CN111107968A - 用于陶瓷产品的水凝胶注模成型方法 - Google Patents
用于陶瓷产品的水凝胶注模成型方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111107968A CN111107968A CN201880061625.5A CN201880061625A CN111107968A CN 111107968 A CN111107968 A CN 111107968A CN 201880061625 A CN201880061625 A CN 201880061625A CN 111107968 A CN111107968 A CN 111107968A
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Abstract
本披露涉及通过水凝胶注模成型来制造陶瓷产品。示例性陶瓷产品包括卫生陶瓷,比如马桶和水槽。该方法包括浆化步骤、混合步骤、涉及水凝胶注模成型的模制步骤、干燥步骤、上釉步骤以及烧制步骤。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2018年9月26日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号62/563,345和62/563,350的优先权,这些临时专利申请的披露内容通过援引以其全文并入本文。
背景技术和发明内容
本发明总体上涉及陶瓷产品。更具体地,本发明涉及通过水凝胶注模成型制造的陶瓷产品。
传统的陶瓷产品是以粘土为主要成分制造的。粘土是一种高度易变的材料,它由一系列平板构成并且含有大量的化学结合水。最初,粘土必须与水和其他成分混合以产生可模制的制剂。之后,粘土必须被干燥并且烧制以去除添加的水和天然存在于粘土中的化学结合水。粘土的板状结构导致初始的水吸收和随后的水释放是非常漫长、缓慢且昂贵的过程。随着添加的水和化学结合水的释放,粘土还展现出显著的收缩。基于所有这些因素,制造传统的陶瓷产品可能花费数天或者数周,这是劳动密集型的、昂贵的、并且是可变的。
希望提供一种用于制造陶瓷产品、尤其是卫生陶瓷的更高效、更具有成本效益、更稳健、和/或更可预测的解决方案。
根据本披露的说明性实施例,提供了一种用于生产陶瓷产品的方法,该方法包括将包含液体部分的混合物引入到具有通气口的模具中,将该混合物的该液体部分以朝向该模具的该通气口的受控方向冷冻,以形成固体陶瓷制品,以及将该固体陶瓷制品从该模具中顶出。
在某些实施例中,该通气口位于该模具的第二表面中,并且其中该冷冻步骤包括引导冷却剂朝向与该模具的该第二表面相对的该模具的第一表面,使得该冷冻步骤的受控方向从该模具的该第一表面朝向该第二表面移动。
在某些实施例中,该冷冻步骤包括引导低温冷却剂穿过该模具。该低温冷却剂可以是干冰和液氮中的至少一者。
在某些实施例中,该模具是金属的。
在某些实施例中,该冷冻步骤在30分钟或更短时间内发生。
在某些实施例中,该混合物包含胶体二氧化硅,并且其中该冷冻步骤包括使该混合物中的该胶体二氧化硅不稳定,以固化该混合物。
在某些实施例中,该引入步骤包括在2psi或更小的压力下将该混合物注入该模具中。
在某些实施例中,该方法进一步包括在低湿度环境中将该固体陶瓷制品热干燥。
在某些实施例中,该固体陶瓷制品在该冷冻步骤之后具有温度梯度,该方法进一步包括,在该冷冻步骤之后,将该固体陶瓷制品的温度归一化以降低该温度梯度,在该归一化步骤之后,将该固体陶瓷制品的该液体部分解冻,以及,在该解冻步骤之后,将该固体陶瓷制品的该液体部分蒸发。
在某些实施例中,该固体陶瓷制品是白色的,并且该方法进一步包括用没有着色剂的透明釉料制剂对该固体陶瓷制品上釉。该方法还包括在该上釉步骤之后,将该固体陶瓷制品烧制。
根据本披露的另一个说明性实施例,提供了一种用于生产陶瓷产品的方法,该方法包括将混合物的液体部分在模具中冷冻,以形成固体陶瓷制品,在该冷冻步骤之后,将该固体陶瓷制品干燥,该干燥步骤包括归一化阶段,在该阶段中,使该固体陶瓷制品达到接近该液体部分的解冻点的基本上均匀的温度以及在该归一化阶段之后的解冻阶段。
在某些实施例中,该干燥步骤的至少一部分是在低湿度环境中进行的。
在某些实施例中,该冷冻步骤涉及引导冷却剂从该模具的第一表面穿过该模具至第二表面,该模具的该第二表面包括通气口。位于该模具的该第一表面附近的该固体陶瓷制品的第一部分可以比位于该模具的该第二表面附近的该固体陶瓷制品的第二部分冷。
在某些实施例中,该归一化阶段的温度是约20°F至约30°F,或约28°F。
