CN111771672B - Organic matrix for rice seedling culture and seedling culture transplanting method - Google Patents
Organic matrix for rice seedling culture and seedling culture transplanting method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111771672B CN111771672B CN202010706435.3A CN202010706435A CN111771672B CN 111771672 B CN111771672 B CN 111771672B CN 202010706435 A CN202010706435 A CN 202010706435A CN 111771672 B CN111771672 B CN 111771672B
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- rice
- seedling raising
- seedling
- water
- organic
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- ISPYRSDWRDQNSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Chemical group O.[Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ISPYRSDWRDQNSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/30—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing synthetic organic compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
- A01G9/029—Receptacles for seedlings
- A01G9/0299—Handling or transporting of soil blocks or seedlings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/40—Fertilisers incorporated into a matrix
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
An organic matrix for rice seedling raising and a seedling transplanting method relate to a rice seedling raising matrix and a seedling transplanting method. Aims to solve the problems of soil resource damage and long rice transplanting green-turning period. The organic matrix is prepared from livestock and poultry manure powder, plant straw powder, humic acid, metalaxyl, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, trace elements, a complexing agent, a control promoter, a drought-resistant agent, a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, an additive and an auxiliary agent. The liquid fertilizer adopted in the method of the invention contains xanthan gum, diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate, the viscosity of the organic substrate for rice seedling raising is improved, and the organic substrate contains a large amount of ions, the material fluidity is reduced, the heat capacity is improved, the environmental temperature of the seedling root can be stabilized, and the adverse effect on the seedling caused by overlarge temperature difference between day and night is reduced. The xanthan gum water solution dissolved in the organic matrix of the rice seedlings before transplanting forms a high-viscosity colloidal muddy water mixture, mechanical injury can be reduced, the green turning period of the planted seedlings is only 3-4 days, and the yield of the rice is increased by 15-20%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an organic matrix for rice seedling raising and a seedling transplanting method.
Background
China is a country with a long history of rice planting, and particularly, a plurality of important rice production areas are distributed in the north of China. Fertile plough layer soil is usually selected as seedling raising bed soil for rice seedling raising, 150 kilograms of seedling raising bed soil are needed each year when one mu of rice is planted, and damage to farmland soil resources is caused. The seedling pulling and transplanting operations can damage the seedling root system when the rice is transplanted, wherein the green turning period refers to the germination and recovery time of new roots of one week or even longer after the rice is transplanted. The rice is quick in green turning, tillering is early, and low-position tillering is more, so that the improvement of the tillering and heading rate of the rice is facilitated, and the yield is increased; slow rice turning causes a reduction in rice yield. At the present stage, rice transplanting is a machine transplanting process, the advantages are high efficiency and low cost, but compared with conventional hand transplanting, the green turning period of the machine transplanting process can be prolonged by 2-3 days, and seedlings basically cannot grow within 7-10 days after transplanting. The main reasons for the long green-turning period of the mechanical transplanting process are that a large amount of roots are damaged or seriously damaged during mechanical transplanting, the water absorption capacity and the nutrition absorption capacity after transplanting are weakened, and the stress resistance of seedlings is weak. The temperature in spring in northern areas is unstable, and the temperature difference between day and night causes adverse effects on seedlings. For example, after the seedlings are transplanted to the field, the evaporation capacity in the daytime is too large due to mechanical injury and insufficient root growth, so that the plants lose water excessively, the temperature at night is too low, and a large amount of nutrients are consumed to resist low temperature, so that a large seedling revival phenomenon can occur.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a rice seedling raising organic matrix and a seedling raising and transplanting method, aiming at solving the problems that the soil resource is damaged due to large using amount of soil of the existing rice seedling raising bed and the seedling root system is turned green for a long time during rice transplanting.
