CN111484551B - 一种聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 - Google Patents
一种聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及基因工程药物领域,具体涉及一种新的聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其制备方法。本发明采用直链单甲氧基聚乙二醇醛来修饰人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子。修饰反应在酸性反应体系、PEG摩尔数过量、蛋白浓度在2‑10mg/ml等条件下进行,反应混合物经过分子筛层析等步骤进行纯化获得纯品。本发明所述的聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在制备用于促进创面修复药物中具有广泛的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及基因工程药物领域,具体涉及一种新的聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其制备方法。
背景技术
1986年,科学家克隆并表征了编码FGF-2的人类基因。在随后的几十年中,一些实验室从大肠杆菌细胞中获得了重组FGF-2,也称为碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和FGF-β,它是一种通过FGF-2基因编码的生长因子和信号蛋白,是成纤维细胞生长因子家族的成员。已知现在有24种FGF成员,并且已经确定了这些细胞因子的四种受体(FGFR)。
各种细胞合成FGF-2,调节特定种类细胞的增殖和分化。FGF-2在生物体内和体外表现出有效的血管生成作用,刺激平滑肌细胞的生长,促进伤口愈合和组织再生。
由于bFGF具有促进伤口愈合作用,使得它成为具有重要商业价值的治疗剂。bFGF也可能在神经系统的分化、眼睛和骨骼的再生中起重要作用。
重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(rhbFGF)是由146个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,理论等电点/分子量为9.59/16407.81KDa。美国有研究机构展开了rhbFGF局部应用治疗褥疮和皮肤损伤的临床研究。结果表明,在局部应用后15min至4h未发现药物进入血液系统,但却可以明显促进褥疮愈合。组织学检查发现,治疗后创面成纤维细胞和毛细血管增加。rhbFGF在其它类型皮肤损伤的疗效也是肯定的。中国的研究和产业化机构也开展了类似的研究,经过严格的双盲自身对照临床试验,证明了rhbFGF对人体烧伤、创伤、手术伤等伤口具有显著的促进愈合作用,无局部及全身毒副作用。应用rhbFGF制剂后,不仅伤口愈合速度快,而且可以减少疤痕的形成。临床应用还表明,rhbFGF产品对于难治性溃疡(如褥疮、糖尿病导致的肤体溃疡伴有末梢神经炎等)有独特的疗效。2000年3月中国国家药品监督管理局批准了北京双鹭药业股份有限公司的rhbFGF上市。
当前,重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(rhbFGF)在人体的应用研究非常广泛,已经涉及到临床十余个专业科室,如下表1。
表1.rhbFGF的临床及潜在临床应用
随着临床使用的拓展,bFGF制剂的缺点也逐渐暴露。例如,其在体内半衰期短,易降解。研究表明,bFGF在大鼠等动物体内的半衰期仅为6分钟左右(China Pharmacy,2000年11卷第2期);未见在人体的半衰期报道。全身或局部应用时会很快被稀释代谢,无论是全身和局部使用,疗效都不令人满意。而频繁给药又会降低患者的依从性。
学界和产业界从未间断进行提升bFGF疗效的研究和探索。例如,近年来有人采用高分子纳米微球缓释技术研究bFGF-PLGA缓释微球,用于促进组织工程瓣膜的生长;还有研制CBD-bFGF双亲多层缓释体系促进血管再生的报导。