在某些实施例中,该归一化阶段的持续时间是约30分钟或更长。
在某些实施例中,该解冻阶段的温度是约40°F或更高。
在某些实施例中,该方法进一步包括在该解冻阶段之后的蒸发阶段,其中该蒸发阶段的温度是约200°F或更高。
在某些实施例中,该方法进一步包括在该干燥步骤之后,用没有着色剂的透明釉料制剂对该固体陶瓷制品上釉以及在该上釉步骤之后,烧制该固体陶瓷制品。
根据本披露的另一个说明性实施例,提供了一种用于生产陶瓷产品的方法,该方法包括将包含液体部分的混合物引入到具有第一表面和带有通风口的第二表面的模具中,通过引导冷却剂从该第一表面穿过该模具至该第二表面来冷冻该混合物的该液体部分,以形成固体陶瓷制品,在该冷冻步骤之后,将该固体陶瓷制品归一化至接近该液体部分的解冻点的温度,以及在该归一化步骤之后,将该固体陶瓷制品的该液体部分解冻。
在某些实施例中,该归一化步骤是在约20°F至约30°F的温度下进行并且该解冻步骤是在约40°F或更高的温度下进行。
在某些实施例中,该方法进一步包括在该解冻步骤之后,将该液体部分从该固体陶瓷制品中蒸发,其中该蒸发步骤是在约200°F或更高的温度下进行。
在某些实施例中,在该冷冻步骤之后,该固体陶瓷制品在位于该模具的该第一表面附近的该固体陶瓷制品的第一部分与位于该模具的该第二表面附近的该固体陶瓷制品的第二部分之间具有温度梯度,以及在该归一化步骤之后,该固体陶瓷制品具有基本上均匀的温度而没有该温度梯度。
附图说明
附图的详细说明具体是指附图,在附图中:
图1是本披露的示例性方法的流程图,包括浆化步骤、混合步骤、模制步骤、干燥步骤、上釉步骤以及烧制步骤;
图2是本披露的示例性浆料制剂的框图;
图3A至图3D是本披露的模制步骤的示意图,其中图3A示出了将混合物引入模具中,图3B示出了将混合物在模具中固化以形成固体制品,图3C示出了将固体制品从模具中顶出,以及图3D示出了模制的制品;以及
图4是本披露的示例性干燥步骤的流程图。
具体实施方式
本文所描述的本发明的实施例并非旨在穷举或将本发明限制于所披露的精确形式。而是,为描述而选定的实施例被选定成使本领域技术人员能够实施本发明。
本披露涉及通过水凝胶注模成型来制造陶瓷产品。示例性陶瓷产品包括消费产品,像卫生陶瓷(例如马桶、水槽)和餐具。其他陶瓷产品可以用于电气、汽车、航空航天以及其他工业。
首先参考图1,披露了用于制造陶瓷产品的示例性方法100。说明性方法100包括浆化步骤102、混合步骤104、模制步骤106、干燥步骤108、上釉步骤110以及烧制步骤112。下面将进一步描述方法100的每个步骤。
方法100的浆化步骤102涉及生产浆料制剂。如图2所示,说明性浆料制剂200包含一种或多种精炼矿氧化物202、一种或多种助熔剂204以及一种或多种粘结剂比如胶体二氧化硅206。浆料制剂200还可以含有一种或多种任选的添加剂208。下面将进一步描述这些成分中的每一个。
浆料制剂200中的精炼矿氧化物202是用于在所得陶瓷产品中产生具有希望的刚度和孔隙度的结晶或非结晶(例如,玻璃)网络结构。关于孔隙度,例如,陶瓷产品可以展现出小于0.5%的水吸收从而根据ASME Al 12.19.2作为玻璃产品是合格的,或展现出小于15%的水吸收从而根据ASME Al 12.19.2作为非玻璃产品是合格的,但是也设想了其他水吸收水平。用于浆料制剂200的示例性矿氧化物202包括相对便宜的二氧化硅(SiO2),和/或相对昂贵但增强所得产品的耐久性的氧化铝(Al2O3)。矿氧化物202可以以颗粒或粉末形式提供以便于混合,比如气相二氧化硅。浆料制剂200中的矿氧化物202的浓度可以低至约10wt.%(即10%的重量百分比,本申请其它部分用重量百分比来表示wt.%)、约20%的重量百分比、约30%的重量百分比、或约40%的重量百分比,并且高至约50%的重量百分比、约60%的重量百分比、约70%的重量百分比、约80%的重量百分比或约88%的重量百分比。例如,在某些实施例中,浆料制剂200中的矿氧化物202的浓度可以是在约25%的重量百分比与约45%的重量百分比之间。较低浓度的矿氧化物202可以导致较低强度的产品、造成更多偏转的较低的刚度、较低的本体密度、较高的孔隙度、用于去除水的更长的加工时间、加工过程中较高的潜在收缩、以及较低的材料成本,同时较高浓度的矿氧化物202可以导致较高强度的产品、较高的本体密度、较低的孔隙度、用于去除水的更短的加工时间、加工过程中较低的潜在收缩、以及较高的材料成本。