The organic substrate for raising rice seedlings is prepared from livestock and poultry manure powder in parts by weight: 5-35 parts of plant straw powder: 3-25 parts of humic acid: 0.5-2 parts of metalaxyl: 0.01-0.1 part of fludioxonil: 0.01-0.1 part of azoxystrobin: 0.01-0.1 part of trace elements: 0.01-0.1 part of complexing agent: 0.01-0.1 part of a control agent: 0.01-0.1 part of drought-resistant agent: 0.01-0.1 part of nitrogen fertilizer: 0.5-10 parts of phosphate fertilizer: 0.5-10 parts of potash fertilizer: 0.1-10 parts of additive: 5-30 parts of auxiliary agent: 0.01-0.1 part;
the mass content of N element in the nitrogen fertilizer is more than 25 percent; the mass content of available phosphorus pentoxide in the phosphate fertilizer is more than 12 percent; the mass content of potassium oxide in the potash fertilizer is more than 57%;
the preparation method of the organic matrix for rice seedling culture comprises the following steps:
firstly, respectively carrying out harmless treatment, drying and grinding on livestock manure and plant straws, sieving the mixture by a sieve of 10 meshes to obtain livestock manure powder and plant straw powder, mixing the livestock manure powder, the plant straw powder and organic fertilizer strains, and fermenting to obtain a raw material 1;
the dominant flora contained in the organic fertilizer strain is bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and lactobacillus plantarum, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 80 hundred million/g;
secondly, mixing and grinding a nitrogenous fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potash fertilizer, a drought-resistant agent, humic acid, a complexing agent, a control promoter and trace elements, and sieving the mixture by a sieve of 10 meshes to obtain a raw material 2;
mixing metalaxyl, fludioxonil and azoxystrobin, adding an auxiliary agent, grinding the product after reaction, and sieving the product with a 10-mesh sieve to obtain a raw material 3;
grinding the additive and sieving the powder with a 10-mesh sieve to obtain a raw material 4;
mixing the raw material 1, the raw material 2, the raw material 3 and the raw material 4 to obtain a solid raw material, adding water, and uniformly mixing, wherein the adding amount of the water accounts for 10% of the mass of the solid raw material;
the method for carrying out rice seedling raising and transplanting by using the organic rice seedling raising matrix comprises the following steps of:
firstly, making ridge stems around a seedbed in a rice seedling raising greenhouse, then paving a layer of plastic film, paving a layer of turfy soil with the thickness of 2-4 cm on the plastic film, then arranging a seedling raising tray, paving a layer of rice seedling raising organic matrix with the thickness of 1-3 cm in the seedling raising tray, and spraying liquid fertilizer; uniformly irrigating the organic rice seedling raising matrix in the seedling raising tray with water until the organic rice seedling raising matrix is saturated with water, maintaining for 3-5 days, stopping supplying irrigation water, and airing in the open air for 2-4 days until the water content of the organic rice seedling raising matrix is 30-40%; then, a layer of organic rice seedling raising matrix is laid until the total thickness of the organic rice seedling raising matrix reaches 3-4 cm;
the liquid fertilizer comprises, by mass, 10-15% of ammonium sulfate, 10-12% of diammonium phosphate, 20-30% of potassium sulfate and 0.05-0.1% of xanthan gum;
the liquid fertilizer contains xanthan gum, diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate, when the water content of the organic matrix for rice seedling is 30-40% after the organic matrix for rice seedling is injected with water and stops water, the viscosity of the organic matrix for rice seedling is improved, and the organic matrix for rice seedling contains a large amount of ions, so that the material fluidity is reduced, the heat capacity is improved, the environmental temperature of the root of the seedling can be stabilized, and the adverse effect on the seedling caused by the overlarge temperature difference between day and night is reduced.
Secondly, uniformly irrigating the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray with water until the water is saturated, sowing when the daily average temperature is stable to 8 ℃, uniformly scattering pretreated seeds on the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray during sowing, and finally covering soil and a plastic film;
third, management of seedling stage
Injecting water into the furrow in the seedling stage until the water level is higher than the seedling raising tray, then entering the organic matrix for raising rice seedlings in the seedling raising tray, and stopping injecting water when the water content of the organic matrix for raising rice seedlings is 60-70%; controlling the temperature of a rice seedling raising greenhouse to be 22-27 ℃ in the seedling stage, and ventilating and hardening seedlings for 1h every day after 2.5 leaf periods;
fourth, before transplanting
Stopping injecting water into the furrows before transplanting, then after 2-3 days, injecting a xanthan gum aqueous solution into the furrows until the liquid level is 1-1.5 cm higher than the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray and maintaining for 2-3 days, stopping injecting the xanthan gum aqueous solution, then separating the seedlings from the seedling raising tray after 1 day, spraying a chitosan solution to the roots of the seedlings, and then sun-drying the roots for 2-3 hours in the sun;
stopping injecting water into the furrow before transplanting, wherein the water content of the organic rice seedling raising matrix in the seedling raising tray is low after a few days, and more xanthan gum aqueous solution can be dissolved in the organic rice seedling raising matrix to form a high-viscosity gelatinous muddy water mixture; spraying chitosan solution to the roots of the seedlings, and drying the roots in the sun, wherein xanthan gum and chitosan at the roots of the seedlings form a gel protective layer; the colloidal muddy water mixture is coated on the roots of the seedlings, the gel protection layer is coated outside the colloidal muddy water mixture, the colloidal muddy water mixture and the gel protection layer play a role in lubrication in the mechanical transplanting process and the transplanting and transporting process, the roots of the seedlings can be protected from being damaged, the seedlings are easy to separate and cluster, the moisture balance of the seedling soil in the rice field can be maintained, the water content of the seedling soil is stable, and the loss of field fertilizers is prevented; the seedling lifting is easy during transplanting, the seedling root seedling raising soil does not fall off during transplanting, and the seedling root after transplanting has strong environmental adaptability.
