CN112142715A - 一种2-氨基-5-杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物及其用途 - Google Patents
一种2-氨基-5-杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112142715A CN112142715A CN202011077514.9A CN202011077514A CN112142715A CN 112142715 A CN112142715 A CN 112142715A CN 202011077514 A CN202011077514 A CN 202011077514A CN 112142715 A CN112142715 A CN 112142715A
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- alkyl
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Abstract
本发明提供一种具有式1所示化学结构的2‑氨基‑5‑杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物,包含其的药物制剂,及其在治疗或预防疟疾的药物中的应用,
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种吡嗪衍生物,尤其涉及一种2-氨基-5-杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物及其用于预防或治疗疟疾的药物中的应用。
背景技术
疟疾是由疟原虫(Plasmodium)属原生动物寄生虫引起的,在许多发展中国家流行的疾病。全世界约有40%的人口居住在疾病流行的国家;每年有大约2.47亿人患有这种疾病,它感染和破坏红细胞,导致发烧,严重贫血,脑型疟疾,如果不治疗,则会导致死亡。恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum)是非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地区的主要物种,每年约造成600,000人死亡。非洲5岁以下儿童和孕妇的疾病负担最重。间日疟原虫(Plasmodiumvivax)引起全球疟疾负担的25-40%,特别是在南亚和东南亚以及中南美洲。已知感染人类的其他三个主要物种是卵形疟原虫(Plasmodiumo vale),诺氏疟原虫(Plasmodiumknowelsi)和三日疟原虫(Plasmodium malariae)。
目前已经有多种药物用来治疗疟疾,包括药物的组合,然而,这些药物中的许多是昂贵的,并且一些在人体中表现出显著的毒性和不希望的副作用,并且,抗药性疟疾菌株的出现已经成为目前疟疾治疗中的显著问题,WHO建议青蒿素与其他种类的抗疟疾药组合作为由恶性疟原虫引起的疟疾的一线治疗方案,2009年在柬埔寨-泰国边境证实出现并且在缅甸和越南的部分地区疑似出现抗青蒿素的恶性疟原虫,这凸显了对于新颖化学类别的新型疟疾药物的迫切需要。
发明内容
本发明针对现有药物在治疗疟疾过程中所存在的毒性、副作用以及针对抗药性疟疾菌株所存在不足,提供一种用于治疗疟疾的具有新颖结构的2-氨基-4杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物。
本发明解决上述技术问题的技术方案如下:
一种2-氨基-5-杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物,具有如式1所述的化学结构:
R1表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C1-C6烷硫基、C1-C6烷基亚砜基、C1-C6烷基磺酰基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、C1-C6烷氧基C1-C6烷基或者未取代或被1-5个卤素取代的以下基团之一:苯基、苯基C1-C6烷基、苯基氧基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噁唑基;
R2彼此独立的表示氢、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C1-C6烷氧基或C1-C6卤代烷氧基;