助熔剂204是用于降低所得浆料制剂200的熔点,特别是浆料制剂200中的成网二氧化硅的熔点。示例性助熔剂204包括钾(K)、钠(Na)和钙(Ca)的氧化物。助熔剂204可以以颗粒或粉末形式提供以便于混合。
不是使用纯形式的氧化钾(K2O)、氧化钠(Na2O)、和氧化钙(CaO),例如,本披露的助熔剂204可以来源于一种或多种具有下式I的精炼碱性铝硅酸盐矿物:
MwAlxSiyOz (I)
其中:
M是碱金属(例如,K、Na)或碱土金属(例如,Ca)。
示例性碱性铝硅酸盐矿物包括例如长石(KAlSi3O8-NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8)和霞石正长岩((Na,K)AlSiO4)。有利地,这种碱性铝硅酸盐矿物相比于纯的助熔氧化物更容易获得并且更便宜。而且,除了提供希望的助熔氧化物,碱性铝硅酸盐矿物还可以贡献在上述矿氧化物202中发现的额外量的元素(例如,硅、铝)。在浆料制剂200中,作为助熔剂204的碱性铝硅酸盐矿物的浓度可以低至约10%的重量百分比、约20%的重量百分比、约30%的重量百分比、或约40%的重量百分比,并且高至约50%的重量百分比、约60%的重量百分比、约70%的重量百分比、约80%的重量百分比或约85%的重量百分比。例如,在某些实施例中,在浆料制剂200中,碱性铝硅酸盐矿物的浓度可以是约50%的重量百分比至约70%的重量百分比,这构成了浆料制剂200的大部分,并且使助熔剂204在浆料制剂200中成为主要成分(即以最大量存在的成分)。较低浓度的助熔剂204可能在后续的烧制步骤112(图1)中导致较高的材料成本和较高的烧制温度,同时较高浓度的助熔剂204可以在后续的烧制步骤112(图1)中导致较低的材料成本和较低的烧制温度。
浆料制剂200中的胶体二氧化硅(即溶胶-凝胶法合成的二氧化硅)206包含悬浮在水中的二氧化硅(SiO2)纳米粒子。胶体二氧化硅206的固体含量可以变化。例如,胶体二氧化硅206的固体含量可以是约10%的重量百分比、约20%的重量百分比、约30%的重量百分比、约40%的重量百分比或约50%的重量百分比,用水补足余量。贯穿方法100(图1),胶体二氧化硅206可以作为粘结剂。在初始形成步骤102和下面将进一步描述的混合步骤104(图1)二者的过程中,胶体二氧化硅206可以用于使其他颗粒成分保持悬浮。在下面还将进一步描述的后续的模制步骤106(图1)的过程中,胶体二氧化硅206可以通过形成凝胶网络或支架将其他成分粘结在一起,该凝胶网络或支架甚至在去除水之后仍然保留。胶体二氧化硅206典型地是碱性溶液(即pH>7),但是中性溶液(pH=7)和酸性溶液(即pH<7)也是可用的。浆料制剂200中的胶体二氧化硅206的浓度可以例如低至约2%的重量百分比、约5%的重量百分比、约10%的重量百分比、约15%的重量百分比、或约20%的重量百分比,并且高至约25%的重量百分比、约30%的重量百分比、约35%的重量百分比、或约40%的重量百分比。较低浓度的胶体二氧化硅206可以在烧制步骤112(图1)之前导致较低的材料成本和较低的生坯强度,同时较高浓度的胶体二氧化硅206可以在烧制步骤112(图1)之前导致较高的材料成本和较高的生坯强度。
用于浆料制剂200中的一种任选的添加剂208包括粘土或粘土矿物(例如,高岭土、膨润土)。不同于传统的陶瓷产品依赖于作为主要成分的粘土和粘结剂,可以在浆料制剂200中使用少量的粘土或粘土矿物作为悬浮剂。浆料制剂200中的粘土或粘土矿物添加剂208的浓度可以例如低至约0%的重量百分比、约2%的重量百分比、或约4%的重量百分比,并且高至约6%的重量百分比、约8%的重量百分比、或约10%的重量百分比。相比于传统的陶瓷产品,本披露的浆料制剂200可以认为是完全或基本上无粘土的。
其他任选的添加剂208包含混合剂、悬浮剂、和/或分散剂。一种这样的添加剂208是有机胶,比如羧甲基纤维素(CMC)胶、黄原胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯树胶或甲基纤维素。浆料制剂200中的有机胶添加剂208的浓度可以是例如约0%的重量百分比、约1%的重量百分比或约2%的重量百分比。
另外其他任选的添加剂208包括有机消泡剂和表面活性剂,比如聚乙烯醇或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。这样的添加剂208可以促进气泡形成,以将空气从浆料制剂200中去除。
另外其他任选的添加剂208包括分散剂,该分散剂包括阴离子分散剂比如聚丙烯酸、阳离子分散剂比如聚(亚乙基亚胺)、和/或梳形聚合物比如聚(环氧乙烷)-聚(亚乙基亚胺)。
