern term, but did not consider the overall scattering characteristics of the array.
It is undeniable that, because the radiation performance and the low scattering performance of the antenna are often a pair of contradictions which are difficult to reconcile, these technical means are difficult to be used for the RCS control of the broadband phased array antenna, the RCS control method of the broadband phased array antenna is still in the research stage at the present stage, the related theories and technologies are relatively deficient, and the research report on how to realize the effective control of the in-band RCS on the premise of ensuring the radiation performance of the phased array antenna in the working frequency band to be basically unchanged is very limited. Furthermore, in consideration of the challenges faced by the conventional broadband phased array antenna technology, the new phased array antenna design technology based on the strong coupling effect has natural advantages in broadband characteristics, so that the development of the in-band RCS control research on the strong coupling broadband phased array antenna is more helpful to promote the development of the broadband phased array antenna technology of the new generation of stealth carrier platform. In view of the technical means of in-band RCS control for the strongly coupled wideband phased array antenna that have been disclosed in the prior art, the patents with patent application numbers CN201810200308 and CN201710288813, respectively, all adopt a method for processing the structure of the strongly coupled wideband phased array antenna unit itself, and attempt to reduce the scattering of the antenna mode item of the unit by improving the in-band impedance matching characteristics, so as to achieve the purpose of in-band RCS suppression of the array. Because the method only focuses on the scattering control at the antenna unit level and does not introduce the idea of array synthesis, the method is not easy to be applied to arrays of any other structural types and has poor universality.
In a limited large array, it cannot be guaranteed that the array environment where each cell is actually located is the same, and especially, the difference between the edge cell and the central cell is significant. Conventional phased arrays typically take additional measures to reduce the coupling between elements, trying to make the electromagnetic environment of each element the same. However, the strong-coupling broadband phased array designed to enhance the coupling effect between array elements has a large difference in electromagnetic environment of each element, and impedance mismatch of individual elements inevitably occurs, and thus the scattering characteristics of the array may be deteriorated. In addition, the electromagnetic radiation and scattering characteristics of any finite array are affected by the edge truncation effect due to its finite size, excited surface waves, and diffraction of electromagnetic waves at discontinuities. Based on the application requirements, the invention provides a method for realizing the reduction of RCS in a strong-coupling broadband phased array band from the array synthesis angle based on the generalized scattering matrix theory, realizes the obvious reduction of RCS in the working frequency band of the antenna, and simultaneously ensures that the radiation characteristic is not deteriorated basically.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above background, it is an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art by providing an in-band RCS control method for a strongly coupled wideband phased array antenna. Because the strongly coupled broadband phased array antenna units are closely arranged, the uniform and continuous current distribution is formed on the surface of the array by introducing the strongly coupled effect, and the ultra-wideband impedance matching characteristic is obtained. In this case, the excitation port of the individual unit of the strongly coupled limited large array inevitably has impedance mismatch, which causes the scattering characteristic of the array to deteriorate; in addition, edge truncation effects, surface waves, and diffraction of electromagnetic waves at discontinuities all contribute to the RCS of the array. In order to solve the dilemma, the invention provides a strong-coupling broadband phased array in-band RCS control method based on the generalized scattering matrix theory, different matching circuits are designed for each unit in the array by utilizing the generalized scattering matrix theory, and the phased array in-band RCS reduction is realized from the array comprehensive angle.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a strong coupling broadband phased array in-band RCS control method based on generalized scattering matrix theory is disclosed, a topological structure schematic diagram is shown in figure 1, and the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: constructing a strong coupling broadband phased array, and extracting a generalized scattering matrix G of the strong coupling broadband phased array, wherein the expression of the generalized scattering matrix is as follows:
in the formula: gamma is a reflection parameter matrix of an antenna excitation port, R is a receiving parameter matrix of the antenna in a receiving state, T is a transmitting parameter matrix of the antenna in a transmitting state, S is a reflection coefficient of an antenna array surface when electromagnetic waves are incident, and I is a unit array;
