CN111034569A - A kind of galangal planting method suitable for mechanization - Google Patents
A kind of galangal planting method suitable for mechanization Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种适宜机械化的高良姜种植方法，属于高良姜种植领域；该方法以高良姜块根为种茎，全程采用机械化作业，包括(1)耕地准备：选择耕地，进行翻耕；(2)施肥起垄：对耕地进行旋耕、施肥、起垄；(3)除草：种植前对种植地进行喷药除草；(4)种植：利用种植机，以高良姜带芽杆的块状根茎为种茎繁殖；(5)田间管理：幼苗期利用小型培土机进行培土护垄和除草；(6)秸秆粉碎：利用粉碎收集机粉碎并收集高良姜秸秆；(7)收获：挖掘收获高良姜输送至转运车。该种植方法通过起大垄、垄上双行种植、垄上及垄间高良姜行距宽窄不同的方式完成高良姜种植，全程管理可实现机械化作业，大幅提高高良姜生产效率，大幅减少了人力的投入。
The invention relates to a galangal planting method suitable for mechanization, and belongs to the field of galangal planting; the method uses galangal root tubers as seed stems, and adopts mechanized operation in the whole process, including (1) arable land preparation: selecting arable land, and ploughing; (2) ) fertilization and ridge formation: rotary tillage, fertilization, ridge formation are carried out to the cultivated land; (3) weeding: before planting, the planting land is sprayed and weeded; (4) planting: using a planting machine, with the massive rhizome of galangal band sprout stem (5) Field management: use a small soil cultivator for soil ridge protection and weeding in the seedling stage; (6) Straw crushing: crush and collect galangal straw with a crushing collector; (7) Harvest: excavate and harvest galangal transported to the transfer vehicle. The planting method completes the planting of galangal by means of large ridges, double-row planting on the ridges, and different row spacings of galangal on the ridges and between the ridges. The whole process management can realize mechanized operation, greatly improve the production efficiency of galangal, and greatly reduce the labor force. put in.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of galangal planting, in particular to a galangal planting method suitable for mechanization.
Background
Alpinia officinarum, also known as alpinia galanga, galangal and the like, is an evergreen perennial herb of alpinia genus of zingiberaceae family. Galangal prefers a warm and humid climate environment, is drought-resistant, waterlogging-resistant and frost-cold-resistant, is native to tropical and subtropical regions in south China, and is mainly distributed in regions of Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and the like in China, wherein the Xuwen county in Zhanjiang province is the major galangal production region, the planting amount is about 6 ten thousand mu, the highest planting amount reaches about 10 thousand mu, the yield accounts for more than 90% of the whole country, and the method is mainly concentrated in villages and towns such as Xuwen county, dragon pond, front mountain, curved country, south mountain, north city, lower ocean, brocade, and sea-ann. The galangal can be used as a tropical plant with dual purposes of medicine and food, can be used for making various gourmets, and can also be used for producing and developing products such as health-care food, seasonings, medicines, feeds and the like, and has wide development and application values and wide application prospects.
The galangal is planted in the field, rhizome propagation or seed propagation is mainly adopted, and the galangal can be harvested after 3-6 years of field planting. The current agricultural production mode mainly adopts hole digging or shallow trench digging planting, the plant spacing is about 35-50cm generally, the row spacing is about 70-80cm, the field production process of the galangal mainly comprises the steps of land plowing and preparation, planting, field management, harvesting and the like, the traditional galangal planting is mainly manual, the efficiency is low, the standardization and the normalization of the planting are poor, and the requirements of large-scale and mechanized production cannot be met. With the great improvement of agricultural labor cost and the reduction of agricultural labor force in China, the mechanization of the production of the galangal is a necessary choice.