R3彼此独立的表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C1-C6烷氨基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、C1-C6烷氧基C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基C1-C6烷基或者未取代或被1-5个选自卤素、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C1-C3烷氧基、C1-C3卤代烷氧基的取代基取代的苯基;
R4表示C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基或C1-C6烷氧基;
R5、R6彼此独立的表示氢、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6卤代烯基、C2-C6炔基、C2-C6卤代炔基或者未取代或被卤素取代的苯基;
以及其药学上可接受的盐、互变异构体、几何异构体和光学活性形式。
本发明式1中各个变量的优选取代基如下:
R3优选表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基或者未取代或被1-5个选自卤素、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C1-C3烷氧基的取代基取代的苯基。
R2更优选表示氢、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基或C1-C3烷氧基;
R3更优选表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C1-C3烷氧基、C1-C3卤代烷氧基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基或者未取代或被1-5个选自卤素、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C1-C3烷氧基的取代基取代的苯基。
R2进一步优选表示氢、甲基、乙基、异丙基、CF3、CH2Cl-CH2-、环丙基、环戊基、环己基、甲氧基或乙氧基;
R3进一步优选表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、CF3、CH2Cl-CH2-、甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙基氧基、-OCF3、乙烯基、丙烯基、烯丙基、乙炔基、丙炔基或未取代或被1-5个选自卤素、甲基、乙基、-CF3、环丙基、环戊基、环己基、甲氧基、乙氧基、-OCF3取代的苯基。
R2最优选表示氢、甲基、乙基、异丙基、-CF3、环丙基、环戊基、环己基、甲氧基、乙氧基或-OCF3;
R3最优选表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、CF3、甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙基氧基、-OCF3、乙烯基、丙烯基、烯丙基、乙炔基、丙炔基或者未取代或被1-5个选自卤素、甲基、乙基、-CF3、环丙基、环戊基、环己基、甲氧基、乙氧基、-OCF3的取代基取代的以下基团之一:苯基、苯基氧基、苯基硫基、苯基氨基、苄基、苯基乙基、苯基-CF3-、苯基甲氧基、苯基乙氧基、苯基-OCF3-、吡啶基、嘧啶基、吡咯基、吡唑基、噁唑基、1,2,5-噁二唑基、1,3,4-噁二唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噻唑基、异噻唑基。
R1优选表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、C1-C6烷氧基C1-C6烷基或者未取代或被1-5个卤素取代的以下基团之一:苯基、苯基C1-C6烷基、苯基氧基、吡啶基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噁唑基;
R1进一步优选表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C1-C3烷氧基、C1-C3卤代烷氧基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基、C1-C3烷氧基C1-C3烷基或者未取代或被1-5个卤素取代的以下基团之一:苯基、苄基、苯基氧基、吡啶基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噁唑基;
