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CN111206722A - 纤维复合材料 - Google Patents

纤维复合材料 Download PDF

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CN111206722A
CN111206722A CN201911156263.0A CN201911156263A CN111206722A CN 111206722 A CN111206722 A CN 111206722A CN 201911156263 A CN201911156263 A CN 201911156263A CN 111206722 A CN111206722 A CN 111206722A
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shape memory
fibers
memory material
fibres
fibre composite
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E.施特里德
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Fischerwerke GmbH and Co KG
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    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/12—Mounting of reinforcing inserts; Prestressing
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Abstract

本发明提出了一种纤维层复合材料，所述纤维层复合材料具有由纤维增强的合成树脂制成的中间层（2），在所述中间层的两侧上粘合有由成型记忆合金（3）制成的板材。板材被伪弹性拉伸并且纤维（4）被弹性拉伸，使得板材处于压应力下并且纤维（4）处于拉应力下。通过加热到或者加热超过成型记忆合金（3）的转化温度，板材收缩，这增强了弹性拉伸的纤维（4）。

Description

纤维复合材料
技术领域
本发明涉及具有权利要求1、7和9的前序部分的特征的纤维复合材料、其制造方法和其应用。
背景技术
已知成型记忆合金。成型记忆合金是金属合金，该金属合金通过其结晶结构的相变而通常在马氏体和奥氏体之间改变其形状。在达到或者超过转化温度时进行相变和形状变化。成型记忆合金必须事先进行变形，这典型地、然而并非强制地通过机械变形实现，所述机械变形随后通过加热到或者加热超过转化温度而能够完全或者部分地恢复。这种变形——在该变形后，成型记忆合金通过加热到或者加热超过转化温度而能够完全或者部分地恢复——被称作“伪塑性变形”。具有双向效果的成型记忆合金也是已知的，所述成型记忆合金在高温下改变形状并且在在低温下完全或者部分地恢复。在这里，成型记忆合金应当被理解为金属或者其他合金，所述金属或者其他合金改变其形状，如果它被加热到或者加热超过转化温度，而与这是否由于其结晶结构的变化或者其他方式无关，并且也与成型记忆合金是否事先发生变形、被加热或者被冷却或者以其他方式被处理无关。
成型记忆聚合物也是已知的，所述成型记忆聚合物与成型记忆合金类似地在改变形状之后完全或者部分地恢复，如果它们被加热到或者加热超过转化温度。一般而言，“成型记忆材料”应当被理解为一种材料，该材料变形、尤其是恢复形状并且尤其是缩短，如果它被加热到或者加热超过在这里称作转化温度的温度
专利申请US 2011/0 300 358 A1公开了具有碳纤维的纤维层复合材料，所述纤维层复合材料具有预浸料（预浸渍的纤维），所述预浸料被层压到由成型记忆合金制成的板材或者箔上。预浸料和由成型记忆合金制成的板材或者箔交替式上下堆叠地布置。“层压”意指，预浸料以材料锁合的方式与由成型记忆合金制成的板材或者箔连接。通过加热到或者加热超过成型记忆合金的转化温度，已知的纤维层复合材料改变其形状。
发明内容
本发明的任务是，提出一种具有成型记忆材料的纤维复合材料，所述纤维复合材料产生较高的机械力，如果它被加热到或者加热超过成型记忆材料的转化温度并且被保持不变形。
该任务根据本发明地通过权利要求1的特征来来解决。
根据本发明的纤维复合材料具有成型记忆材料和纤维。纤维例如是玻璃纤维、石纤维、金属纤维、陶瓷纤维、塑料纤维和/或碳纤维或者通常在纤维增强塑料中使用的纤维。也能够使用由不同材料制成的纤维。纤维能够是短的或者长的、单向的、双向的、任意取向或者无序的，也能够使用纤维织物、纤维针织物、纤维编织物和/或纤维无纺织物。这些列举是示例性的、并非详尽无遗。
