CN111224159A - 一种非水电解液及锂离子电池 - Google Patents
一种非水电解液及锂离子电池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 9
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propane sultone Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCO1 FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCCO1 MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XDJSUFKXJGFOKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolan-2-one;ethene Chemical compound C=C.O=C1OCCO1 XDJSUFKXJGFOKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
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- 229910011297 LiCox Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910013172 LiNixCoy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002991 LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DZMOLBFHXFZZBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OCC=C DZMOLBFHXFZZBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBUAYSSKTAGAGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OCC#C SBUAYSSKTAGAGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
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Abstract
为克服现有非水电解液中加入不饱和磷酸酯会导致钝化膜界面阻抗增大,劣化电池低温性能的问题,本发明提供了一种非水电解液,包括溶剂、锂盐以及添加剂A和添加剂B,所述添加剂A选自于结构式1所示的化合物,所述添加剂B选自结构式2和结构式3所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
Description
技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池技术领域,具体涉及一种非水电解液及锂离子电池。
背景技术
目前消费类电子数码产品和新能源汽车的发展,电池的能量密度要求越来越高,使得商用锂离子电池难以满足要求。采用高电压正极材料和高能量密度正负极材料(如正极采用高镍材料,负极采用硅碳材料)是提升锂离子电池能量密度的有效途径。虽然采用这些正负极材料的非水电解液电池已经实用化,但在耐久性使用上还无法让人满意,尤其是在高温45℃下使用寿命较短。特别是对于动力汽车和储能系统,非水电解液锂离子电池要求在寒冷地区也能正常工作,更要兼顾高低温性能。
日本松下电器产业株式会社在中国申请号CN00801010.2的专利公开了一种含(R1a)P=(O)(OR2a)(OR3a)(其中,R1a,R2a,R3a表示独立的碳原子数为7-12的脂肪族烃基)化合物的电解液,其有效地控制了随着充放电循环的进行而出现的放电容量下降和高温保存时电池特性下降的现象。中国专利CN201310046105.6和CN201410534841.0分别公开了一种含烯丙基磷酸酯和炔丙基磷酸酯的电解液,该电解液均可以提高电池的高温储存及高温循环性能。
本申请发明人通过大量实验发现不饱和的磷酸酯虽然能够明显提高电池的高温储存及高温循环性能,但不饱和的磷酸酯添加剂在电极界面所形成的钝化膜导电性较差,导致界面阻抗较大,明显劣化了低温性能,抑制了非水锂离子电池在低温条件下的应用。
发明内容
针对现有非水电解液中不饱和磷酸酯加入导致钝化膜界面阻抗增大,劣化电池低温性能的问题,本发明提供了一种非水电解液及锂离子电池。
本发明解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案如下:
一方面,本发明提供了一种非水电解液,包括溶剂、锂盐以及添加剂A和添加剂B,所述添加剂A选自于结构式1所示的化合物,所述添加剂B选自结构式2和结构式3所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