R1更优选表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、甲基、乙基、异丙基、CF3、CH2Cl-CH2-、甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、-OCF3、环丙基、环戊基、环己基、乙烯基、丙烯基、乙炔基、丙炔基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、甲氧基乙基、乙氧基乙基或者未取代或被1-5个氟、氯取代的以下基团之一:苯基、苄基、苯基氧基、吡啶基、嘧啶基。
R1最优选表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、甲基、乙基、CF3、甲氧基、乙氧基、-OCF3、环丙基、乙烯基、丙烯基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、甲氧基乙基、乙氧基乙基或者未取代或被1-5个氯取代的苯基;
R4优选表示C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基或C1-C3烷氧基;
R4更优选表示甲基、乙基、-CF3、甲氧基、乙氧基或异丙氧基。
R4最优选表示甲基、乙基或-CF3。
R5、R6优选彼此独立的表示氢、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基和未取代或被卤素取代的苯基;
R5、R6更优选彼此独立的表示氢、甲基、乙基、-CF3、乙烯基、丙烯基、乙炔基、丙炔基、苯基、4-氟代苯基、4-氯代苯基、2-氟代苯基和2-氯代苯基;
R5、R6最优选彼此独立的表示氢、甲基、乙基、-CF3、乙烯基、丙烯基、乙炔基、丙炔基、苯基和4-氯代苯基。
在上述通式所示化合物的定义和以下所有结构式中,复合词表示两个以上的取代基按照所述的顺序依次连接,得到复合取代基,如烷氧基,表示烷基-O,烷硫基表示烷基-S-、烷基亚砜基表示烷基-S(O)-、烷基磺酰基表示烷基-S(O)2-、苯基烷基表示苯基在前烷基在后组成苯基烷基-等等;
上述所用专业术语不论单独使用或者使用在复合词中,代表如下取代基:
烷基:具有多于两个碳原子的烷基基团可为直链或支链的。Cn-Cm烷基表示具有n至m个碳原子的烷基,如复合词“烷氧基、烷硫基、烷氨基、烷基亚砜基、烷基磺酰基、烷氧基烷基、苯基烷基”等中的烷基可为-CH2-、-CH2CH2-、-CH(CH3)-、-C(CH3)2-等。烷基基团为,例如,C1烷基-甲基;C2烷基-乙基;C3烷基-丙基如正丙基或异丙基;C4烷基-丁基如正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基或2-丁基;C5烷基-戊基如正戊基、2-甲基丁基或3-甲基丁基;C6烷基-己基如正己基、异己基和1,3-二甲基丁基。
类似地,烯基是例如乙烯基、烯丙基、1-甲基丙-2-烯-1-基、2-甲基丙-2-烯-1-基、丁-2-烯-1-基、丁-3-烯-1-基、1-甲基丁-3-烯-1-基和1-甲基丁-2-烯-1-基。
炔基是例如乙炔基、炔丙基、丁-2-炔-1-基、丁-3-炔-1-基、1-甲基丁-3-炔-1-基。多重键可以在每个不饱和基团的任何位置。
环烷基是具有例如三至六个碳原子的碳环饱和环体系,例如环丙基、环丁基、环戊基或环己基。
卤素为氟、氯、溴或碘。
同时基团中未标注具体连接位置的基团,如本发明中主要是指杂环基的连接位点以及其上取代的R3的连接位点,可在任意碳环成员的位置连接。
本发明所提供的2-氨基-5-杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物可通过如下两种路线合成:
路线一:
包括将卤代杂环基制成格式试剂的中间体4,然后将中间体4与三甲基硼酸酯或三乙基硼酸酯等硼酸酯发生反应,得到中间体3,后将中间体3与式2所示的中间体在Suzuki反应条件下反应,以得到式1化合物。
路线二:
包括使式5所示的中间体与卤素单质发生反应被卤代得到式6所示的中间体,然后式6所示的中间体与式7的硼酸化物在Suzuki反应条件下反应,以得到式1化合物。
术语“药学上可接受的盐”是指根据本发明的化合物的盐或复合物。这样的盐的例子包括但不限于,由本发明的氨基吡嗪衍生物与有机的或无机的碱(如选自由碱金属(钠、钾或锂)、碱土金属(如,钙或镁)组成的组的金属阳离子的氢氧化物、碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐)反应形成的碱加成盐。同样也包括由酸加成盐形成的盐,该酸加成盐为由无机酸(如,盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、磷酸、硝酸等)以及有机酸(例如,乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、丁二酸、苹果酸、富马酸、马来酸、抗坏血酸、苯甲酸、单宁酸、扑酸(palmoic acid)、藻酸(alginic acid)、多聚谷氨酸、萘磺酸、萘二磺酸和聚半乳糖醛酸)形成的盐。