纤维与成型记忆材料连接，使得力在纤维和成型记忆材料之间传递。尤其地，纤维和成型记忆材料抗剪式连接，或者，尤其是拉伸力和压缩力由纤维传递到成型记忆材料，反之亦然。连接能够是全表面的、部分表面的或者局部的。全表面的连接可能通过材料锁合来实现，例如通过借助于合成树脂将纤维与成型记忆材料粘结。局部的连接可能例如机械地实现，例如利用螺栓、铆钉、销和/或通过夹紧在成型记忆材料上的纤维。
根据本发明，成型记忆材料被伪塑性拉伸，使得它缩短，如果它被加热到或者加热超过其转化温度，并且，成型记忆材料在加热到或者加热超过转化温度之前具有机械压应力并且纤维具有机械拉应力。由于成型记忆材料通过加热到或者加热超过其转化温度而缩短，成型记忆材料的压应力和纤维的拉应力减小，并且，因而纤维复合材料所施加的力相对于成型记忆材料在无纤维并且无拉应力和压应力的情况下所施加的力增大。
优选地，根据本发明的纤维复合材料具有棒、板或者带的形状。棒应当被理解为一种形态，所述形态的长度比宽度和厚度大、尤其是大多倍或者数倍。横截面原则上是任意的、例如圆形的或者多边形的。板和带的长度和宽度比厚度更大、尤其是大多倍或者数倍，其中，附加地，带的长度比宽度大多倍或者数倍。
优选地，纤维复合材料具有作为成型记忆材料的成型记忆合金。
本发明的一个方案设置了，纤维复合材料具有纤维增强塑料，所述纤维增强塑料与成型记忆材料连接，并且，所述纤维增强塑料的纤维具有拉应力。
优选地，根据本发明的纤维复合材料是纤维层复合材料，也就是说，它具有一个或者多个带有纤维的层并且具有一个或者多个由成型记忆材料制成的层。优选地，纤维层复合材料关于中间平面对称，也就是说，它具有带有纤维的中间层，在所述中间层的两侧上布置有由成型记忆材料制成的层，反之亦然。也能够在中间层的两侧上交替地布置同样多的、带有纤维的层和由成型记忆材料制成的层。
优选地，纤维以材料锁合的方式与成型记忆材料连接，它们能够全表面地或者在其长度上连续地或者仅局部地与成型记忆材料连接。附加地，纤维能够与成型记忆材料机械连接。
为了制造纤维复合材料，本发明提出了，成型记忆材料与纤维连接，优选地在纤维和/或成型记忆材料在此不具有机械拉应力、压应力或者其他应力的情况下，并且，然后将成型记忆材料与纤维一起拉伸。在此，伪塑性拉伸成型记忆材料，并且，弹性拉伸纤维。在拉伸之后，成型记忆材料被放松。既未设置也未排除：成型记忆材料在拉伸时也被弹性和/或塑性拉伸，和/或，纤维在此也被塑性拉伸。在任何情况下，纤维都通过拉伸而获得拉应力，所述拉应力由经伪塑性拉伸的成型记忆材料保持。纤维的拉应力在放松成型记忆材料时产生在成型记忆材料中的压应力，所述成型记忆材料与纤维连接并且被伪塑性拉伸。如果纤维复合材料或者成型记忆材料被加热到或者加热超过其转化温度，则它缩短。由此，在成型记忆材料中的压应力和在纤维中的拉应力至少部分地减小，从而纤维复合材料的缩短被增强（不一定是增大）。这意味着，纤维复合材料施加的力增大，如果它被加热到或者加热超过成型记忆材料的转化温度并且抵抗其缩短地被保持。
优选地，纤维以材料锁合的方式例如借助于合成树脂地与成型记忆材料连接，其中，附加的例如机械的连接是可能的。
权利要求9设置了，根据本发明的纤维复合材料或者由纤维复合材料构成的或者具有纤维复合材料的结构元件与构件连接，并且，然后将成型记忆材料加热到或者加热超过转化温度。纤维复合材料或者结构元件和构件共同形成结构体，例如建筑物的墙壁或者承载体。纤维复合材料能够例如全表面地或者部分表面地与构件粘合和/或至少局部地与构件机械连接。例如，纤维复合材料被安装在构件的受拉区的表面上，所述构件例如由混凝土、也由钢加固或者以其他方式增强的混凝土制成。受拉区是这样的侧：所述侧拉伸，如果构件由于负载而弯曲或者通常地变形，使得在构件的受拉区中产生拉应力。通过加热成型记忆材料，纤维复合材料略微缩短并且施加压缩力到构件上，它与所述构件连接。压缩力抵消弯曲或者一般而言抵消变形，并且，抵消在构件的受拉区中的拉应力。由此，减小了在构件的受拉区中的变形和机械应力。
本发明的一个方案设置了，以固化的材料、尤其是混凝土包封根据本发明的纤维复合材料。“包封”包括完全的注入，但是也包括这种情况：仅部分地以固化的材料包围纤维复合材料。纤维复合材料能够在浇注之前被紧固在铸造工具的空腔中或者在混凝土模板处或者类似物上。固化的材料或者混凝土能够具有配筋或者其他增强件，在所述配筋或者其他增强件上纤维复合材料能够被紧固以便以固化的材料或者混凝土来包封。本发明的该方案实现了，在通过加热成型记忆材料来固化材料之后，在固化的材料或者混凝土中产生机械压应力。由于纤维复合材料在固化的材料或者混凝土中的方位和位置，拉应力和变形能够有针对性地被抵消。多个纤维复合材料或者由纤维复合材料制成的结构元件或者具有纤维复合材料的结构元件也能够以固化的材料或者混凝土来包封。