无论哪一种产品改造方式,主要目标都是提升临床使用的便捷性和患者的依从性。但当前已经上市的产品无一能够克服半衰期短的缺点,理论上需要反复揭开粘连的伤口进行高频次给药,这对于皮肤或粘膜疾患的患者来说很难依从,也给医护人员给药操作带来极大不便。
另外,当前上市的同类型重组制品,甚至未进行系统的药代动力学研究,临床用法带有一定的盲目性。研制半衰期长于当前产品的新型bFGF制剂,必将在临床上克服当前产品的缺陷。
实现蛋白质药物长效化的方法有很多,聚乙二醇修饰是常见的一种。但并不是所有蛋白质都适合进行聚乙二醇修饰,其中工艺可行性、工艺经济学、活性损失是重要的考量指标。
聚乙二醇是乙二醇的聚体,其特性因聚合物分子大小而异。聚乙二醇被用于塑形剂、柔软剂、保湿剂、上光剂、化妆品、药品助溶、橡胶工业等,也用于食品或动物饲料添加剂。聚乙二醇分子呈线状或分支状,通常溶于水和有机溶剂。
聚乙二醇用于生物医药领域的原因在于其助溶性和表面保护特性,其免疫原性极低。聚乙二醇与蛋白分子共价结合后可以改变蛋白分子的一些特性,从而进一步拓展药物蛋白的应用范围。
用聚乙二醇修饰已获成功的药物包括:PEG-ADA用于酶替代治疗ADA缺乏导致的免疫缺陷;PEG-rhG-CSF在使用中也表现出更好的稳定性,并试图改用口服途径给药;PEG-TNFα随着修饰程度的提高,活性降低,但血浆半衰期显著提高;PEG-IL-2在保留体内外生物活性的同时,血浆半衰期明显提高。PEG与寡核苷酸的共价结合物也已被研制出来,其抵御核酸外切酶的能力提高了10余倍。其他聚乙二醇修饰蛋白包括木瓜蛋白酶、胶原蛋白、血清IgG、α1蛋白酶抑制剂、生长激素释放因子、过氧化氢酶、尿酸酶、血红蛋白等。
聚乙二醇修饰技术目前已较为成熟,使用该技术对部分大分子蛋白类药物修饰后,可以达到延长体内半衰期,在保持生物等效的前提下减小给药剂量、减轻毒副作用、降低生产成本的目的。因此对于现有产品的升级换代将发挥重要作用。
目前,聚乙二醇修饰的优点已成为共识。但以往聚乙二醇修饰同样存在一些不足,如:由于第一代聚乙二醇修饰剂(如聚乙二醇琥珀酰亚胺脂)修饰的非选择性,使得修饰产物呈不均一性,且对于修饰混合物的分离有一定技术难度。目的修饰物收率明显降低,从而影响药物的规模化制备,且聚乙二醇的过多结合势必影响到生物活性。
也有关于成纤维细胞生长因子类蛋白质进行PEG修饰的研究,例如:有学者采用PEG-20kD丁醛作为修饰剂,修饰了人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子和角化细胞生长因子,取得了较好的修饰物。
关于聚乙二醇修饰重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的研究并不多见。有学者报道了一种分子量10kD的PEG-马来酰亚胺作为修饰剂来修饰bFGF,获得了单修饰产品,修饰后的产品保留了30%的活性,文献参考:Advanced Biomedical Research,2015;1-6。还有中国学者采用分子量5kDa的PEG-马来酰亚胺作为修饰剂来修饰bFGF的突变体(将分子内的25、69、92位Cys突变为Ser,仅保存87位半胱氨酸作为修饰位点),获得了单一修饰产品,修饰物保留了约60%的生物活性(Wu X,Li X,Zeng Y,Zheng Q,Wu S.Site-directedPEGylation of human basic fibroblast growth factor.Protein Expr Purif 2006;48:24-7.)。PEG-马来酰亚胺修饰的是蛋白质分子中半胱氨酸上游离的巯基,而天然的人bFGF分子内含有四个半胱氨酸,且都是游离的,并不形成二硫键。因此,采用该修饰剂很难获得单一修饰的产品;如果采用突变手段仅保留bFGF上的一个半胱氨酸作为修饰位点,这种突变又有增加目标蛋白免疫原性的风险。