The xanthan gum aqueous solution contains 0.3-0.6% of xanthan gum, 30-40% of ammonium sulfate and 30-40% of urea by mass fraction; the solvent in the chitosan solution is an acetic acid solution with the mass fraction of 1%, and the concentration of chitosan in the chitosan solution is 2-4%; the xanthan gum aqueous solution contains sulfuric acid and urea, the formed colloidal muddy water mixture has ion exchange capacity, the sulfuric acid and the urea are still positioned around roots under the colloidal muddy water mixture and the gel protective layer, the sulfuric acid and the urea can be quickly absorbed by the roots of seedlings in the green turning period after transplanting, the growth of new roots growing in the seedlings is facilitated, and the new roots can easily penetrate through the gel protective layer and are inserted into the soil of a paddy field for growth and development. And (3) drying the roots in the sun for 2-3 hours, wherein the water in the gel protective layer volatilizes to generate open capillary pores, and the water-gas exchange is facilitated after transplanting.
5. Transplanting:
and (3) mechanically transplanting, controlling the height of a water layer in the rice field to be 1/2-1/3 of the seedling height without submerging seedling cores after the transplanting is finished, emptying the water in the rice field after the green returning period is finished, drying the rice field for 4-6 hours, and recovering the water layer in the rice field to be 1/2 of the seedling height. The xanthan gum and the chitosan can be removed through biodegradation in the sun-cured field and the rice field.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the organic substrate for rice seedling culture is obtained by fermenting the powder of harmless treatment of crop straws and livestock and poultry manure and microbial strains serving as main raw materials, grass carbon and plough layer soil are not needed, and utilization of non-renewable resources and damage to farmland soil are reduced; the utilization of crop straws and the like avoids environmental pollution caused by straw burning. The organic matrix of the invention has good packing and light weight; the use of metalaxyl, fludioxonil and azoxystrobin reduces the occurrence of damping off, bakanae disease and pythium rot, and reduces the risk; the organic substrate increases the organic matter content of soil, can fertilize soil, enables rice to turn green fast, tilleres more and matures early, and can improve the yield and the rice yield.
The seedling raising and transplanting method can reduce mechanical injury, stabilize the environmental temperature of the seedling root, reduce adverse effects on the seedling caused by overlarge temperature difference between day and night, provide a relatively stable and balanced growth environment for the seedling growth, facilitate the growth of new roots, further ensure the growth amount and growth speed of the root system, shorten the time of the green turning period, promote tillering and improve the stress resistance; the rice seedlings cultivated by the method have robust seedling bodies, pure seedling colors, no plant diseases and insect pests, easy seedling lifting, no drop of seedling raising soil of seedling roots in the transplanting process, easy separation of the seedlings, the green turning period of the planted seedlings is only 3-4 days, and the yield of the rice is increased by 15-20%.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the technical scheme of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments listed below, and any reasonable combination of the specific embodiments is included.
The first embodiment is as follows: the organic substrate for raising rice seedlings in the embodiment is prepared from livestock and poultry manure powder in parts by weight: 5-35 parts of plant straw powder: 3-25 parts of humic acid: 0.5-2 parts of metalaxyl: 0.01-0.1 parts of fludioxonil: 0.01-0.1 part of azoxystrobin: 0.01-0.1 part of trace elements: 0.01-0.1 part of complexing agent: 0.01-0.1 part of a control promoter: 0.01-0.1 part of drought-resistant agent: 0.01-0.1 part of nitrogen fertilizer: 0.5-10 parts of phosphate fertilizer: 0.5-10 parts of potassium fertilizer: 0.1-10 parts of additive: 5-30 parts of auxiliary agent: 0.01-0.1 part;
the mass content of N element in the nitrogen fertilizer is more than 25 percent; the mass content of available phosphorus pentoxide in the phosphate fertilizer is more than 12 percent; the mass content of potassium oxide in the potash fertilizer is more than 57%.
The organic substrate for raising rice seedlings is obtained by fermenting the powder obtained by performing harmless treatment on crop straws and livestock and poultry manure and adding microbial strains as main raw materials, grass peat and plough layer soil are not needed, and utilization of non-renewable resources and damage to farmland soil are reduced; the utilization of crop straws and the like avoids environmental pollution caused by straw burning. The organic matrix of the invention has good packing and light weight; the use of metalaxyl, fludioxonil and azoxystrobin reduces the occurrence of damping off, bakanae disease and pythium rot, and reduces the risk; the organic substrate increases the organic matter content of soil, can fertilize soil, enables rice to turn green fast, tilleres more and matures early, and can improve the yield and the rice yield.