在说明书中前述的提及的本发明的特征和特征组合、实施方式和方案以及在下文中在附图描述中所提到的和/或在附图中所绘制的特征和特征组合不仅能够以相应说明的或者绘制出的组合、也能够以原则上任意的其他组合或者单独地被使用。本发明不具有从属权利要求的所有特征的实施方式是可能的。权利要求的单个特征也能够由其他公开的特征或者特征组合代替。本发明的这种实施方式也是可能的，所述实施方式不具有所述实施例的所有特征，而是具有一个实施例的表征性特征的原则上任意的部分，如有必要与一个或者多个另外的实施例的一个、多个或者所有特征的组合。
附图说明
在下文中，参考在附图中所示出的实施进一步阐述了本发明。附图示出：
图1以在一个位置处剖开的立体视图示出了由根据本发明的纤维复合材料制成的结构元件；
图2示出了具有根据本发明的纤维复合材料的结构体；以及
图3示出了两个平行的模板间隔开的布置，所述模板用于利用由根据本发明的纤维复合材料制成的带来铺混凝土。
具体实施方式
图1示出由纤维复合材料并且更确切地由根据本发明的纤维层复合材料制成的带1。带1是面状的结构元件，所述结构元件的长度比宽度大多倍并且宽度比厚度大多倍。在该实施例中，带1具有对称的结构，它具有由纤维和合成树脂制成的中间层2，在所述中间层的两侧上布置有由成型记忆合金3制成的板材或者板材条。一般而言，成型记忆合金3也能够被理解为成型记忆材料。“纤维复合材料”意指：带1或者通常来说结构元件具有与一种或者多种其他材料复合的纤维4。在本发明的实施例中，纤维4通过合成树脂而与由成型记忆合金3制成的板材或者板材条粘接地（即材料锁合地）连接。“层复合材料”指带1的层结构，所述带具有由纤维4制成的中间层2和在两侧上布置在其上的、由成型记忆合金3制成的板材。“纤维层复合材料”意指具有纤维4的层复合材料。
作为纤维4，中间层2在该实施例中具有碳纤维。纤维4优选在其纵向方向上能够弹性拉伸或者至少能够弹性弯曲或者能够以其他方式弹性变形。在该实施例中，由根据本发明的纤维复合材料制成的带1的中间层2具有由纤维4制成的织物。
为了制造纤维层复合材料，由成型记忆合金3制成的两个板材或者板材条和其中的中间层2重叠布置、借助于合成树脂而彼此粘合并且随后被拉伸。为了拉伸，两个板材或者板材条的端部和由纤维层复合材料制成的带1的中间层2被夹紧在夹爪之间，并且，在带1的两个端部处的夹爪运动分开（未示出）。由此，带1被拉伸，其中，在中间层2中的纤维4被弹性拉伸并且由成型记忆合金3制成的板材或者板材条被伪塑性拉伸。“伪塑性拉伸”意指或者导致：成型记忆合金3缩短，如果它被加热到或者加热超过转化温度，其中，在成型记忆合金3中发生结构转变，通常是从马氏体到奥氏体的结构转变。对于本发明来说不是强制的，利用夹爪来拉伸带1，也存在其他可能性：拉伸具有纤维4的中间层2和由成型记忆合金3制成的板材条。
在拉伸之后，带1被放松，从而弹性拉伸的纤维4收缩并且由此以机械压应力来加载由伪塑性拉伸的成型记忆合金3制成的板材或者板材条。由于板材或者板材条以阻力来对抗纤维4的收缩，纤维4具有拉应力。
通过将两个由成型记忆合金3制成的板材或者板材条加热到或者加热超过转化温度，板材收缩，从而带1缩短。如果带1被保持不缩短，则它施加反向的拉力。弹性拉伸的纤维4支持由成型记忆合金3制成的板材或者板材条的收缩，从而增加了由根据本发明的纤维复合材料制成的带1的拉伸力，所述纤维复合材料在该实施例中是纤维层复合材料。
为了根据本发明的应用，具有根据本发明的纤维层复合材料的带1例如粘合到构件5上或者以其他方式与构件5连接。图2示出了带1作为构件5粘合到支撑梁8的下侧上，所述构件由于其自重并且可能由于附加的负载而弯曲。带1和支撑梁8形成结构体6。带1粘合在下侧上、即支撑梁8的由于弯曲而被拉伸的侧上，从而产生在支撑梁8中的机械拉应力。支撑梁8的下述区域被称作受拉区，在所述区域中由于弯曲或者一般而言地由于变形而产生拉应力。粘合到形成构件5的支撑梁80的下侧上的带1被加热到或者加热超过转化温度，从而它收缩并且将在受拉区中的压缩力引入支撑梁8中，所述压缩力抵消支撑梁8的弯曲。带1能够在新的状态下或者为了翻新例如桥梁而粘合在支撑梁8上，所述支撑梁形成构件5。例如，多个带1也能够粘合到构件5的对置的侧上或者所有侧上，所述构件受拉伸应力（未示出）。由于加热到或者加热超过转化温度，带收缩并且将压缩力引入构件5中，所述压缩力与其拉伸方向相反。
在图3中，带1安装在模板9用于铺混凝土的模板9的模板面上。模板9与第二模板9间隔开并且平行于第二模板9地设置，使得通过在两个模板9之间填充混凝土能够制造出由混凝土构成的构件5'，所述构件在一侧上具有带1。带1'和构件5'共同形成作为结构体6'的壁。一般而言，混凝土也能够被理解为固化的材料，带1与所述固化的材料连接。也能够将多个带1安装在模板9处或者两个模板9处。只要配筋布置在两个模板9之间，也能够将一个或者多个带1安装配筋处，使得它们随后处于由混凝土构成的构件5'之内（未示出）。
附图标记列表
1 带
2 中间层
3 成型记忆合金
4 纤维
5、5' 构件
6、6' 结构体
8 支撑梁
9 模板。