step 2: designing different matching circuits for each unit, and extracting scattering parameter matrix K of matching circuit of ith uniti(ii) a Or by adopting the idea of equivalent circuit, the scattering parameter matrix, K, of the matching circuit is calculated quicklyiThe expression of (a) is as follows:
in the formula: kiThe S parameter matrix of its matching circuit for the ith cell,
and
respectively represents the reflection coefficient of the port 1 or the port 2 when all other ports in the matching circuit of the ith unit are connected with matched loads,
refers to the transmission coefficient from port 2 to port 1 when all other ports in the matching circuit of the ith unit are connected with matched loads,
the transmission coefficient from the port 1 to the port 2 when all other ports in the matching circuit of the ith unit are connected with the matching load;
and step 3: predicting generalized scattering parameter matrix G of the strong coupling broadband phased array after each unit in the strong coupling broadband phased array is connected with different matching circuits by using comprehensive prediction expressionmThe comprehensive estimation expression of the generalized scattering matrix is as follows:
and 4, step 4: using calculated generalized scattering parameter matrix GmThe active standing wave and the single station/double station RCS of the strong coupling broadband phased array can be easily calculated;
and 5: the matching circuit of each unit terminal is optimized by combining a global optimization algorithm, a new strong coupling broadband phased array is designed, compared with the original array, the single-station/double-station RCS is obviously reduced, and meanwhile, the radiation characteristic is guaranteed not to be deteriorated;
step 6: terminating each optimized unit matching circuit to a corresponding unit in a simulation model, and verifying the predicted radiation and scattering characteristics by utilizing an electromagnetic simulation software full-wave simulation finally optimized model;
and 7: extracting an active directional diagram and an excitation port passive scattering parameter matrix of the final optimization model, optimizing the amplitude and phase of each unit excitation by using a global optimization algorithm, and improving the achievable gain of the phased array;
the generalized scattering matrix comprehensive estimation expression in the step 3 completely considers the coupling influence between excitation ports after each unit is connected with different matching circuits, and is an accurate generalized scattering matrix estimation expression analytic expression;
in the step 4, the active standing wave of each unit in the strongly coupled broadband phased array can utilize a generalized scattering parameter matrix GmGamma of (1)mObtaining the reflection coefficient through an active reflection coefficient synthesis formula;
in general, the general technical scheme of the invention is as follows: based on the generalized scattering matrix theory, the matching network accessed between each unit port of the strong coupling broadband phased array antenna and the feed network is optimized by utilizing a comprehensive pre-estimation mode, and the RCS of the strong coupling broadband phased array is remarkably reduced by reducing the RCS of the mode item or enabling the energy of the mode item and the structure item to be offset in the expected scattering direction through realizing the good impedance matching of each unit. In the optimization process, in order to realize the balance compromise between the array radiation performance and the low scattering performance, the optimization target needs to be set reasonably, so that a better optimization effect can be obtained. It is ultimately desirable to achieve an antenna array with a lower RCS without significant degradation of radiation characteristics.
The invention has the innovation that a strong coupling broadband phased array antenna RCS control method based on the generalized scattering matrix theory is provided, the generalized scattering matrix after each unit of the strong coupling broadband phased array is connected with different matching circuits is accurately estimated through a comprehensive estimation expression of the generalized scattering matrix, and the factors of limited large array truncation effect, surface wave excitation, electromagnetic wave diffraction at discontinuous parts and the like are considered, so that the accurate estimation of the radiation and scattering characteristics of the strong coupling broadband phased array is realized. On the basis of the theory, the termination matching circuit of each unit and the excitation amplitude and phase of each excitation port are optimized by combining a global optimization algorithm, and RCS reduction is finally realized while radiation characteristics are not deteriorated. Meanwhile, the invention has the following unique points:
1. based on the generalized scattering matrix theory, a comprehensive estimation expression of the generalized scattering matrix is provided, accurate prediction of radiation and scattering characteristics of the strongly coupled broadband phased array after each unit is connected with the matching network is achieved, and influence factors caused by limited large size, such as truncation effect of a limited large array, surface wave excitation, electromagnetic wave diffraction at discontinuous positions and the like are considered.