The second embodiment is as follows: the first difference between the present embodiment and the specific embodiment is: the trace elements are one or more of iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, molybdenum, silicon, boron, calcium and manganese.
The third concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment differs from the first or second embodiment in that: the additive is one or a mixture of more of vermiculite powder, perlite, slag powder, stone powder and zeolite powder in any proportion;
the auxiliary agent is an antifreezing agent, a complexing agent and a drought-resistant agent; the mass ratio of the antifreezing agent to the complexing agent to the drought resisting agent is 1:1: 1;
the anti-freezing agent is ethylene glycol, the complexing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetate, and the drought-resisting agent is fulvic acid;
the control promoter is as follows: one or a mixture of more of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, brassinolide, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, chlormequat chloride, heteroauxin, naphthylacetic acid, ABT rooting powder and potassium nitrophenolate in any proportion.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the method for carrying out rice seedling raising and transplanting by using the rice seedling raising organic matrix is carried out according to the following steps:
firstly, making ridge stems around a seedbed in a rice seedling raising greenhouse, then paving a layer of plastic film, paving a layer of turfy soil with the thickness of 2-4 cm on the plastic film, then arranging a seedling raising tray, paving a layer of rice seedling raising organic matrix with the thickness of 1-3 cm in the seedling raising tray, and spraying liquid fertilizer; uniformly irrigating the organic rice seedling raising matrix in the seedling raising tray with water until the organic rice seedling raising matrix is saturated with water, maintaining for 3-5 days, stopping supplying irrigation water, and airing in the open air for 2-4 days until the water content of the organic rice seedling raising matrix is 30-40%; then, a layer of organic rice seedling raising matrix is laid until the total thickness of the organic rice seedling raising matrix reaches 3-4 cm;
the liquid fertilizer comprises, by mass, 10-15% of ammonium sulfate, 10-12% of diammonium phosphate, 20-30% of potassium sulfate and 0.05-0.1% of xanthan gum;
secondly, uniformly irrigating the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray with water until the water is saturated, sowing when the daily average temperature is stable to 8 ℃, uniformly scattering pretreated seeds on the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray during sowing, and finally covering soil and a plastic film;
third, management of seedling stage
Injecting water into the furrow in the seedling stage until the water level is higher than the seedling raising tray, then entering the organic matrix for raising rice seedlings in the seedling raising tray, and stopping injecting water when the water content of the organic matrix for raising rice seedlings is 60-70%; controlling the temperature of a rice seedling raising greenhouse to be 22-27 ℃ in the seedling stage, and ventilating and hardening seedlings for 1h every day after the 2.5 leaf period;
fourth, before transplanting
Stopping injecting water into the furrows before transplanting, then after 2-3 days, injecting a xanthan gum aqueous solution into the furrows until the liquid level is 1-1.5 cm higher than the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray and maintaining for 2-3 days, stopping injecting the xanthan gum aqueous solution, then separating the seedlings from the seedling raising tray after 1 day, spraying a chitosan solution to the roots of the seedlings, and then sun-drying the roots for 2-3 hours in the sun;
the xanthan gum aqueous solution contains 0.3-0.6% of xanthan gum, 30-40% of ammonium sulfate and 30-40% of urea by mass fraction; the solvent in the chitosan solution is an acetic acid solution with the mass fraction of 1%, and the concentration of chitosan in the chitosan solution is 2-4%;
fifthly, transplanting:
and (3) mechanically transplanting, controlling the height of a water layer in the rice field to be 1/2-1/3 of the seedling height without submerging seedling cores after the transplanting is finished, emptying the water in the rice field after the green returning period is finished, drying the rice field for 4-6 hours, and recovering the water layer in the rice field to be 1/2 of the seedling height.
The seedling raising and transplanting method can reduce mechanical injury, stabilize the environmental temperature of the seedling root, reduce adverse effects on the seedling caused by overlarge temperature difference between day and night, provide a relatively stable and balanced growth environment for the seedling growth, facilitate the growth of new roots, further ensure the growth amount and growth speed of the root system, shorten the time of the green turning period, promote tillering and improve the stress resistance; the rice seedlings cultivated by the method have robust seedling bodies, pure seedling colors, no plant diseases and insect pests, easy seedling lifting, no drop of seedling raising soil of seedling roots in the transplanting process, easy separation of the seedlings, the green turning period of the planted seedlings is only 3-4 days, and the yield of the rice is increased by 15-20%.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fourth embodiments is: in the first step, the dosage of the liquid fertilizer is 30-40 g per square meter.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fifth embodiments is: the pretreatment process of the seeds comprises seed selection, seed drying, coating, seed soaking and germination acceleration;
firstly, seed selection: floating and selecting seeds by using a sodium chloride aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 10 percent, and depositing the seeds in the sodium chloride aqueous solution to obtain qualified seeds;
sun-drying seeds: uniformly spreading the qualified seeds on an airing rack for airing the seeds until the water content of the seeds is the same as that before seed selection;
③ coating: immersing the seeds subjected to sun planting in a coating agent aqueous solution, taking out and airing, putting the seeds in a sodium carboxymethylcellulose aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 1-1.5%, and taking out and airing the seeds; the coating agent and the coating method can provide high tillering rate, expel insects and improve the quality of seedlings;
the coating agent aqueous solution contains 0.1 to 0.8 percent of paclobutrazol and 0.5 to 1.5 percent of shibake according to mass fraction;
soaking seeds and accelerating germination: and soaking the coated seeds in 15-20 of water for 10-13 days, accelerating germination after soaking, and airing and germinating for 8-9 hours at the ambient temperature of 20-25 ℃.