Claims (10)

1.纤维复合材料，具有经伪塑性拉伸的成型记忆材料和纤维（4），所述纤维与所述成型记忆材料连接，其特征在于，所述成型记忆材料具有压应力并且所述纤维（4）具有拉应力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述纤维复合材料形成棒状的或者面状的结构元件。
3.根据权利要求1或者2所述的纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述纤维复合材料具有作为成型记忆材料的成型记忆合金（3）。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项或者多项所述的纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述纤维复合材料具有纤维增强塑料，所述纤维增强塑料与所述成型记忆材料连接，并且，所述纤维增强塑料的纤维（4）具有拉应力。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项或者多项所述的纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述纤维复合材料是纤维层复合材料。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项或者多项所述的纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述纤维（4）材料锁合地与所述成型记忆材料连接。
7.用于制造根据前述权利要求中任一项或者多项所述的纤维复合材料的方法，其特征在于，所述成型记忆材料与所述纤维（4）连接，并且随后伪塑性拉伸所述成型记忆材料，并且，在此，弹性拉伸所述纤维（4）。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述纤维（4）材料锁合地与所述成型记忆材料连接。
9.用于利用根据权利要求1至6中任一项或者多项所述的纤维复合材料来制造结构体（6、6'）的方法，其特征在于，所述纤维复合材料与构件（5、5'）连接，并且，然后将所述成型记忆材料加热到或者加热超过转化温度，使得它收缩并且将压缩力引入第二构件（5、5'）中。
10.根据权利要求9所述的利用纤维复合材料来制造结构体（6、6'）的方法，其特征在于，以固化的材料包封所述纤维复合材料。
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Application publication date: 20200529