浆料制剂200中的固体颗粒可以包括矿氧化物202、助熔剂204、来自胶体二氧化硅206的二氧化硅以及任何固体添加剂208。浆料制剂200中的液体可以包括添加的水和/或来自胶体二氧化硅206的水,以及任何其他含液体的成分。浆料制剂200中的固体含量可以是约70%的重量百分比、约80%的重量百分比、约90%的重量百分比或更多。浆料制剂200中的固体含量可以在最大固体含量(此时,相应的液体含量过低并且浆料制剂200过厚而在后续的模制步骤108过程中不能注入模具)与最小固体含量(此时,相应的液体含量过高并且当在后续的干燥步骤108和烧制步骤112过程中去除液体时,引起不希望的收缩和/或变形)之间进行优化。
示例性浆料制剂200在下表1中列出,但是这些浆料制剂200可以基于上述趋势变化,以获得具有所希望特性的最终陶瓷产品。
表1
上表1中的固体成分可以包括:二氧化硅(S1O2)和氧化铝(Al2O3)、矿氧化物202、长石(KAlSbOs-NaAlSbOs-CaAl2SbO8)、助熔剂204以及来自胶体二氧化硅206的附加二氧化硅(SiO2)。这些固体成分的组成组合在一起在下表2中列出。在浆料制剂200的某些实施例中,矿氧化物(例如,二氧化硅和氧化铝)是大多数固体组分,并且助熔剂(例如,氧化钠、氧化钾和氧化钙)是少数固体组分。在表2的“样品浓度”实施例中,特别地,二氧化硅是主要固体组分,氧化铝是次要固体组分,并且助熔氧化物是第三固体组分。
表2
浆料制剂200可以由上表1和表2中列出的成分组成或基本上由其组成,并且可以没有在其他陶瓷材料中发现的某些成分。例如,浆料制剂200可以没有氧化锂、氧化钡、氧化锆、氧化铈或氟化铈、氧化铁、和/或氧化镁。
回到图1,将来自步骤102的浆料制剂在方法100的混合步骤104过程中混合。关于图2的浆料制剂200,例如,混合步骤104可以涉及贯穿浆料制剂200中的液体-即,任何添加的水和/或来自胶体二氧化硅206的水以及任何其他含液体的成分均匀地分配浆料制剂200中的固体颗粒-即,矿氧化物202、助熔剂204、来自胶体二氧化硅206的二氧化硅、以及任何固体添加剂208。应当注意,在混合步骤104过程中,使浆料制剂200中的空气夹带最小化。双行星式低剪切混合器已示出最小化这种空气夹带。当获得足够的混合(例如,可以使用亥格曼(Hegman)规测量)时,可以终止混合步骤104。使用亥格曼规,良好分散且解附聚的混合物典型地具有6或更好的值。本披露的混合步骤104可以在少于一小时之后终止,并且在一些情况下在数分钟后终止。相比之下,传统的粘土陶瓷通常混合持续数天。
接下来,将来自步骤104的混合物在方法100的模制步骤106过程中模制成所希望的形状。模制步骤106可以涉及:将混合物300引入模具310中,如图3A所示;将混合物300固化在模具310中,形成固体制品320,如图3B所示;以及从模具310中将固体制品320顶出(如图3C所示)以形成模制制品325(如图3D所示)。
如图3A所示,引入方法可以涉及比如使用手动或液压活塞302在压力下(例如,1-2psi)将混合物300注入模具310中。也可以使用其他方法将混合物300引入模具310中,比如将混合物300倒入模具310中。因为混合物300可能具有低粘度并且可能能够容易地流进模具310中,模具310中的任何接缝312都应被充分密封以防止泄漏。应当注意,将模具310中的空气夹带最小化,尤其是在模具310的任何盲袋内的空气夹带。可以在模具310中提供一个或多个空气通气口314,以允许空气从模具310中逸出。
如接下来在图3B中所示,固化方法可以涉及使混合物300中的胶体二氧化硅不稳定以形成维持固体制品320形状的硅氧烷键的凝胶网络或支架。因此,固化方法在本文中也可以被称为凝胶注模成型或凝胶化方法。
用于使胶体二氧化硅不稳定的示例性方法是冷冻凝胶化。冷冻凝胶化涉及将混合物300中的水冷冻并且形成冰晶,冰晶可能膨胀并且在物理上迫使二氧化硅颗粒聚集在一起以形成凝胶网络。有利地,冷冻可以通过将整个模具310放置于冷冻器330中而直接在模具310中发生,冷冻器被认为是配置为直接和/或间接地将其内容物暴露于能够冷冻内容物的低温冷却剂332的容器。在某些实施例中,引导冷冻剂332穿过模具310,如图3B所示。在传统的冷冻器330中,例如,冷却剂332可以包含在蒸发器盘管中吹过制冷剂(例如,诺氟烷、氟利昂)的低温空气。然而,如下面进一步讨论的,也设想了其他冷冻器330的布置和低温或低温冷却剂332,比如干冰或液氮。