其中,R1为含有碳原子数为2-5的烯基或碳原子数为2-5的炔基,R2为碳原子数为1-5的氟代烷基,R3为碳原子数为1-4的烷基、碳原子数为6-10的芳基、碳原子数为2-5的烯基、碳原子数为2-5的炔基或碳原子数为1-5的氟代烷基。
根据本发明提供的非水电解液,加入了结构式1所示的添加剂A以及结构式2或结构式3所示的添加剂B,其中,添加剂A和添加剂B均能够在正极和负极上发生分解,添加剂A和添加剂B的分解物复合形成钝化膜,该钝化膜能够抑制正负极活性物质与非水电解液之间的反应,防止其分解,提高了电池性能,降低界面阻抗,且由添加剂A和添加剂B分解复合而成的钝化膜显示出了各添加剂单独添加无法达到的高低温性能兼顾特性。
可选的,以所述非水电解液的质量为100%计,所述添加剂A的质量百分含量为0.1%~2%,所述添加剂B的质量百分含量小于0.5%。
可选的,所述添加剂A选自如下化合物1~12中的一种或多种:
可选的,所述非水电解液还包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯和氟代碳酸乙烯酯中的一种或多种。
可选的,所述非水电解液还包括1,3-丙烷磺内酯和1,4-丁烷磺内酯中的一种或多种。
可选的,所述溶剂包括碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯和碳酸甲丙酯中的一种或多种。
可选的,所述锂盐包括LiPF6、LiBF4、LiBOB、LiSbF6、LiAsF6、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiC(SO2CF3)3和LiN(SO2F)2中的一种或多种。
另一方面,本发明还提供了一种锂离子电池,包括正极、负极以及如上所述的非水电解液。
可选的,所述正极包括正极活性材料,所述正极活性材料为LiNixCoyMnzL(1-x-y-z)O2,其中,L为Al、Sr、Mg、Ti、Ca、Zr、Zn、Si、Cu、V或Fe,0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1,0≤z≤1,0≤x+y+z≤1。
可选的,所述正极活性材料为LiCoxL(1-x)O2,其中,L为Al、Sr、Mg、Ti、Ca、Zr、Zn、Si、Cu、V或Fe,0<x≤1。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所解决的技术问题、技术方案及有益效果更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
本发明一实施例公开了一种非水电解液,包括溶剂、锂盐以及添加剂A和添加剂B,所述添加剂A选自于结构式1所示的化合物,所述添加剂B选自结构式2和结构式3所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
其中,R1为含有碳原子数为2-5的烯基或碳原子数为2-5的炔基,R2为碳原子数为1-5的氟代烷基,R3为碳原子数为1-4的烷基、碳原子数为6-10的芳基、碳原子数为2-5的烯基、碳原子数为2-5的炔基或碳原子数为1-5的氟代烷基。
根据本发明提供的非水电解液,加入了结构式1所示的添加剂A以及结构式2或结构式3所示的添加剂B,其中,添加剂A和添加剂B均能够在正极和负极上发生分解,添加剂A和添加剂B的分解物复合形成钝化膜,该钝化膜能够抑制正负极活性物质与非水电解液之间的反应,防止其分解,提高了电池性能,降低界面阻抗,且由添加剂A和添加剂B分解复合而成的钝化膜显示出了各添加剂单独添加无法达到的高低温性能兼顾特性。
在不同的实施例中,可调节所述添加剂A和所述添加剂B在电解液中的添加量,来调节电解液及采用该电解液的电池的高低温性能和综合性能。
一般来说,本申请的电解液中,添加剂A和添加剂B的添加量按照常规添加剂的添加量即可,但是需要特别说明的是,在一定的优选范围内,添加剂A和添加剂B能够体现出明显的协同效果,更有利于电池性能的提升。
具体的,在优选的实施例中,以所述非水电解液的质量为100%计,所述添加剂A的质量百分含量为0.1%~2%,所述添加剂B的质量百分含量小于0.5%。具体的,所述添加剂A的质量百分含量可以为0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1%、1.2%、1.4%、1.6%、1.8%或2%;所述添加剂B的质量百分含量可以为0.05%、0.1%、0.15%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%或0.5%。
当所述添加剂A或所述添加剂B的添加量处于上述范围之外时,不利于电池低温性能的提高。
在一些实施例中,所述添加剂A选自如下化合物1~12中的一种或多种:
在一些实施例中,所述非水电解液还包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯和氟代碳酸乙烯酯中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中,所述非水电解液还包括1,3-丙烷磺内酯和1,4-丁烷磺内酯中的一种或多种。