本发明的内容中包含本发明的化合物的药学上可接受的盐、复合物、水合物、溶剂化物或同质多形体、互变异构体、几何异构体、光学活性形式和药学上的活性衍生物。除非相反的陈述,本发明包括所有这些可能的非对映体以及它们的外消旋混合物、它们的充分(substantially)纯解析的对映体、所有可能的几何异构体及其药学上可接受的盐。也包括立体异构体的混合物以及分离的具体的立体异构体。在用于制备这些化合物的合成过程中,或者在使用本领域技术人员公知的外消旋化或差向异构化过程中,这些过程的产物可以为立体异构体的混合物。许多有机化合物以具有旋转平面偏振光的平面的能力的光学活性形式存在。在描述光学活性化合物中,前缀D和L或R和S用于表示分子关于手性中心的绝对构型。
“药学上的活性衍生物”在此公开的是指能够直接地或间接地提供的给予受体的任意活性化合物。术语“间接地”也包含在体内通过内源酶或新陈代谢可以转化为药物的活性形式的前药。所述前药为根据本发明的化合物的衍生物,并具有化学地或新陈代谢地可分解的基团而呈现出抗疟疾活性,化合物在体内在生理条件下通过溶剂分解作用转化为根据本发明的药学上的活性化合物。所述前药通过与酶、胃酸等在活体的生理条件下反应(如,通过均在酶解下进行的氧化、还原、水解等)转化为根据本发明的化合物;
术语“间接地”也包含根据本发明的化合物的代谢分子。
术语“代谢分子”是指衍生自任意细胞或有机体,优选哺乳动物内的根据本发明的化合物的所有分子。
本发明所使用的“治疗”和“处理”等通常是指获得期望的药学上或生理上的效果。该效果在防止或部分防止疾病、症状或其状况上可以为预防性的,和/或在部分或完全治疗疾病、状况、症状或对疾病的不良反应上可以为治疗性的。本发明所使用的术语“治疗”包括对哺乳动物,尤其是人类疾病的任意治疗,并包括:(a)预防发生在可能倾向于疾病但还没有诊断出的主体上的疾病;(b)抑制疾病(即,阻止其发展)或缓解疾病(即,引起疾病和/或其症状或状况的消退)。
术语“有效量”包括“预防有效量”以及“治疗有效量”。
术语“预防有效量”是指本发明的化合物在感染前给药,即在暴露于疟原虫之前、期间和/或稍后的含量,该含量能有效抑制、降低由疟原虫导致的疾病的可能性,或者预防疟原虫感染,或防止疟原虫所导致的疾病的延迟发作。
术语“预防”包括病因预防(即,包括预防寄生虫红细胞前期的发展的抗疟活性)、抑制预防(即,包括制止血液阶段感染的抗疟活性)和终端预防(即,制止肝内阶段感染的抗疟活性)。该术语包括其中抗疟化合物在暴露于疟原虫之前、期间和/或稍后给药的初级预防(即,预防初级感染)和当抗疟化合物在暴露于疟原虫的最后和/或稍后但在临床症状之前给药时的终端预防(即,防止疟疾临床症状的复发或延迟发作)。典型地,抑制性预防用于对抗恶性疟原虫感染,而终端预防用于对抗间日疟原虫或恶性疟原虫与间日疟原虫的组合。
同样地,术语“治疗有效量”是指化合物能有效处理疟疾的感染,例如,通过随后的显微镜观察到在感染发生之后给药导致血液中疟原虫数量的减少的含量。
本发明所使用的术语“主体”是指哺乳动物。例如,本发明所关注的哺乳动物,包括人类等。
本发明提供可用于预防或治疗疟疾的药物组合物。本发明进一步提供了治疗哺乳动物患者的方法,最优选是患有疟疾的人类患者的方法。
在另一个具体的实施方式中,提供了含有至少一种根据本发明的衍生物和药学上可接受的载体,稀释剂或赋形剂的药物制剂。
在另一个具体的实施方式中,提供了包含根据式(I)的氨基吡嗪和发明详述中定义的抗疟药的药物制剂。
本发明的药物组合物可以以本文所述的任何形式含有一种或多种本发明的化合物。本发明的组合物可以进一步包含一种或多种药学上可接受的附加成分,例如明矾,稳定剂,抗微生物剂,缓冲剂,着色剂,调味剂,助剂等。
本发明的化合物与常规使用的助剂,载体,稀释剂或赋形剂一起可以以药物组合物和其单位剂量的形式放置,并且可以以固体形式如片剂或填充胶囊形式使用,或者液体形式如溶液剂,悬浮剂,乳剂,酏剂或用其填充的胶囊剂,全部用于口服使用,或者为用于肠胃外(包括皮下)使用的无菌注射溶液形式。这样的药物组合物及其单位剂型可以包含常规比例的成分,含有或不含有其他的活性化合物或成分,并且这样的单位剂型可以含有任何适合的有效量的活性成分,与所使用的预期剂量范围相符。根据本发明的组合物优选是口服的。