根据本披露的示例性实施例,冷冻过程以快速的速率发生,尤其是当模具310的几何复杂性增加时发生。当冷冻以快速的速率发生时,所得的冰晶将会更小并且更均匀,并且所得凝胶网络也将更均匀。相比之下,如果冷冻以缓慢的速率发生,则所得冰晶将会更大(例如,雪花型结构),并且所得凝胶网络可能伴随有大晶粒晶界和开裂。可以通过使模具310在冷冻器330中经受非常低的温度来增加冷冻速率。例如,可以通过在冷冻器330中引入低温冷却剂332(比如干冰或液氮)穿过模具310来增加冷冻速率,如图3B所示。冷冻速率也可以通过增加模具310的热导率来增加,比如通过用薄的和/或高导热性的壁来构建模具310,比如金属(例如,铝、铜合金)壁,而不是用厚的和/或隔热壁,比如塑料壁。在某些实施例中,冷冻过程在30分钟、20分钟、10分钟、5分钟或更短的时间内进行。
根据本披露的另一个示例性实施例,冷冻过程以朝向模具310中的空气通气口314的预先确定的方向发生。这个受控的冷冻方向可以通过引导冷却剂332朝向与模具310中的空气通气口314相对的模具310的表面来获得。在图3B的说明性实施例中,例如,引导冷却剂332朝向与空气通气口314相对的模具310的下表面316,穿过模具310,并且朝向包括空气通气口314的模具310的上表面318,这样使得制品320从下表面316朝向上表面318中的空气通气口314以预先确定的方向冷冻。因为制品320中的水当其冷冻时体积会膨胀,模具310中的空气和任何过量的混合物300可能朝向空气通气口314移动并且在冷冻过程中使其通过空气通气口314逸出。允许这些材料从模具310逸出而不是困在模具310中,可以将制品320中的内应力最小化,从而将制品320中的应力开裂最小化。另外,允许这些材料从模具310逸出可以提供冷冻过程已经完成的视觉指示。冷却剂332可以从冷冻器330中排出或者通过冷冻器330进行再循环,如图3B所示。
另一个用于使胶体二氧化硅不稳定的可用的方法是化学凝胶化。化学凝胶化涉及向混合物300中添加凝胶剂,在以阻止二氧化硅颗粒的化学排斥并且鼓励二氧化硅颗粒的凝胶化的方式改变混合物300的pH并且减少其表面电荷。合适的凝胶剂包括例如盐酸(HCl)、柠檬酸(C6H8C7)、碳酸镁(MgCO3)以及氯化钠(NaCl)盐。应当注意,将胶凝剂充分共混到混合物300中而在其形成时不破坏凝胶网络。
还有另一个用于使胶体二氧化硅不稳定的可用的方法是干燥。干燥涉及将混合物300加热并且将水从混合物300中蒸发,以从物理上迫使剩余的二氧化硅颗粒聚集在一起形成凝胶网络。有利地,可以通过将整个模具310放置于加热器(未示出)中而直接在模具310中发生干燥。模具310可能需要数个开口以允许蒸发的水逸出。
还有其他用于使胶体二氧化硅不稳定的可用的方法,包括:传统的凝胶注模成型,通过向混合物300中添加单体和引发剂,并且将混合物300加热,以聚合并交联凝胶网络;化学凝胶注模成型,通过添加离子聚合物或颗粒来将带电荷的二氧化硅颗粒桥接到凝胶网络中;以及滑动流延(slip-casting),通过从混合物300中将水去除(比如使用石膏模具),以形成凝胶网络。
如接下来在图3C中所示,将固体制品320从模具310中顶出。如果固体制品320是通过冷冻凝胶化形成的,则固体制品320可以在顶出过程中保持冷冻。顶出过程可以涉及打开模具310以及应用顶出力F将固体制品320从模具310中推出。顶出力F可以例如通过引导推出杆(ejector pin)和/或压缩空气抵靠固体制品320来获得。
如接下来在图3D中所示,将固体制品320从模具310上去除作为模制制品325。说明性模制制品325呈具有碗326和边缘328的水槽盆的形状,但是应理解,模制制品325可以具有任何所希望的形状或目的,如马桶、另一个卫生陶瓷产品、餐具产品、或任何其他产品。模制制品325可以与一种/个或多种/个其他固体制品结合,以形成更大和/或更多的复合产品。用于形成模制制品325的混合物300还可以用作胶粘剂将各种固体制品结合在一起。模具310(图3B)的光洁度可以产生类似地光滑的模制制品325,所以模制制品325可以在从模具310上去除后要求最小程度的二次精加工。在某些实施例中,二次精加工可以局限于由模具310的接缝312在模制制品325上产生的分型线(图3A)。
参考图1和图4,将来自模制步骤106的模制制品325在方法100的干燥步骤108中干燥,以从模制制品325中去除水。干燥步骤108至少部分地与模制步骤106重叠在本披露的范围内。例如,干燥步骤108可以至少部分地在固体制品320保留在模具310内的情况下进行(图3B)。当将水从模制制品325去除时,干燥步骤108应该是受控的,以将收缩和开裂最小化。如果来自模制步骤106的模制制品325是通过冷冻凝胶化形成的,则干燥步骤108可以是如图4中所示的多阶段过程,多阶段过程说明性地包括预解冻归一化阶段400、解冻阶段402和蒸发阶段404。干燥步骤108的每个阶段400、402、404将在下面进一步描述。