The seventh embodiment: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to sixth embodiments is: and fourthly, using the chitosan solution in an amount of 30-50 g per square meter.
Example 1:
the organic substrate for raising rice seedlings is prepared from livestock and poultry manure powder in parts by weight: 30 parts of plant straw powder: 22 parts of humic acid: 1.5 parts, metalaxyl: 0.1 part, fludioxonil: 0.1 part of azoxystrobin: 0.1 part of trace elements: 0.1 part of complexing agent: 0.1 part of a control promoter: 0.1 part of drought-resistant agent: 0.05 part and nitrogen fertilizer: 6 parts of phosphate fertilizer: 6 parts of potassium fertilizer: 7 parts of additive: 26 parts and auxiliary agents: 0.1 part of the raw materials;
the mass content of the N element in the nitrogen fertilizer is 27 percent; the mass content of available phosphorus pentoxide in the phosphate fertilizer is 13%; the mass content of potassium oxide in the potash fertilizer is 58%;
the microelements comprise iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, molybdenum, silicon, boron, calcium and manganese; the trace elements are provided by one or more of iron fertilizer, copper fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer, molybdenum fertilizer, silicon fertilizer, boron fertilizer, calcium fertilizer and manganese fertilizer compounds as raw materials; the manganese fertilizer is manganese sulfate monohydrate; the calcium fertilizer is lime; the boron fertilizer is borax or boric acid; the silicon fertilizer is water-soluble silicon fertilizer (silicon dioxide content is 50%); the molybdenum fertilizer is ammonium molybdate; magnesium sulfate as magnesium fertilizer; the zinc fertilizer is zinc sulfate; the copper fertilizer is copper sulfate; the iron fertilizer is ferrous sulfate; the selenium fertilizer is selenium powder;
the additive is perlite; the auxiliary agent is an antifreezing agent, a complexing agent and a drought-resistant agent; the mass ratio of the antifreezing agent to the complexing agent to the drought resisting agent is 1:1: 1; the antifreezing agent is ethylene glycol, the complexing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetate, and the drought-resistant agent is fulvic acid; the control promoter is paclobutrazol;
the preparation method of the organic matrix for rice seedling culture comprises the following steps:
firstly, respectively carrying out harmless treatment, drying and grinding on livestock manure and plant straws, sieving the mixture by a sieve of 10 meshes to obtain livestock manure powder and plant straw powder, mixing the livestock manure powder, the plant straw powder and organic fertilizer strains, and fermenting to obtain a raw material 1;
the dominant flora contained in the organic fertilizer strain is bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and lactobacillus plantarum, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 80 hundred million/g;
secondly, mixing and grinding a nitrogenous fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potash fertilizer, a drought-resistant agent, humic acid, a complexing agent, a control promoter and trace elements, and sieving the mixture through a 10-mesh sieve to obtain a raw material 2;
mixing metalaxyl, fludioxonil and azoxystrobin, adding an auxiliary agent, grinding a product after reaction, and sieving the product by a 10-mesh sieve to obtain a raw material 3;
grinding the additive and sieving the powder by a 10-mesh sieve to obtain a raw material 4;
mixing the raw material 1, the raw material 2, the raw material 3 and the raw material 4 to obtain a solid raw material, adding water, and uniformly mixing, wherein the adding amount of the water accounts for 10% of the mass of the solid raw material;
the method for carrying out rice seedling raising and transplanting by using the rice seedling raising organic matrix comprises the following steps:
firstly, making ridge stems around a seedbed in a rice seedling raising greenhouse, then paving a layer of plastic film, paving a layer of turfy soil with the thickness of 3cm on the plastic film, then arranging a seedling raising tray, paving a layer of rice seedling raising organic matrix with the thickness of 2cm in the seedling raising tray, and spraying liquid fertilizer; uniformly irrigating the organic rice seedling raising matrix in the seedling raising tray with water until the organic rice seedling raising matrix is saturated with water, maintaining for 3-5 days, stopping supplying irrigation water, and airing in the open air for 3 days until the water content of the organic rice seedling raising matrix is 40%; then, a layer of organic matrix for rice seedling is paved until the total thickness of the organic matrix for rice seedling reaches 3.5 cm;
the liquid fertilizer contains 12% of ammonium sulfate, 12% of diammonium phosphate, 25% of potassium sulfate and 0.05% of xanthan gum by mass fraction; the dosage of the liquid fertilizer is 30g per square meter; the liquid fertilizer contains xanthan gum, diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate, when the water content of the organic rice seedling raising matrix is 40% after the organic rice seedling raising matrix is injected with water and stops supplying water, the viscosity of the organic rice seedling raising matrix is improved, a large amount of ions are contained, the material fluidity is reduced, the heat capacity is improved, the environmental temperature of the roots of the seedlings can be stabilized, and the adverse effect on the seedlings caused by overlarge temperature difference between day and night is reduced.