本发明的组合物可以是液体制剂,包括但不限于水性或油性悬浮剂,溶液剂,乳剂,糖浆剂和酏剂。适于口服给药的液体形式可以包括具有缓冲剂,悬浮剂和分散剂,着色剂,调味剂等的合适的水性或非水性载体。组合物也可以配制成干燥产品,用于在使用前用水或其它合适的载体重构。这种液体制剂可以含有添加剂,包括但不限于悬浮剂,乳化剂,非水性载体和防腐剂。悬浮剂包括但不限于山梨糖醇糖浆,甲基纤维素,葡萄糖/糖浆,明胶,羟乙基纤维素,羧甲基纤维素,硬脂酸铝凝胶和氢化食用脂肪。乳化剂包括但不限于卵磷脂,脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯和阿拉伯胶。非水性载体包括但不限于食用油,杏仁油,分馏的椰子油,油酯,丙二醇和乙醇。防腐剂包括但不限于对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或对羟基苯甲酸丙酯和山梨酸。其他材料以及加工技术等在“药物科学与实践”中提出(Reming ton:TheScience&Practice of Pharmacy,22版,2012,Lloyd,Ed.Allen,Pharmaceutical Press),在此通过引用并入本文。
本发明的固体组合物可以是以常规方式配制的片剂或含片剂的形式。例如,用于口服给药的片剂和胶囊剂可以含有常规赋形剂,包括但不限于粘合剂,填充剂,润滑剂,崩解剂和润湿剂。粘合剂包括但不限于糖浆,阿拉伯胶,明胶,山梨糖醇,黄蓍胶,淀粉粘胶和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。填充剂包括但不限于乳糖,糖,微晶纤维素,玉米淀粉,磷酸钙和山梨糖醇。润滑剂包括但不限于硬脂酸镁,硬脂酸,滑石,聚乙二醇和二氧化硅。崩解剂包括但不限于马铃薯淀粉和淀粉乙醇酸钠。润湿剂包括但不限于十二烷基硫酸钠。片剂可根据本领域公知的方法进行包衣。
可注射组合物通常基于可注射的无菌盐水或磷酸盐缓冲盐水或本领域已知的其它可注射载体。
本发明的组合物也可配制成栓剂,其可含有栓剂基质,包括但不限于可可脂或甘油酯。本发明的组合物也可配制用于吸入,其形式可以是包括但不限于溶液剂,悬浮剂或乳剂,其可以以干粉形式或以使用推进剂以气雾剂形式施用,如二氯二氟甲烷或三氯氟甲烷。
本发明的组合物也可以配制成包含水性或非水性载体(包括但不限于乳膏,软膏,洗剂,糊剂,药膏,贴剂或膜)的经皮制剂。
本发明的组合物也可配制用于肠胃外给药,包括但不限于通过注射或连续输液。
用于注射的制剂可以是在油性或水性载体中的悬浮液,溶液或乳液的形式,并且可以含有制剂,包括但不限于悬浮剂,稳定剂和分散剂。所述组合物还可以以粉末形式提供,用于用合适的载体重构,所述载体包括但不限于无菌无热原水。
本发明的组合物也可以配制成长效制剂,其可以通过植入或通过肌内注射给药。
组合物可以用合适的聚合物或疏水材料(例如在可接受的油中的乳液),离子交换树脂或微溶衍生物(例如微溶盐)配制。
本发明的组合物也可以配制成脂质体制剂。脂质体制剂可以包含穿透感兴趣的细胞或角质层的脂质体,并与细胞膜融合,导致脂质体内容物递送到细胞中。其他合适的制剂可以使用类脂质体。类脂质体是与脂质体类似的脂质囊泡,膜主要由非离子脂质组成,其某些形式可有效地将化合物传送穿过角质层。
本发明的化合物也可以以缓释形式或从缓释药物递送系统给药。在Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences的并入材料中也可以找到代表性缓释材料的描述。
给药模式:本发明的组合物可以以任何方式施用,包括但不限于口服,肠胃外,舌下,经皮,阴道,直肠,透粘膜,局部,经吸入,经口腔或鼻内施用,或其组合。肠胃外给药包括但不限于静脉内,动脉内,腹膜内,皮下,肌肉内,鞘内和关节内。本发明的组合物还可以以植入物的形式给药,其允许组合物缓慢释放以及缓慢控制的静脉输液给药。
在一个优选的实施方式中,根据本发明的氨基吡嗪衍生物是口服给药。
通过以下实施例进一步说明本发明,这些实施例并不意图以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
在一个具体的实施方式中,本发明的化合物以约0.1mg至5,000mg之间的剂量给予人,例如约10-1,000mg。
作为单剂量或多剂量给予个体的剂量根据多种因素而变化,包括药代动力学性质,患者状况和特征(性别,年龄,体重,健康,体型),症状程度,并行治疗,治疗的频率和所需的效果。
本发明的组合物可用于灭活细胞中的寄生虫感染的方法中,该方法包括使细胞与有效量的至少一种本发明化合物接触的步骤。根据具体的方面,细胞是灵长类动物细胞,例如红细胞,例如人类细胞。
具体实施方式
以下结合实例对本发明的原理和特征进行描述,所举实例只用于解释本发明,并非用于限定本发明的范围。
一、化合物
表1
鉴于化合物的经济性与多样性,我们优选合成了一些化合物,在合成的诸多化合物中,选取部分列于下表2中。具体的化合物结构及相应的化合物信息如表2所示。表2中的化合物只是为了更好的说明本发明,但并不限定本发明,对于本领域的技术人员而言,不应将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下化合物。