干燥步骤108的预解冻归一化阶段400涉及将仍然冷冻的模制制品325放置于温度受控的、任选地高气流的环境中,以使模制制品325达到接近水的解冻点/冷冻点的(例如,接近约32°F)、具有基本上均匀的温度的基本上均匀的冷冻状态。模制制品325可以以具有不均匀温度的不均匀的冷冻状态进入归一化阶段400。在一个实施例中,模制制品325从具有由冷冻过程的定向性质引起的温度梯度的图3B的冷冻过程进入归一化阶段400。例如,模制制品325的位于靠近图3B中的冷却剂332(例如图3D的边缘328)的区域可能比模制制品325的位于背离图3B中的冷却剂332并且靠近通气口314(例如图3D的碗326)的区域冷。在另一个实施例中,模制制品325的较薄的区域可能比模制制品325的较厚的区域冷,不管冷冻过程是否具有定向性。归一化阶段400的温度可以是仅在水的解冻点/冻结点之下,比如约20°F至约30°F、更具体地约25°F至约30°F、更具体地约28°F。归一化阶段400的持续时间可以足以将任何温度差异最小化并且贯穿模制制品325获得基本上均匀的温度,比如约15分钟至约60分钟、更具体地约30分钟。当然,归一化阶段400的温度和持续时间可以基于模制制品325的尺寸和形状、模具310的设计和冷冻过程条件而变化。如果模制制品325已经具有足够均匀的温度,则完全消除归一化阶段400也在本披露的范围内。
干燥步骤108的解冻阶段402涉及将模制制品325在温度受控的、任选地高气流的环境中从接近解冻点的基本上均匀的冷冻状态加热至解冻状态。解冻阶段402的温度可以高于水的解冻点/冻结点,比如约40°F、约50°F、约60°F、约70°F或更高。在解冻阶段402过程中,模制制品325中的水体积减小。在没有先前的归一化阶段400的情况下,模制制品325可以以不均匀的方式(例如,在由定向冷冻引起的温度梯度的情况下、在不同厚度区域的温度不同的情况下、在冷冻之后由不一致的升温引起的温度不同的情况下)从冷冻过程过渡至解冻阶段402,从而导致解冻过程及其相关的尺寸变化不一致地发生。这种不一致的解冻可能在模制制品325中产生内应力,这种内应力导致模制制品325中的应力开裂。然而,通过使模制制品325经受先前的归一化阶段400,模制制品325进入具有已经接近水的解冻点的基本上均匀的温度的解冻阶段402,从而使得解冻过程及其相关的尺寸变化快速均匀地发生。在一个实例中,模制制品325在解冻阶段402中从约28°F的归一化温度快速均匀地解冻至约32°F的解冻点。这种均匀的解冻使模制制品325中的内应力最小化,并且减少模制制品325中应力开裂的形成。
干燥步骤108的蒸发阶段404涉及进一步将模制制品325在温度受控的、任选地高气流的环境中从解冻状态加热至足以使水蒸发的加热状态。相比于传统的陶瓷制品,水可以更容易并且更均匀地从本披露的凝胶基制品中释放出来。因此,相比于传统的干燥过程,干燥步骤108的蒸发阶段404可以在较高温度以及较低速度下进行,包括高于水的沸点的温度。例如,干燥步骤108的蒸发阶段404可以在约200°F至约500°F进行,然而传统的干燥过程典型地在温度低于150°F下进行。在延长的时间段内以及在较低的温度下(例如,低于约200°F、低于约l50°F、低于约100°F或约70°F)进行蒸发阶段404也在本披露的范围内。
根据本披露的示例性实施例,干燥步骤108的归一化阶段400、解冻阶段402、和/或蒸发阶段404可以在受控的、低湿度环境中进行。在一个实施例中,如果适用,至少解冻阶段402是在低湿度环境中进行的。低湿度环境可以是具有0%湿度的真空。
来自干燥步骤108的干燥的产品可能非常坚固。在某些实施例中,甚至在最终的烧制步骤112之前,干燥的产品可以能够经受加工和稳健的处理。
在方法100的步骤110中,对来自步骤108的干燥的产品上釉。本披露的上釉步骤110可以与传统的上釉过程类似。釉料制剂可以包括一种或多种玻璃形成剂(比如二氧化硅)、一种或多种助熔剂、以及一种或多种任选的添加剂。有利地,来自步骤108的干燥的产品可以是有吸引力的白色,所以可能减少或消除向其他透明釉料制剂中添加着色剂的需要。在某些实施例中,釉料制剂可以以水性形式应用于干燥的产品,比如通过将产品浸入釉料中、将釉料刷涂至产品上、将釉料喷涂至产品上、或将釉料倒至产品上。在其他实施例中,釉料制剂可以以干燥或粉末形式应用于干燥的产品。