Secondly, uniformly irrigating the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray with water until the water is saturated, sowing when the daily average temperature is stable to 8 ℃, uniformly scattering pretreated seeds on the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray during sowing, and finally covering soil and a plastic film;
the pretreatment process of the seeds comprises seed selection, seed sunning, coating, seed soaking and germination acceleration;
firstly, seed selection: floating and selecting seeds by using a sodium chloride aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 10 percent, and depositing the seeds in the sodium chloride aqueous solution to obtain qualified seeds; the variety selected in the embodiment 1 is Longdao 21, the sowing is carried out in 15 days in 4 months, and the seedling age is 35 days;
sun-drying seeds: uniformly spreading the qualified seeds on an airing rack for airing the seeds until the water content of the seeds is the same as that of the seeds before seed selection;
thirdly, coating: immersing the seeds subjected to sun planting in a coating agent aqueous solution, taking out and airing, putting the seeds in a sodium carboxymethylcellulose aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 1.5%, taking out the seeds and airing; the coating agent and the coating method can provide high tillering rate, expel insects and improve the quality of seedlings; the low-concentration sodium carboxymethylcellulose which is coated later is adopted, so that the effective time of the medicament can be prolonged and a slow release barrier is formed compared with the simultaneous coating of the medicament and the sodium carboxymethylcellulose, the concentration of the medicament on the seed side is high, and the concentration on the outer side of a coating layer is low; the coating agent aqueous solution contains 0.6 percent of paclobutrazol and 0.8 percent of Schopper by mass fraction;
soaking seeds and accelerating germination: soaking the coated seeds in 20 days of water for 12 days, accelerating germination, and airing for germination for 9 hours at the ambient temperature of 25 ℃;
third, management of seedling stage
Injecting water into the furrow in the seedling stage until the water level is higher than the seedling raising tray, then feeding the water into the organic rice seedling raising matrix in the seedling raising tray, and stopping injecting water when the water content of the organic rice seedling raising matrix is 70%; controlling the temperature of a rice seedling raising greenhouse to be 24 ℃ in the seedling stage, and ventilating and hardening seedlings for 1h every day after the 2.5 leaf period;
fourth, before transplanting
Stopping injecting water into the ridge before transplanting, then after 3 days, injecting a xanthan gum aqueous solution into the ridge until the liquid level is 1.5cm higher than the organic matrix of the rice seedling in the seedling raising tray and maintaining for 3 days, stopping injecting the xanthan gum aqueous solution, then separating the seedlings from the seedling raising tray after 1 day, spraying a chitosan solution to the roots of the seedlings, and then drying the roots in the sun for 3 hours; the dosage of the chitosan solution is 40g per square meter;
stopping injecting water into the ridges before transplanting, wherein after several days, the water content of the organic rice seedling raising matrix in the seedling raising tray is low, and more xanthan gum aqueous solution can be dissolved in the organic rice seedling raising matrix to form a high-viscosity colloidal muddy water mixture; spraying chitosan solution to the roots of the seedlings, and drying the roots in the sun to form a gel protective layer by using xanthan gum and chitosan on the roots of the seedlings; the colloidal muddy water mixture is coated on the roots of the seedlings, the gel protection layer is coated outside the colloidal muddy water mixture, the colloidal muddy water mixture and the gel protection layer play a role in lubrication in the mechanical transplanting process and the transplanting and transporting process, the roots of the seedlings can be protected from being damaged, the seedlings are easy to separate and cluster, the moisture balance of the seedling soil in the rice field can be maintained, the water content of the seedling soil is stable, and the loss of field fertilizers is prevented; the seedling lifting is easy during transplanting, the seedling root seedling raising soil does not fall off during transplanting, and the seedling root after transplanting has strong environmental adaptability.