表2化合物结构及其1H NMR数据
二、合成方法
实施例1:化合物2的合成路线如下:
步骤1):以二氨基吡嗪的钠盐为原料,192g三氯氧磷和1.8g硫酸混合加热至60-70℃,然后慢慢向其中加入120g二氨基吡嗪的钠盐,后将此混合物加热到100-150℃反应2h,然后冷却至30-40℃,用30%的氢氧化钠溶液中和、萃取和精馏,得100g的2-氨基-3-氯代吡嗪,收率为87%;
步骤2):将间溴代吡啶制成格式试剂,向其中滴加硼酸三甲酯,控制硼酸三甲酯与间溴代吡啶的摩尔比为(1.1~1.2):1,反应过程中冷却,控制反应温度在10~20℃,滴加完毕后继续冷却反应30min,制得间位取代的吡啶硼酸化合物;
步骤3):将步骤1)的2-氨基-3-氯代吡嗪溶解于四氢呋喃中,向其中加入步骤2)所得的吡啶硼酸化合物,控制吡啶硼酸化合物与2-氨基-3-氯代吡嗪的摩尔比为(1.05~1.10):1,反应温度为45~55℃,反应1~2h后得Suzuki偶联反应的产物化合物2,收率为58%。
实施例2:化合物20的合成路线如下:
步骤1):以二氨基吡嗪为原料,溶解于四氢呋喃中制得溶液,氮气保护下向其中加入三氯化铝催化剂和氯代正丙烷,控制三氯化铝的量为二氨基吡嗪的1.5%,氯代正丙烷与二氨基吡嗪的摩尔比为(1.2~1.5):1,于80~90℃条件下反应,得2-氨基-3-正丙基吡嗪,收率为88%;
步骤2):将间溴代吡啶制成格式试剂,向其中滴加硼酸三甲酯,控制硼酸三甲酯与间溴代吡啶的摩尔比为(1.1~1.2):1,反应过程中冷却,控制反应温度在10~20℃,滴加完毕后继续冷却反应30min,制得间位取代的吡啶硼酸化合物;
步骤3):将步骤1)的2-氨基-3-正丙基吡嗪溶解于四氢呋喃中,向其中加入步骤2)所得的吡啶硼酸化合物,控制吡啶硼酸化合物与2-氨基-3-氯代吡嗪的摩尔比为(1.05~1.10):1,反应温度为45~55℃,反应1~2h后得Suzuki偶联反应的产物化合物20,收率为65%。
实施例3:化合物82的合成路线如下:
步骤1):以二氨基吡嗪为原料,溶解于四氢呋喃中制得溶液,氮气保护下向其中加入三氯化铝催化剂和溴代环己烷,控制三氯化铝的量为二氨基吡嗪的1.5%,溴代环己烷与二氨基吡嗪的摩尔比为(1.2~1.5):1,于80~90℃条件下反应,得2-氨基-3-环己基吡嗪,收率为79%;
步骤2):将间溴代吡啶制成格式试剂,向其中滴加硼酸三甲酯,控制硼酸三甲酯与间溴代吡啶的摩尔比为(1.1~1.2):1,反应过程中冷却,控制反应温度在10~20℃,滴加完毕后继续冷却反应30min,制得间位取代的吡啶硼酸化合物;
步骤3):将步骤1)的2-氨基-3-环己基吡嗪溶解于四氢呋喃中,向其中加入步骤2)所得的吡啶硼酸化合物,控制吡啶硼酸化合物与2-氨基-3-环己基吡嗪的摩尔比为(1.05~1.10):1,反应温度为45~55℃,反应1~2h后得Suzuki偶联反应的产物化合物82,收率为69%。
本发明所涉及的所有化合物均可通过与实施例1-实施例3相似的方法合成得到,如果上述合成方法不适用于获得根据本发明的氨基吡嗪衍生物和/或必要的中间体,则应使用本领域技术人员已知的合适的制备方法。一般而言,任何单个衍生物的合成路径将取决于每个分子的特定取代基以及必要的中间体的易得性;这些因素也是本领域技术人员所理解的。
三、应用及活性
3.1本发明的化合物在体外的抗疟疾功效:
根据本发明的氨基吡嗪衍生物杀死恶性疟原虫的寄生虫和/或抑制其增殖的能力的测试如下:
分析1:所使用的方案如Fiddock et al.,2004,Nature Reviews DrugDiscovery,(3),p509的补充材料所描述。
分析2:在湿润的氛围中(37℃,5%的O2和5%的CO2),于聚-D-赖氨酸包被的细胞载体成像板(Perkin Elmer)上,化合物在2%或3%的环阶段寄生虫(P.falciparum3D7orDd2)和50μL总测定体积的0.3%的血细胞比容的存在下培养72小时。培养后板子在皂素(Saponin)和Triton X-100(Sigma-Aldrich)的存在下沾满DAPI(4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚,Invitrogen),并在成像于OPERATMHTS共聚焦成像系统(Perkin Elmer)之前在RT下于暗处进一步培养5h。随后将获得的数字图像用PerkinElmer Acapella点检测软件进行分析,其中对染色的(stained)寄生虫建立的满足条件的点进行计数。抑制寄生虫复制的百分数使用DMSO计算,并用2μM的青蒿素控制数据。