2. Different from a numerical analysis method, the application of the formula can save the calculated amount, improve the calculation efficiency, quickly process the array with large number of units and has certain value for realizing the quick analysis of the radiation and scattering characteristics of the array antenna;
the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention can obviously realize the in-band RCS reduction of the strong coupling broadband phased array antenna under the condition of ensuring that the radiation performance of the array is not obviously deteriorated basically. Compared with the prior art, the method solves the problem of in-band RCS reduction of the broadband phased array antenna when the intentionally enhanced coupling effect exists between array elements, considers the surface wave effect, the truncation effect and the edge diffraction in the limited large array, can accurately predict the radiation and scattering characteristics of the limited large array after each unit is connected with the matching circuit, and can be used for predicting the radiation and scattering characteristics after the strongly coupled broadband phased array is connected with the feed network. The precise comprehensive predictive expression ensures that the time and computer resources required by each iteration in the optimization process are extremely small. Therefore, the invention can quickly predict and optimize the radiation and scattering characteristics of the strong coupling broadband phased array with thousands of units. In addition, the method has good universality for realizing the effective control of the RCS in the band on the premise that the radiation performance of the phased array antenna with the broadband characteristic at any frequency point in the band is kept good.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the topology of the technical solution of the present invention
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a model of a 1 × 16 finite large strong coupling broadband phased array antenna array (original array) operating at 8.0-10.0 GHz in an embodiment provided by the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a strongly coupled wideband phased array antenna unit model operating at 8.0-10.0 GHz according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a single-station RCS of a 1x16 finite large strong coupling broadband phased array obtained by calculation and simulation respectively under the vertical incidence of the co-polarized incident wave after the strong coupling array in embodiment 1 is terminated with a group of random loads;
fig. 5 shows the active standing waves of the center unit and two side edge units of the 1x16 finite strong coupling broadband phased array obtained by calculation and simulation after the strong coupling array in embodiment 1 is terminated with a group of random loads;
fig. 6 is a diagram of a dual-station RCS of a 1x16 finite large strong coupling broadband phased array obtained by calculation and simulation respectively at 9.0GHz under the incident wave vertical incidence of the same polarization in embodiment 1 after the strong coupling array is terminated with a group of random loads;
fig. 7 is a radiation far-field electric field diagram of the 1x16 finite large strong coupling broadband phased array at 9.0GHz obtained by calculation and simulation after the strong coupling array is terminated with a group of random loads in embodiment 1;
fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of a 1x16 finite large strong coupling broadband phased array (optimized array) model for loading an optimized set of coaxial cavities on an antenna excitation port in embodiment 2;
FIG. 9 is a graph comparing the simulation performance of the single station RCS actual full wave of the metal floor, the original array and the optimized array in example 2 under the normal incidence of the same-polarization incident wave;
FIG. 10 is a comparison graph of the simulated performance of the yoz-plane double-station RCS actual full wave of the metal floor, the original array and the optimized array in example 2 at 9.0GHz with the incident wave of the same polarization vertically incident;
FIG. 11 is a graph comparing the simulated performance of xoz faces of the metal floor, the original array and the optimized array in example 2 under the condition of normal incidence of the incident wave with the same polarization at 9.0 GHz;
FIG. 12 is a comparison graph of the results of full-wave simulation of the central unit active standing wave in the case of side-firing and 45 ° scanning of the original array and the optimized array in example 2;
FIG. 13 is a comparison graph of full-wave simulation results for the gain achievable on side-firing of the original array and the optimized array in example 2;
FIG. 14 is a comparison graph of the results of full-wave simulation of the gain scan patterns achievable by the original array and the optimized array in example 2;
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3, taking a strongly coupled wideband phased array antenna operating in an X band as an example, an antenna array 1 of the antenna array is composed of N strongly coupled wideband phased array antenna units 2, where N is the number of array elements, and certainly not limited to 1 × 16 array elements shown in fig. 2, and may even be in a planar array arrangement form. The strongly-coupled broadband phased array antenna units 2 are uniformly arranged along the main polarization direction of the antenna, namely the y direction at equal intervals, the intervals do not exceed lambda/2 (lambda is corresponding high-frequency wavelength), the strongly-coupled broadband phased array antenna units 2 are closely arranged, and coupling effect is intentionally enhanced among the units. It should be noted that, in the specific embodiment, the strongly coupled wideband phased array antenna element model shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3 is only an example, and is not limited to the array element structure, and those skilled in the art may adopt any other form of phased array element instead according to the actual needs. In order to control the in-band RCS of the strong coupling broadband phased array antenna, the matching circuit 3 is loaded between each unit port of the strong coupling broadband phased array antenna and the feed network/load, in this embodiment, an aluminum plate is provided with a coaxial cavity as the matching circuit, and those skilled in the art can substitute any other form of matching circuit according to actual needs. The radiation performance and the scattering performance of the array are optimized simultaneously by using a matching circuit as an optimization variable and adopting a comprehensive predictive expression combined differential evolution algorithm (without being limited to the algorithm, and engineering technicians in the field can select any other intelligent optimization algorithm according to actual needs) of a generalized scattering matrix, so that the RCS peak value of an antenna mode item is shifted out of the maximum radiation direction of the array, and the scattering control in a designated threat space in the working frequency band of the array antenna is realized.