The xanthan gum aqueous solution contains 0.4% of xanthan gum, 35% of ammonium sulfate and 35% of urea by mass fraction; the solvent in the chitosan solution is an acetic acid solution with the mass fraction of 1%, and the concentration of chitosan in the chitosan solution is 3%; the xanthan gum aqueous solution contains sulfuric acid and urea, the formed colloidal muddy water mixture has ion exchange capacity, the sulfuric acid and the urea are still positioned around roots under the colloidal muddy water mixture and the gel protective layer, the sulfuric acid and the urea can be quickly absorbed by the roots of seedlings in the green turning period after transplanting, the growth of new roots growing in the seedlings is facilitated, and the new roots can easily penetrate through the gel protective layer and are inserted into the soil of a paddy field for growth and development. After the roots are dried in the sun, the water in the gel protective layer volatilizes to generate open capillary pores, and the water-gas exchange is facilitated after the roots are transplanted.
5. Transplanting:
mechanical rice transplanting is adopted, and the rice transplanting specification is as follows: the row spacing is 30cm, the plant spacing is 13cm, and 2-3 plants are planted in each hole; after the rice transplanting is finished, the height of a water layer in the rice field is controlled to be 1/2-1/3 of the height of seedlings without submerging seedling cores, water in the rice field is drained after the green returning period is finished, the rice field is dried for 5 hours, and then the water layer in the rice field is recovered to be 1/2 of the height of the seedlings. The xanthan gum and the chitosan can be removed through biodegradation in the sun-cured field and the rice field.
Applying fertilizers before and after transplanting: the base fertilizer comprises: 48 kg of pure nitrogen, 70 kg of pure phosphorus and 30 kg of pure potassium; the tiller fertilizer contains: 36 kg of pure nitrogen; the panicle fertilizer comprises: 24 kg of pure nitrogen and 30 kg of pure potassium; the granular fertilizer comprises: 12 kg of pure nitrogen.
The organic substrate for rice seedling cultivation is obtained by fermenting the powder obtained by performing harmless treatment on crop straws and livestock and poultry manure and adding microbial strains as main raw materials, grass peat and plough layer soil are not needed, and utilization of non-renewable resources and damage to farmland soil are reduced; the utilization of crop straws and the like avoids environmental pollution caused by straw burning. The organic matrix of the invention has good packing and light weight; the use of metalaxyl, fludioxonil and azoxystrobin reduces the occurrence of damping off, bakanae disease and pythium rot, and reduces the risk; the organic substrate increases the organic matter content of soil, can fertilize soil, enables rice to turn green quickly, tillers more, matures early, and can improve the yield and the rice yield.
The seedling raising and transplanting method can reduce mechanical injury, stabilize the environmental temperature of the seedling roots, reduce adverse effects on the seedlings caused by overlarge temperature difference between day and night, provide a relatively stable and balanced growth environment for the growth of the seedlings, facilitate the growth of new roots, further ensure the growth amount and growth speed of the root system, shorten the time of the green turning period, promote tillering and improve the stress resistance; the rice seedlings cultivated by the method have robust seedling bodies, pure seedling colors, no plant diseases and insect pests, easy seedling lifting, no falling of seedling raising soil of seedling roots in the transplanting process, easy separation of the seedlings, the seedling green turning period of the planted seedlings is only 4 days, the rice yield is increased by 18 percent, and the hectare yield reaches 9510 kg.