有中国专利(申请号201110125336.7和201110261405.7)报道了聚乙二醇修饰的人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子。该方法采用柱上修饰,修饰物是mPEG-20kD丁醛,反应缓冲液为pH6.5的磷酸缓冲液。该专利技术解决了单一修饰与多修饰的问题,是一个方法专利。但是,按照该技术制备的PEG-bFGF,并未阐明修饰位点等信息,修饰产物在化学上并不是定点单一修饰的纯品,而有可能是不同位点单一修饰物的混合物,而不同位点修饰对产物的抗蛋白酶降解、活性、表观分子量以及其它药学和药理学指标都有显著影响。众所周知,mPEG丁醛的修饰位点是氨基酸上游离的氨基,而bFGF是碱性蛋白,分子内含有14赖氨酸和11个精氨酸。在该专利提供的方法中,这25个碱性氨基酸侧链上的氨基都有可能成为被修饰位点,从而产生难以分离的不同位点单修饰的混合物。
如何获得定点的单PEG修饰的bFGF仍然是业界需要解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种新的聚乙二醇修饰重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(PEG-rhbFGF)。为此,需要考虑如下因素:
首先,聚乙二醇的链型对修饰反应至关重要。从反应机理方面来说,不同结构的聚乙二醇分子的结合反应本应没有不同。但通常直连、支链、星形和树形四者的反应效率有所不同,反应效率由高到低顺序为直连、支链、星形、树形,很有可能是聚乙二醇的空间结构的影响所致。优选直链结构的聚乙二醇对反应效率有益。
其次,用于与蛋白质分子上相应基团进行反应的聚乙二醇分子上的活性基团也很重要。第一代修饰剂聚乙二醇酯类修饰剂反应所需摩尔量通常为蛋白质摩尔量的10倍以上,对于某些药物的修饰甚至要在50倍或更多,投入成本较高使可行性下降;聚乙二醇酯可以与蛋白质或酶分子上的N端氨基酸、赖氨酸甚至组氨酸等多种氨基酸连接,反应专一性较差,修饰产物大多是混合物,不容易得到均一物质,且聚乙二醇连接过多势必影响被修饰物的生物活性。聚乙二醇酯性状也不很稳定,很容易水解失活,不利于修饰反应的进行。第二代修饰剂,如聚乙二醇醛类,可以在氰基硼氢化钠(也称为氢硼氰化钠)存在下,与蛋白质的N端氨基键的伯胺发生还原氨化反应,获得N端单一聚乙二醇修饰的产物,一定程度上解决了定点修饰的问题和修饰产物均一性问题。如美国安进公司上市产品Neulasta就是采用的这种修饰剂。
再次,通常情况下,在修饰反应中,聚乙二醇投入量应大于或远大于蛋白质的量,以达到提高修饰效率的目的。但聚乙二醇的过量,增加了反应结合物再次反应的几率,从而增加了多聚乙二醇修饰物的产生,影响了产物的均一性,给后续纯化带来一定难度。因此优化反应底物的摩尔比也是本发明关注的点。本发明优选的聚乙二醇与bFGF的摩尔比为2-10∶1。
第四,另一个影响修饰效率的因素是反应条件。对于聚乙二醇醛来说,通常选择酸性条件,并利用蛋白质N末端pK值的优势,修饰N末端氨基。此反应虽然专一性较强,但不能完全避免聚乙二醇与蛋白质侧链赖氨酸游离氨基反应。有研究表明,随着反应体系pH值的升高,结合与赖氨酸的聚乙二醇会增多。因此,优选低pH值进行反应是本发明推崇的条件。
第五,反应时间也是一个重要的方面。聚乙二醇醛分子反应所需时间较长,随着时间的延续,多修饰物的产生不断增多。优选的反应时间在5-20小时。
最后,温度是本发明关注的又一个反应条件。为了最大限度减少温度对产物活性的影响,低温2-8摄氏度是较理想的范围。
综合以上考虑,为了解决聚乙二醇修饰bFGF中难点,发明人利用单甲氧基聚乙二醇醛(mPEG-CHO)在酸性条件下对蛋白质N端的α氨基有较强的连接反应的特性,采用单甲氧基聚乙二醇醛作为修饰剂,控制适宜的反应条件,尝试制备单一N端修饰的PEG化bFGF。这种聚乙二醇修饰物具有几方面特点:
1.定向的单一修饰,反应产物均一度高,便于后续的分离纯化;
2.修饰物半衰期较未修饰的蛋白有明显的提高;
3.免疫原性明显降低;
4.增加了目标蛋白溶解度。
本发明的另一个目的是提供实现本发明的技术方案,包括具体的物料选择与实现的步骤或流程。
本发明所选择的PEG修饰剂是分子量为1-60kDa的直链单甲氧基聚乙二醇醛基化合物(mPEG-CHO),其醛基可以选自乙醛、丙醛、丁醛、戊醛;优选的PEG是分子量为5-40kDa的直链单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛(mPEG-pALD);更优选的PEG是分子量为10-30kDa的直链单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛;最优选的PEG是分子量为20kDa的直链单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛(mPEG20kDa-pALD);上述PEG有非常广泛的商业来源途径。所述优选的PEG分子结构式如下:
本发明所述的PEG-rhbFGF分子中的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子是重组天然的人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子或具有相同N端并且活性相似的突变体;优选地,所述bFGF是天然人bFGF,其编码DNA序列和氨基酸序列分别如SEQ ID NO.1和SEQ ID NO.2所示。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供上述新的PEG-rhbFGF的制备方法。
在本发明的一个实施例中,将人工合成的如SEQ ID NO.1所示的编码人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的基因克隆到原核表达载体pBV220,然后转染大肠杆菌DH5α,筛选高效表达菌株。表达菌经过发酵、破菌等环节,收集上清液,再经过肝素亲和层析制备纯度90%以上bFGF纯品。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,在氢硼氰化钠存在的条件下,采用分子量20kDa的直链单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛(购自键凯科技)进行了修饰反应。修饰反应在酸性反应体系、PEG摩尔数过量、蛋白浓度在2-10mg/ml等条件下进行,反应结束后反应混合物经过分子筛层析和肝素亲和层析等步骤进行纯化获得了PEG20kDa-rhbFGF修饰物的纯品。
本发明还对修饰位点进行了间接验证。采用Edman化学降解法进行修饰产物测序发现,在检测过程中不能显示降解下来的第一个氨基酸,间接说明本发明所述的修饰产物是N端修饰产物。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,采用Balb/c 3T3细胞,用MTT法测定产品的体外活性,结果表明,修饰物保留约10%的生物活性。
附图说明
图1.本图为表达人bFGF的质粒pBV-hbFGF的结构示意图。其中,pBV220是商业化载体,可以很方便地从商业途径获得;编码bFGF的DNA序列为人工合成;EcoRI和BamHI为插入位点。
图2.本图为反应混合物与反应混合物纯化后的SDS-PAGE电泳图;第一泳道为分子量标准;第2泳道为纯化前反应混合物,显示了反应混合物中存在多修饰的情况。第3泳道为纯化的PEG20kDa-rhbFGF,经凝胶成像仪扫描,该条带的表观分子量是44.3kDa,比理论分子量36.4kDa大,是因为聚乙二醇像一个易弯曲的长尾巴,减缓了整体迁移速度所致。
图3.本图为含起始密码子的编码人bFGF的DNA和相应氨基酸对应表。其中,起始密码子编码的氨基酸为甲硫氨酸,翻译后会被氨肽酶切除。
具体实施方式
为了更好的说明本专利的实施过程,我们列举如下实施例。需要说明的是,以下所列举的实施例是本发明思路和精神的具体体现,并不是本发明专利说明书内容的范围限制。随着生物技术的进展,不同的方法路径均可以达到本发明的目的。
实施例1 重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的制备
1)高效表达株的构建:
参考中国生化药物杂志1996年03期的文章“人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆与表达”提供的方法,将SEQ ID NO.1所示的,DNA序列克隆到pBV220载体构建高效表达载体pBV-hbFGF,结构如图1所示。表达载体转化大肠杆菌DH5α,建立了高效表达宿主菌。重组人bFGF的氨基酸序列和编码DNA序列见图3。
种子培养基采用普通LB培养基。发酵培养基采用M9培养基加酪蛋白水解物,配方如下:
试剂名称 | 含量(g/L) |
Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·12H<sub>2</sub>O | 12.0 |
KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> | 3.0 |
NH<sub>4</sub>Cl | 1.0 |
NaCl | 0.5 |
蛋白胨 | 5.0 |
葡萄糖 | 4.0 |
MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O | 0.13 |
将菌种接种到普通LB培养基,在摇床中培养5~8小时,使培养液OD600大于1.2。在灭菌培养基中接种10%种子液。30℃培养4h,OD600达到1.2时,提高培养温度到42℃,连续通气培养4h,最后离心收集菌体。发酵参数:搅拌150rpm,通气量20L/min,压力6.0PSIG,溶解氧100%,pH7.2,温度30℃。
3)菌体的裂解及初步纯化
以20mMTris-HCl,1mM的EDTA-Na2,0.1M NaCl,pH7.4缓冲液充分洗涤菌体,去除残留的培养基组分。经洗涤的菌体按1∶10(w/v)悬浮于20mM Tris-HCl,1mM EDTA-Na2,2mM β-巯基乙醇,0.1M NaCl,pH7.4的缓冲液中,冰浴下超声破菌,采用脉冲超声模式,间歇时间占50%,超声强度为18,超声时间360秒。然后15000r/min离心20min收集上清。
4)肝素柱分离纯化
所用填料为Pharmacia公司生产的Heparin-Sepharose CL-6B,肝素柱先用20mMTris-HCl,1mM EDTA-Na2,2mM β-巯基乙醇,0.1M NaCl,pH7.4缓冲液平衡,然后上样,上样后用相同缓冲液洗脱杂蛋白峰,洗至基线后再用含1.5M NaCl的20mMTris-HCl,pH7.4缓冲液洗脱,收集蛋白洗脱峰。收集的目标峰用20mM的NaAC-HAC(pH4.0-5.0)醋酸钠一醋酸缓冲液透析,完成缓冲液的交换。然后采用10kd的超滤膜超滤浓缩至蛋白浓度为2-10mg/ml,备用。
实施例2.PEG化反应
反应条件:pH为5.0(通常可选4.0-6.0),4摄氏度(通常可选2-8℃),rhbFGF浓度为5mg/ml(可选范围通常为2-10mg/ml)。
步骤:取实施例1中获得的bFGF浓缩液,加入相当于bFGF摩尔数3倍(通常选2-10倍)的过量mPEG20kDa-ALD,震荡至PEG完全溶解后;加入NaCNBH3至浓度为20mM/L(通常为10-100mM)并快速震荡溶解;2-8℃反应15个小时(通常可选5-20小时);加入摩尔数2倍于PEG量的甘氨酸用于终止反应。反应产物可用下式表示:
实施例3.反应产物纯化
1)分子筛层析
采用5.6cm×100cm的Sephacryl S-200层析柱,平衡缓冲液选用弱酸性溶液即20mM NaNc-HAc,pH4.0。加入0.1MNaCl以增加离子强度。上样量为2-5%柱体积,流速为30ml/min。蠕动泵,型号100,保定兰格恒流泵有限公司产品;紫外检测仪,型号8823B,北京宾达英创科技有限公司;
用20mM的NaAc-HAc pH4.0的缓冲液平衡分子筛柱至流出液pH值为4.0。取PEG反应物上样于层析柱中,用缓冲液20mM NaAc-HAc pH4.0对分子筛层析柱进行平衡洗脱,视紫外吸收值,收集目标蛋白吸收峰,进行蛋白定量和电泳检测。
2)肝素柱层析
层析前,将上一步的层析产物透析到20mM Tris-HCl,1mM EDTA-Na2,2mM β-巯基乙醇,0.1M NaCl,pH7.4缓冲液平衡。然后上样到经过平衡的Heparin-Sepharose CL-6B亲和柱,上样后用相同缓冲液洗脱杂蛋白峰,洗至基线后再用含1.5M NaCl的20mMTris-HCl,pH7.4缓冲液洗脱,收集蛋白洗脱峰。
实施例4.SDS-PADE电泳检测
电泳仪DYY-6C,非还原电泳,浓缩胶5%,分离胶15%;
将分离的修饰物上样,体积10μl;
电压设置:80V,30min;180V,60min