下面的表3记录了对抗恶性疟原虫K1、NF54(分析1)的不同菌株的EC50s(ng/ml)。
表3
表3中的数据表明本发明的吡嗪衍生物能够有效的抑制被感染的人类血红细胞中疟原虫的增殖,通过测量,对抗不同菌株的恶性疟原虫的本发明化合物的EC50不超过1.5ng/ml。
3.2本发明化合物的药代动力学数据:
根据以下方案测试本发明的化合物在大鼠中的药代动力学。如下表3所述,使用两种不同的制剂来给药本发明的化合物和对比化合物。
在实验之前立即制备化合物92、对比化合物C1和对比化合物C3用于给药。根据动物的平均重量和350μL载体(静脉,IV)或1000μL载体(口服)的假定体积制备剂量。为每个动物的体重调整体积,以IV组(n=3只大鼠)5mg/kg和口服组(n=3)15mg/kg给药化合物。水随意供应,但动物在给药前饥饿12小时。给药后5小时恢复食物。
口服给药的动物通过管饲给药,药物以推注方式引入。IV-处理的动物被麻醉,药物在2分钟的时间内输注。剂量交错,以允许准确定时采样。在预定时间点收集血液以评估24-48小时的动力学曲线。对于在给药化合物(1)之后的两组大鼠,以给药后小时数测量的血液采样时间表在下表4中给出:
表4
*服药后10分钟
将全血通过尾静脉收集到肝素化的微量离心管中并储存在冰上。在收集的60分钟内,将样品转移到冷冻机中并储存在-80℃直到通过LC/MS/MS进行分析。
制备和提取:
提取过程在冰上进行。为了提取用于分析的药物,将来自每个样品以及来自一系列标准品和质量控制的30μL全血转移到96孔板中。将含有合适内标物(约60ng/mL)的体积为90μL的冷甲醇加入到每个孔中,密封孔板并剧烈涡旋60秒以沉淀蛋白质并将化合物释放到溶剂中。然后将它们以10000G离心10分钟以沉淀蛋白质和细胞碎片,并将上清液转移到复制的96孔板中。将孔板转移至LC/MS/MS并保持在4℃,直到将所有样品注射到柱上。
LC/MS/MS分析:
使用开发用于在20℃使用菲罗门Hydro-RP柱同时检测化合物(1)和内标物的方法,使用5μL各样品进行LC/MS/MS分析。流动相使用含有0.1%甲酸(v/v)作为有机组分的乙腈和0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液作为含水组分。流动相以400μL/min的梯度运行,在重新平衡之前,有机组分在4分钟内从5%增加到95%。分析在2-6250ng/mL(0.0056μM-17.44μM)的范围内进行校准。结果列于下表5中。
表5
表5中的数据表明本发明的化合物比对照的氨基吡嗪化合物具有更长的半衰期,更低的血浆清除率,更高的分布体积和更好的口服生物利用度。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种2-氨基-5-杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物,具有如式1所述的化学结构:
R1表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C1-C6烷硫基、C1-C6苯基、苯基C1-C6烷基、苯基氧基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噁唑基;
R2彼此独立的表示氢、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C1-C6烷氧基或C1-C6卤代烷氧基;
R3彼此独立的表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C1-C6烷氨基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、C1-C6烷氧基C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基C1-C6烷基或者未取代或被1-5个选自卤素、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C1-C3烷氧基、C1-C3卤代烷氧基的取代基取代的苯基;
R4表示C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基或C1-C6烷氧基;
R5、R6彼此独立的表示氢、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6卤代烯基、C2-C6炔基、C2-C6卤代炔基或者未取代或被卤素取代的苯基;
以及其药学上可接受的盐、互变异构体、几何异构体和光学活性形式。
2.根据权利要求1所述的吡嗪衍生物,其特征在于,