Claims (5)
1. The method for carrying out rice seedling raising and transplanting by using the organic rice seedling raising matrix is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
firstly, ridging around a seedbed in a rice seedling raising greenhouse, then paving a layer of plastic film, paving a layer of turfy soil with the thickness of 2-4 cm on the plastic film, then arranging a seedling raising tray, paving a layer of rice seedling raising organic matrix with the thickness of 1-3 cm in the seedling raising tray, and spraying liquid fertilizer; uniformly irrigating the organic rice seedling raising matrix in the seedling raising tray with water until the organic rice seedling raising matrix is saturated with water, maintaining for 3-5 days, stopping supplying irrigation water, and airing in the open air for 2-4 days until the water content of the organic rice seedling raising matrix is 30-40%; then, a layer of organic rice seedling raising matrix is laid until the total thickness of the organic rice seedling raising matrix reaches 3-4 cm;
the liquid fertilizer comprises, by mass, 10-15% of ammonium sulfate, 10-12% of diammonium phosphate, 20-30% of potassium sulfate and 0.05-0.1% of xanthan gum;
the organic substrate for seedling raising of rice is prepared from livestock and poultry manure powder in parts by weight: 5-35 parts of plant straw powder: 3-25 parts of humic acid: 0.5-2 parts of metalaxyl: 0.01-0.1 parts of fludioxonil: 0.01-0.1 part of azoxystrobin: 0.01-0.1 part of trace elements: 0.01-0.1 part of complexing agent: 0.01-0.1 part of a control agent: 0.01-0.1 part of drought-resistant agent: 0.01-0.1 part of nitrogen fertilizer: 0.5-10 parts of phosphate fertilizer: 0.5-10 parts of potash fertilizer: 0.1-10 parts of additive: 5-30 parts of auxiliary agent: 0.01-0.1 part;
the mass content of N element in the nitrogen fertilizer is more than 25 percent; the mass content of available phosphorus pentoxide in the phosphate fertilizer is more than 12 percent; the mass content of potassium oxide in the potash fertilizer is more than 57%;
secondly, uniformly irrigating the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray with water until the water is saturated, sowing when the daily average temperature is stable to 8 ℃, uniformly scattering pretreated seeds on the rice seedling organic matrix in the seedling raising tray during sowing, and finally covering soil and a plastic film;
third, management of seedling stage
Injecting water into the furrow in the seedling stage until the water level is higher than the seedling raising tray, then entering the organic matrix for raising rice seedlings in the seedling raising tray, and stopping injecting water when the water content of the organic matrix for raising rice seedlings is 60-70%; controlling the temperature of a rice seedling raising greenhouse to be 22-27 ℃ in the seedling stage, and ventilating and hardening seedlings for 1h every day after 2.5 leaf periods;
fourth, before transplanting
Stopping injecting water into the furrows before transplanting, then after 2-3 days, injecting a xanthan gum aqueous solution into the furrows until the liquid level is 1-1.5 cm higher than the organic matrix of the rice seedling in the seedling raising tray and maintaining for 2-3 days, stopping injecting the xanthan gum aqueous solution, then separating the seedlings from the seedling raising tray after 1 day, spraying a chitosan solution to the roots of the seedlings, then sunning the roots for 2-3 hours in the sun, forming a gel protective layer by the xanthan gum and the chitosan at the roots of the seedlings, generating open capillary pores by volatilization of water in the gel protective layer, and facilitating water-gas exchange after transplanting;
the gel protective layer plays a role in lubricating to protect the roots of the seedlings from being damaged, the seedlings are easy to separate and cluster, and meanwhile, the moisture balance of the seedling soil in the rice field can be maintained, so that the water content of the seedling soil is stable, and the loss of field fertilizers is prevented; the seedling root seedling raising soil does not fall off in the transplanting process; the green turning period of the planted seedlings is 3-4 days;
the xanthan gum aqueous solution contains 0.3-0.6% of xanthan gum, 30-40% of ammonium sulfate and 30-40% of urea by mass fraction; the solvent in the chitosan solution is an acetic acid solution with the mass fraction of 1%, and the concentration of chitosan in the chitosan solution is 2-4%;
fifthly, transplanting:
and (3) mechanically transplanting, controlling the height of a water layer in the rice field to be 1/2-1/3 of the seedling height without submerging seedling cores after the transplanting is finished, emptying the water in the rice field after the green returning period is finished, drying the rice field for 4-6 hours, and recovering the water layer in the rice field to be 1/2 of the seedling height.
2. The method for raising and transplanting rice seedlings by using the organic rice seedling raising substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the first step, the dosage of the liquid fertilizer is 30-40 g per square meter.
3. The method for raising and transplanting rice seedlings by using the organic rice seedling raising substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the pretreatment process of the seeds comprises seed selection, seed drying, coating, seed soaking and germination acceleration;
firstly, seed selection: floating and selecting seeds by using a sodium chloride aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 10 percent, and depositing the seeds in the sodium chloride aqueous solution to obtain qualified seeds;
sun-drying seeds: uniformly spreading the qualified seeds on an airing rack for airing the seeds until the water content of the seeds is the same as that of the seeds before seed selection;
③ coating: immersing the seeds subjected to sun planting in a coating agent aqueous solution, taking out and airing, then placing the seeds in a sodium carboxymethylcellulose aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 1-1.5%, and finally taking out and airing the seeds; the coating agent and the coating method can provide high tillering rate, expel insects and improve the quality of seedlings;
the coating agent aqueous solution contains 0.1 to 0.8 percent of paclobutrazol and 0.5 to 1.5 percent of shibake according to mass fraction;
soaking seeds and accelerating germination: and (3) soaking the coated seeds in water at 15-20 ℃ for 10-13 days, accelerating germination after soaking, and airing and germinating for 8-9 hours at the ambient temperature of 20-25 ℃.
4. The method for raising and transplanting rice seedlings by using the organic rice seedling raising substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and fourthly, using the chitosan solution in an amount of 30-50 g per square meter.
5. The method for raising and transplanting rice seedlings by using the organic rice seedling raising substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the trace elements are one or more of iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, boron and manganese.
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