Example 1: effectiveness verification of generalized scattering matrix theory method
Specifically, a group of impedances are randomly terminated at a port of a 1 × 16 strong coupling finite phased array (as shown in fig. 1), the radiation and scattering characteristics of the array are predicted by a generalized scattering matrix theory method, and the prediction results are compared with simulation results of commercial electromagnetic simulation software: the single station RCS curve calculated and simulated at 8 GHz-10 GHz is shown in fig. 3, fig. 4 shows the active reflection coefficient for the side-firing of the center cell and the left and right edge cells, fig. 5 shows the dual station RCS curve at a center frequency of 9.0GHz, and finally fig. 6 shows the far field of the array radiation at a center frequency of 9.0 GHz. From the pictures, it can be seen that the single-station RCS, the double-station RCS, the active reflection coefficient and the radiation far-field pattern predicted and calculated by the generalized scattering matrix theory method provided by the patent are basically consistent with the simulation result of commercial electromagnetic simulation software, and the effectiveness of the method is verified.
Example 2: RCS optimization comprehensive control of 1x16 finite large strong coupling broadband phased array antenna
Specifically, when 8 GHz-10 GHz main polarized incident waves vertically irradiate the array antenna 1, the array antenna single-station/double-station RCS optimization comprehensive problem is considered. The length and characteristic impedance of the coaxial cavity 3 obtained through final optimization are loaded on a 1 × 16 strong coupling broadband phased array excitation port as shown in fig. 7, and comparison of single-station/double-station scattering performance results of the array antennas before and after optimization is respectively shown in fig. 8 to fig. 10. It can be seen from fig. 9 that the optimized array has lower scattering properties over the entire operating band than the original array, achieving RCS reduction of at least 5dB or more at 8.25 GHz-10.0 GHz. Compared with metal floors with the same physical area, the RCS reduction of the optimized array is realized by more than 10dB in the full frequency band, and the scattering control effect is obvious. As can be seen from fig. 9 and 10, the dual-station RCS characteristics of the optimized array are also significantly reduced. The active standing wave of the array before and after optimization is shown in fig. 11, and it can be seen that the active standing wave of the optimized array is still less than 3.0, which meets the practical engineering application. The achievable gain for the front and rear array broadside optimization is given in fig. 12, from which it can be seen that the achievable gain for the optimized array is not substantially reduced compared to the reference array, the maximum gain reduction is only 0.5dB, and the gain is slightly increased at the center band. The 0 ° and 45 ° scan patterns of the optimized array at the center frequency of 9.0GHz are shown in fig. 13, and it can be seen that the optimized array pattern is well-pointed and has no distortion.
In conclusion, the technical means provided by the invention remarkably reduces the single-station RCS of the strong coupling broadband phased array in a broadband range, and basically maintains the radiation characteristic of the strong coupling broadband phased array.
The foregoing is a description of preferred embodiments of the present invention and specific embodiments thereof provided to persons skilled in the art of the present invention and it is to be understood that such descriptions are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific embodiments, modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the principles of the invention, and it is intended to cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. The above should also be considered as the scope of the present invention.
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| CN114417557B (en) * | 2021-12-15 | 2024-03-22 | 南京理工大学 | Optimization method, system and medium for ultra-wideband RCS (radar cross section) reduced ultra-surface array |
| CN114709616B (en) * | 2022-04-13 | 2023-01-24 | 电子科技大学 | Ultra-wideband strong coupling antenna array edge effect suppression method based on amplitude and phase regulation |
| CN114759361A (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-07-15 | 中国电子科技集团公司第十四研究所 | Phased array antenna based on interdigital capacitor loading and RCS reduction method |
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