在方法100的步骤112中,将来自步骤110的上釉的产品进行烧制。本披露的烧制步骤112可以与传统的烧制过程类似。然而,本披露的烧制步骤112可以在比传统烧制过程更快的速率以及更少的排气下进行,因为本披露的陶瓷产品没有与传统的粘土陶瓷产品相关联的大量的化学结合水和有机物。烧制步骤112可以将应用的釉料转化为非渗透的玻璃涂层,将该非渗透的玻璃涂层熔接至下面的陶瓷产品(与传统的玻璃瓷(VC)产品类似)。
最终陶瓷产品可以具有与初始的浆料制剂200基本上相同的组成,除了最终的陶瓷产品没有初始的浆料制剂200中存在的水。例如,最终陶瓷产品的组成可以是在上表1(不包括水)和表2中列出的。在最终陶瓷产品的某些实施例中,矿氧化物(例如,二氧化硅和氧化铝)是大多数组分,并且助熔剂(例如,氧化钠、氧化钾和氧化钙)是少数固体组分。
虽然已经参考某些优选实施例详细地说明了本发明,但在如以下权利要求中说明和限定的本发明的精神和范围内存在变型和修改。
Claims (26)
1.一种生产陶瓷产品的方法,所述方法包括:
将包含液体部分的混合物引入到具有通气口的模具中;
将所述混合物的液体部分以朝向所述模具的所述通气口的受控方向冷冻,以形成固体陶瓷制品;以及
将所述固体陶瓷制品从所述模具中顶出。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述通气口位于所述模具的第二表面中,并且其中,所述冷冻步骤包括引导冷却剂朝向与所述模具的所述第二表面相对的所述模具的第一表面,使得所述冷冻步骤的受控方向从所述模具的所述第一表面朝向所述第二表面移动。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述冷冻步骤包括引导低温冷却剂穿过所述模具。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中,所述低温冷却剂是干冰和液氮中的至少一者。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述模具是金属的。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述冷冻步骤在30分钟或更短时间内发生。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述混合物包含胶体二氧化硅,并且其中,所述冷冻步骤包括使所述混合物中的所述胶体二氧化硅不稳定,以固化所述混合物。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述引入步骤包括在2psi或更小的压力下将所述混合物注入所述模具中。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括在低湿度环境中热干燥所述固体陶瓷制品。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述固体陶瓷制品在所述冷冻步骤之后具有温度梯度,所述方法进一步包括:
在所述冷冻步骤之后,将所述固体陶瓷制品的温度归一化以降低所述温度梯度;
在所述归一化步骤之后,将所述固体陶瓷制品的液体部分解冻;以及,
在所述解冻步骤之后,将所述固体陶瓷制品的所述液体部分蒸发。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述固体陶瓷制品是白色的,所述方法进一步包括用没有着色剂的透明釉料制剂对所述固体陶瓷制品上釉。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括在所述上釉步骤之后,烧制所述固体陶瓷制品。
13.一种生产陶瓷产品的方法,所述方法包括:
在模具中将混合物的液体部分冷冻,以形成固体陶瓷制品;
在所述冷冻步骤之后,将所述固体陶瓷制品干燥,所述干燥步骤包括:
归一化阶段,其中使所述固体陶瓷制品达到接近所述液体部分的解冻点的基本上均匀的温度;
在所述归一化阶段之后的解冻阶段。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述干燥步骤的至少一部分是在低湿度环境中进行的。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述冷冻步骤涉及引导冷却剂从所述模具的第一表面穿过所述模具至第二表面,所述模具的所述第二表面具有通气口。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中,位于所述模具的所述第一表面附近的所述固体陶瓷制品的第一部分比位于所述模具的所述第二表面附近的所述固体陶瓷制品的第二部分冷。