The method for artificially planting the galangal mainly adopts equal-row-spacing planting, has large row-spacing width deviation and poor row-direction straightness, and has the following problems in the implementation of mechanized operation: 1. the planting row spacing is not matched with the wheel track of the tractor and the wheel tracks of the planting machine, the management machine and the harvesting machine, so that tires of the tractor and the agricultural machine are not pressed between rows but on the rows during mechanized operation, and galangal plants are crushed or underground ginger blocks are crushed; 2. the operation width of the galangal excavating harvester is not matched with the planting row spacing of galangal, so that the rows cannot be excavated, the excavating direction and the excavating depth are not easy to control, and galangal blocks are easy to be shoveled off by the harvester, and the harvesting loss rate is high. The problems are the main reasons for restricting the scale and mechanical production of the galangal, and a galangal planting mode suitable for the whole-process mechanical operation needs to be introduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a galangal planting method suitable for mechanized operation, which completes galangal planting by means of large ridge forming, double-row planting on ridges and different row spacing widths of galangal on ridges and among ridges, can implement mechanized operation from soil preparation, planting, field management, straw treatment to harvesting through tractors of the same type, and has the advantages of easy operation, high efficiency, low cost and the like.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a galangal planting method suitable for mechanization is characterized in that galangal root tubers are used as seed stems in a planting mode, and mechanized operation can be adopted from tillage to soil preparation to planting, management and harvesting, and the method comprises the following steps:
A. preparing cultivated land: selecting flat land or gentle slope land with deep soil layer, loose fertility and good drainage, red soil, brick red soil or red soil sandy texture, ploughing the land by using a furrow plough, and insolating for 10-15 days after using a rotary cultivator to break soil;
B. fertilizing and ridging: the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine carries out rotary tillage, soil crushing and organic fertilizer application on cultivated lands, trapezoidal ridges are formed, and inverted trapezoidal furrows are arranged on two sides of a ridge body and are used for tractor tires to walk; the rotary tillage depth processed by the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine is 25-30 cm, the ridge surface width of a ridging body is 110-120 cm, the ridge bottom width of the ridging body is 140cm, the ridge height of the ridging body is 25-30 cm, and the width of a furrow is 40cm, so that the ridging shape is suitable for a 90-horsepower tractor to walk across ridges, and the subsequent galangal planting, field management, straw processing and harvesting can all adopt a 90-horsepower tractor to perform ridge-crossing operation; the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging are completed by a rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine, a rotary tillage and ridging device of the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine is formed by modifying a rotary cultivator additionally provided with 2 mud collecting plates, the mud collecting plates scrape upper-layer soil from furrows and pile the upper-layer soil on the ridges to form trapezoidal ridges, the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine comprises a fertilizer box, a spiral push type fertilizer discharger and other structures, organic fertilizer or compound fertilizer and the like can be loaded and used, a plurality of processes of rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging can be completed through one-time operation, and the fertilizing amount can be adjusted according to actual needs;
C. weeding: spraying and weeding are carried out on the planting land 5-7 days before planting by adopting a spray rod type pesticide spraying machine hung behind a tractor; the weeding is completed by a pesticide spraying machine, the pesticide spraying machine mainly comprises a pesticide box, a spray rod, a spray nozzle, a rack and other structures, is carried on the back by a tractor and provides power, and is mainly used for sealing before planting galangal, the spray rod is 9 meters in operation width, and 5 ridges are operated once;
D. planting: breeding two rows of galangal by using a galangal planter along the longitudinal direction on a ridge body, and sequentially performing seed discharging, ditching, seeding and soil covering processes; planting galangal by using a ridge culture type galangal planter, wherein the row spacing of two rows on a ridge is 55cm, and the plant spacing is 35 cm; planting galangal mechanically, wherein the row spacing of the galangal on the ridges is 55cm, and the row spacing of the galangal between adjacent ridges is 125cm, so that a wide-narrow double-row planting mode of the galangal with narrow rows on the ridges and wide rows between adjacent ridges is formed; the ridge planting ditch, seed discharging and seeding, and soil covering compaction in the planting process are completed by a ridge-culture type galangal planter, the internal spacing of a seed discharging driving wheel of the ridge-culture type galangal planter is matched with the width of the bottom of the ridge, the driving wheel completely walks in the ridge ditch, the driving wheel naturally rotates to drive the seed discharger to rotate, galangal root blocks manually fed into the seed discharger are uniformly laid in a groove formed by a furrow opener, soil covering compaction is performed to complete mechanical planting of the galangal, the planter is provided with 1 pair of side ridge protecting plates for keeping ridge shape and 1 rear ridge surface scraper, and the ridge shape is basically kept unchanged before and after planting;