所述碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯、氟代碳酸乙烯酯、1,3-丙烷磺内酯和1,4-丁烷磺内酯为非水电解液的添加剂,能够在石墨负极表面形成更稳定的钝化膜,从而显著提高了锂离子电池的循环性能。优选地,所述非水电解液中,所述添加剂的质量含量为0.1%-5%,优选0.2%-5%,更优选0.5%-3%。
在一些实施例中,所述溶剂包括碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯和碳酸甲丙酯中的一种或多种。
更优选的,所述溶剂为碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸二乙酯和碳酸甲乙酯的组合物。
在一些实施例中,所述锂盐包括LiPF6、LiBF4、LiBOB、LiSbF6、LiAsF6、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiC(SO2CF3)3和LiN(SO2F)2中的一种或多种。
所述锂盐的含量可在较大范围内变动,优选情况下,所述锂离子电池非水电解液中,锂盐的含量为0.1%~15%。
本发明的另一实施例提供了一种锂离子电池,包括正极、负极以及如上所述的非水电解液。
所述正极包括正极活性材料,所述正极活性材料为LiNixCoyMnzL(1-x-y-z)O2,其中,L为Al、Sr、Mg、Ti、Ca、Zr、Zn、Si、Cu、V或Fe,0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1,0≤z≤1,0≤x+y+z≤1。
更优选的,所述正极活性材料为LiCoxL(1-x)O2,其中,L为Al、Sr、Mg、Ti、Ca、Zr、Zn、Si、Cu、V或Fe,0<x≤1。
所述正极还包括有用于引出电流的正极集流体,所述正极活性材料覆盖于所述正极集流体上。
所述负极包括负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料可由碳材料、金属合金、含锂氧化物及含硅材料制得。
所述负极还包括有用于引出电流的负极集流体,所述负极活性材料覆盖于所述负极集流体上。
在一些实施例中,所述正极和所述负极之间还设置有隔膜,所述隔膜为锂离子电池领域的常规隔膜,因此不再赘述。
本发明实施例提供的锂离子电池,由于含有上述非水电解液,能够有效提高锂离子电池的高低温性能。
以下通过实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明。
实施例1
本实施例用于说明本发明公开的非水电解液、锂离子电池及其制备方法,其制备方法包括以下操作步骤:
1)非水电解液的制备:
将碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)和碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)按质量比为EC:DEC:EMC=1:1:1进行混合,然后加入六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)至摩尔浓度为1mol/L,以所述非水电解液的总重量为100%计,加入按表1中实施例1所示质量百分含量的组分。
2)正极板的制备:
按96.8:2.0:1.2的质量比混合正极活性材料LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2、导电碳黑和粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯,分散在N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮中,得到正极浆料,将正极浆料均匀涂布在铝箔的两面上,经过烘干、压延和真空干燥,并用超声波焊机焊上铝制引出线后得到正极板,极板的厚度在120-150μm之间
3)负极板的制备:
按94:1:2.5:2.5的质量比混合负极活性材料人造石墨,导电碳黑Super-P,粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)和羧甲基纤维素(CMC),然后将它们分散在去离子水中,得到负极浆料。将浆料涂布在铜箔的两面上,经过烘干、压延和真空干燥,并用超声波焊机焊上镍制引出线后得到负极板,极板的厚度在120-150μm之间。
4)电芯的制备:
在正极板和负极板之间放置厚度为20μm的三层隔膜,然后将正极板、负极板和隔膜组成的三明治结构进行卷绕,再将卷绕体压扁后放入铝箔包装袋,在75℃下真空烘烤48h,得到待注液的电芯。
5)电芯的注液和化成:
在露点控制在-40℃以下的手套箱中,将上述制备的电解液注入电芯中,经真空封装,静止24h。
然后按以下步骤进行首次充电的常规化成:
0.05C恒流充电180min,0.1C恒流充电至3.95V,二次真空封口,45℃搁置48h,然后进一步以0.2C的电流恒流充电至4.4V,以0.2C的电流恒流放电至3.0V。
实施例2~16
实施例2~16用于说明本发明公开的锂离子电池非水电解液、锂离子电池及其制备方法,包括实施例1中大部分的操作步骤,其不同之处在于:
所述非水电解液的制备步骤中:
以所述非水电解液的总质量为100%计,所述非水电解液加入表1中实施例2~实施例16所示质量百分含量的组分。
对比例1~7
对比例1~7用于对比说明本发明公开的锂离子电池非水电解液、锂离子电池及其制备方法,包括实施例1中大部分的操作步骤,其不同之处在于:
所述非水电解液制备步骤中:
以所述非水电解液的总重量为100%计,所述非水电解液加入表1中对比例1~对比例7所示质量百分含量的组分。
性能测试
对上述实施例1-16和对比例1-7制备得到的锂离子电池进行如下性能测试:
1)高温循环性能测试
将电池置于恒温45℃的烘箱中,以1C的电流恒流充电至4.4V然后恒压充电至电流下降至0.02C,然后以1C的电流恒流放电至3.0V,如此循环,记录第1圈的放电容量和最后一圈的放电容量,按下式计算高温循环的容量保持率:
容量保持率=最后一圈的放电容量/第1圈的放电容量×100%
2)高温储存性能测试
将化成后的电池在常温下用1C恒流恒压充至4.4V,测量电池初始放电容量及初始电池厚度,然后再60℃储存7天后,以1C放电至3V,测量电池的保持容量和恢复容量及储存后电池厚度。计算公式如下:
电池容量保持率(%)=保持容量/初始容量×100%;
电池容量恢复率(%)=恢复容量/初始容量×100%;
厚度膨胀率(%)=(储存后电池厚度-初始电池厚度)/初始电池厚度×100%。
3)低温性能测试
在25℃下,将化成后的电池用1C恒流恒压充至4.4V,然后用1C恒流放电至3.0V,记录放电容量。然后1C恒流恒压充至4.4V,置于-20℃的环境中搁置12h后,0.3C恒流放电至3.0V,记录放电容量。
-20℃的低温放电效率值=0.3C放电容量(-20℃)/1C放电容量(25℃)×100%。
得到的测试结果填入表1。
表1
根据表1的结果,比较实施例1-14和对比例1-7可见,相对于添加剂A和添加剂B的单独添加,实施例1-14在非水电解液中同时加入添加剂A和添加剂B,可使得电池具有较好的高温性能和低温性能;而对比例1-7虽然也具有较好的低温性能,但是高温性能明显较差。
对比实施例1-14以及实施例15、16可知,添加剂A和添加剂B在一定的添加范围内,能够保持电池较好的高温性能和低温性能,若超过一定添加范围则会对电池的低温性能有不利影响。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
2.根据权利要求1所述的非水电解液,其特征在于,以所述非水电解液的质量为100%计,所述添加剂A的质量百分含量为0.1%~2%,所述添加剂B的质量百分含量小于0.5%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的非水电解液,其特征在于,所述非水电解液还包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯和氟代碳酸乙烯酯中的一种或多种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的非水电解液,其特征在于,所述非水电解液还包括1,3-丙烷磺内酯和1,4-丁烷磺内酯中的一种或多种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的非水电解液,其特征在于,所述溶剂包括碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯和碳酸甲丙酯中的一种或多种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的非水电解液,其特征在于,所述锂盐包括LiPF6、LiBF4、LiBOB、LiSbF6、LiAsF6、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiC(SO2CF3)3和LiN(SO2F)2中的一种或多种。
8.一种锂离子电池,其特征在于,包括正极、负极以及如权利要求1~7任意一项所述的非水电解液。
9.根据权利要求8所述的锂离子电池,其特征在于,所述正极包括正极活性材料,所述正极活性材料为LiNixCoyMnzL(1-x-y-z)O2,其中,L为Al、Sr、Mg、Ti、Ca、Zr、Zn、Si、Cu、V或Fe,0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1,0≤z≤1,0≤x+y+z≤1。
10.根据权利要求9所述的锂离子电池,其特征在于,所述正极活性材料为LiCoxL(1-x)O2,其中,L为Al、Sr、Mg、Ti、Ca、Zr、Zn、Si、Cu、V或Fe,0<x≤1。
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