17.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述归一化阶段的温度是约20°F至约30°F。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中,所述归一化阶段的温度是约28°F。
19.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述归一化阶段的持续时间是约30分钟或更长。
20.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述解冻阶段的温度是约40°F或更高。
21.如权利要求13所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括在所述解冻阶段之后的蒸发阶段,其中所述蒸发阶段的温度是约200°F或更高。
22.如权利要求13所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括:
在所述干燥步骤之后,用没有着色剂的透明釉料制剂对所述固体陶瓷制品上釉;以及
在所述上釉步骤之后,烧制所述固体陶瓷制品。
23.一种生产陶瓷产品的方法,所述方法包括:
将包含液体部分的混合物引入到具有第一表面和第二表面的模具中,其中所述第二表面带有通风口;
通过引导冷却剂从所述第一表面穿过所述模具至所述第二表面来冷冻所述混合物的所述液体部分,以形成固体陶瓷制品;
在所述冷冻步骤之后,将所述固体陶瓷制品归一化(normalizing)至接近所述液体部分的解冻点的温度;以及
在所述归一化步骤之后,将所述固体陶瓷制品的液体部分解冻。
24.如权利要求23所述的方法,其中:
所述归一化步骤是在约20°F至约30°F的温度下进行;并且所述解冻步骤是在约40°F或更高的温度下进行。
25.如权利要求23所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括在所述解冻步骤之后,将所述液体部分从所述固体陶瓷制品中蒸发,其中所述蒸发步骤是在约200°F或更高的温度下进行。
26.如权利要求23所述的方法,其中:
在所述冷冻步骤之后,所述固体陶瓷制品在位于所述模具的所述第一表面附近的所述固体陶瓷制品的第一部分与位于所述模具的所述第二表面附近的所述固体陶瓷制品的第二部分之间具有温度梯度;并且
在所述归一化步骤之后,所述固体陶瓷制品具有基本上均匀的温度而没有所述温度梯度。
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US11384023B2 (en) | 2022-07-12 |
CA3072517C (en) | 2024-04-16 |
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WO2019067436A1 (en) | 2019-04-04 |
MX2020003278A (es) | 2020-10-05 |
CA3072379A1 (en) | 2019-04-04 |
EP3687751A4 (en) | 2021-08-04 |
EP3687751A1 (en) | 2020-08-05 |
CA3072379C (en) | 2023-06-20 |
US20200247718A1 (en) | 2020-08-06 |
MX2020003335A (es) | 2020-12-03 |
US20200391407A1 (en) | 2020-12-17 |
US20220098112A1 (en) | 2022-03-31 |
WO2019067439A9 (en) | 2019-05-31 |
CA3196079A1 (en) | 2019-04-04 |
CN111108077A (zh) | 2020-05-05 |
WO2019067439A1 (en) | 2019-04-04 |
EP3687956A4 (en) | 2021-08-04 |
EP3687956A1 (en) | 2020-08-05 |
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