R1表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、C1-C6烷氧基C1-C6烷基或者未取代或被1-5个卤素取代的以下基团之一:苯基、苯基C1-C6烷基、苯基氧基、吡啶基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噁唑基;
R2彼此独立的表示氢、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基或C1-C6烷氧基;
R3表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基或者未取代或被1-5个选自卤素、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C1-C3烷氧基的取代基取代的苯基;
R4表示C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基或C1-C3烷氧基;
R5、R6彼此独立的表示氢、C1-C3烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基和未取代或被卤素取代的苯基。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的吡嗪衍生物,其特征在于,
R1表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C1-C3烷氧基、C1-C3卤代烷氧基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基、C1-C3烷氧基C1-C3烷基或者未取代或被1-5个卤素取代的以下基团之一:苯基、苄基、苯基氧基、吡啶基、呋喃基、噻吩基、噁唑基;
R2表示氢、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基或C1-C3烷氧基;
R3表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C1-C3烷氧基、C1-C3卤代烷氧基、C3-C6环烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基或者未取代或被1-5个选自卤素、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基、C3-C6环烷基、C1-C3烷氧基的取代基取代的苯基;
R4表示C1-C3烷基、C1-C3卤代烷基或C1-C3烷氧基;
R5、R6彼此独立的表示氢、C1-C3烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基和未取代或被卤素取代的苯基。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的吡嗪衍生物,其特征在于,R1表示氢、卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、-NHR4、-NR5R6、甲基、乙基、异丙基、CF3、CH2Cl-CH2-、甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、-OCF3、环丙基、环戊基、环己基、乙烯基、丙烯基、乙炔基、丙炔基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、甲氧基乙基、乙氧基乙基或者未取代或被1-5个氟、氯取代的以下基团之一:苯基、苄基、苯基氧基、吡啶基、嘧啶基。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的吡嗪衍生物,其特征在于,R4表示甲基、乙基、正丙基、-CF3、CH2Cl-CH2-、甲氧基、乙氧基或异丙氧基。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的吡嗪衍生物,其特征在于,R5、R6彼此独立的表示氢、甲基、乙基、-CF3、乙烯基、丙烯基、乙炔基、丙炔基、苯基、4-氟代苯基、4-氯代苯基、2-氟代苯基和2-氯代苯基。
9.权利要求1-8中任一项所述的2-氨基-5-杂环基取代的吡嗪衍生物在治疗或预防疟疾的药物中的应用,优选的,所述疟疾由抗药性疟疾菌株或恶性疟原虫引起。
10.一种药物制剂,含有至少一种根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的吡嗪衍生物及其药学上可接受的载体,稀释剂或赋形剂。
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