检测结果:经凝胶成像系统分析后得出,聚乙二醇主要条带修饰效率大于50%。主要条带的分子量为44.3kDa,而理论的分子量应为36.4kDa。这是因为聚乙二醇在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中迁移时,聚乙二醇像一个易弯曲的长尾巴,减缓了整体迁移速度所致。如图2.
实施例5.比活测定
采用Balb/c小鼠3T3细胞,MTT法测定。3T3细胞在10%小牛血清的DMEM培养基中传代培养2-3天,用D-Hank′液洗2次,重新悬浮于10%小牛血清的DMEM培养基中,调整细胞密度为2×105细胞/ml,按种于96孔板中培养,每孔100μl,12h后换含0.4%小牛血清的DMEM培养液,换液后24h加入不同浓度的PEG-20kDa-rhbFGF(3倍稀释自100ng/ml开始),培养20h后加入MTT(5mg/ml溶于PBS)20μl,培养6h加入DMF裂解后测OD 540nm光吸收值,根据参比品(中国药品生物制品检定所提供)和待测样品稀释度的差异,计算出待测样品的活性(IU)。
经计算,修饰产物的比活性比修饰前保留10%左右,两次测活结果分别为4.12×104IU、3.65×104IU。修饰前比活性通常为3.5×105IU。
实施例6.半衰期测定
成年雄性SD大鼠3只,体重180-200g,以20μg/kg的剂量单次皮下注射给予PEG-20kDaALD-rhbFGF修饰蛋白,分别于给药后0、3、6、10、24、30、48、54、72、96、120、144、168h自眼眶静脉丛采血,分离血浆,用ELISA法检测血浆药物浓度,采用DAS Version软件进行数据处理并计算血清循环半衰期。PEG-20kDaALD-rhbFGF修饰蛋白的血清循环半衰期可达到2-6h以上。
Claims (3)
1.一种聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子,其特征是所述聚乙二醇与重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子N末端的氨基酸以化学键结合,其中的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子是如SEQIDNO.2所示的人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子;其中的聚乙二醇是分子量为20kD的直链单甲氧聚乙二醇醛;
所述的聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的制备方法,主要步骤为:
1)表达人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的基因工程菌经过发酵、纯化,制备重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子;
2)聚乙二醇修饰剂与重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子反应,反应条件为:缓冲液体系pH值为4-6,反应温度为2-8摄氏度,聚乙二醇修饰剂与重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的摩尔比为2-10:1,重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的浓度为2-10mg/ml,反应体系中存在氢硼氰化钠,反应时间为5-20小时;
3)反应混合物可用但不限于包括分子筛层析在内的层析方法进行纯化以获得修饰产物的纯品。
2.如权利要求1所述的聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子,是由直链聚乙二醇醛通过其末端醛基与重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的N端氨基键的伯胺发生还原氨化反应而获得。
3.如权利要求1-2任意一项所述的聚乙二醇修饰的重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在制备用于促进组织修复的药物中的应用。
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