E. field management: in the seedling stage of the galangal, a small banking machine is used for banking, ridge protection and weeding; in field management, a small ridging weeding machine is matched with the width of the ridge bottom, and machines and tools completely walk in furrows without pressing ridges or seedlings;
F. crushing straws: in the galangal harvesting period, galangal straws are crushed and collected by a galangal straw crushing and collecting machine, ground surface covering materials are removed for subsequent galangal harvesting, and meanwhile the collected galangal straws can be utilized as feeds; the straw crushing is completed by a galangal straw crushing and collecting machine, the working width of the crushing machine is matched with the width of the ridge surface, land wheels completely walk in furrows, a 90-horsepower tractor is used as power, and the tractor tires and the crushing machine land wheels do not press ridges or ginger;
G. harvesting: after the overground straws of the galangal are treated, digging and harvesting the galangal and separating ginger and soil by using a rotary cage type galangal combined harvester hung behind a tractor, and conveying the galangal subjected to the ginger and soil separation to a transfer trolley by a conveying belt; the harvesting is completed by the rotary cage type galangal combine harvester, the working width of the rotary cage type galangal combine harvester is matched with the width of the ridge surface, the wheel span is matched with the width of the bottom of the ridge, a 90-horsepower tractor is used as power, the tires of the tractor and the ground wheels of the harvester do not press the ridge and the ginger, and the galangal separated from the ginger soil is conveyed to a transfer trolley by a conveying belt at the discharge opening of the rotary cage type galangal combine harvester.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the method, the galangal is planted by the modes of ridging large ridges, double-row planting on the ridges and different row spacing widths of the galangal on the ridges and among the ridges, the whole-process management can realize mechanical operation, the production efficiency of the galangal is greatly improved, and the labor input is greatly reduced. Double-row planting is carried out on the ridges, so that the planting density and the cultivated land utilization rate of the galangal are ensured; the high ridges are beneficial to drainage in rainy seasons, ensure high and stable yield of the galangal and also are beneficial to keeping soil loose and facilitating digging and harvesting; the standardized ridge shape and furrow are adapted to the wheel pitches of the tractor and the machine tool, so that the whole field management of the galangal can be completed through agricultural machinery, particularly a mechanized harvesting link, the labor amount can be reduced, the loss rate can be reduced, and the high-efficiency and low-cost harvesting can be realized; the mechanical high-efficiency operation has positive significance for guaranteeing the production of the galangal in farming season, promoting high and stable yield.
According to estimation, the planting efficiency of the galangal planted by manpower is 0.5 mu/person/day, and the labor cost is 320 yuan/mu; according to the method, the planting efficiency can reach 40 mu/3 people/day through mechanical ridging planting, the mechanical and labor cost is 40 yuan/mu, the mechanical planting efficiency is 26 times of that of manual planting, and the mechanical planting operation cost is 1/8 of manual planting. The galangal straws are manually cut and transported, the labor efficiency is 1 mu/person/day, and the cost is 160 yuan/mu; the galangal straw is mechanically crushed, the mechanical operation efficiency is 40 mu/person/day, the mechanical and labor cost is 35 yuan/mu, the mechanical operation efficiency is 40 times of that of manual operation, and the mechanical operation cost is 7/32 of manual operation. The galangal is harvested manually, the harvesting efficiency is generally 0.1 mu/person/day, and the labor cost is about 2500 yuan/mu; mechanical harvesting is adopted, the harvesting efficiency is 12 mu/2 people/day, the mechanical and labor cost is 300 yuan/mu, the mechanical harvesting efficiency is 60 times of that of manual operation, and the mechanical harvesting cost is 3/25 of manual operation.
In conclusion, the method for planting the galangal is suitable for mechanized planting, realizes mechanization from tillage, planting, field management, galangal straw crushing and harvesting by planting the galangal through a wide-narrow double-row ridging method, and has the advantages of easiness in operation, high efficiency, low cost and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a ridge configuration suitable for mechanized galangal planting; 1 is furrow, 2 is galangal plant, 3 is ridge surface, and 4 is tractor or machine tire position.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated in detail by the following examples, which are provided only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the ridging machine comprises a furrow 1 and a ridge surface 3, wherein the longitudinal section of the ridge body is trapezoidal, double-row galangal plants 2 are planted on the ridge surface, and a tractor or an operation machine tire 4 can conveniently walk in the furrow 1 without pressing rows and damaging crops, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
planting time: 9 months 2015, planting site: xuwen county dragon pond town of Zhanjiang city, Guangdong province;
A. preparing cultivated land: in 2015, 8 months, selecting a flat land or a gentle slope land with a deep soil layer, a fertile loose soil layer and good drainage, wherein the texture is red soil or brick red soil, ploughing the land by using a furrow plough, crushing soil by using a rotary cultivator, and then insolating for 15 days;
B. fertilizing and ridging: the method comprises the steps of using a rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine pulled by a 90-horsepower tractor to carry out soil preparation and seed preparation, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 25-30 cm, trapezoidal ridges are formed, the furrows are used for the tractor to run, the width of the ridge surface of each ridge body is about 110cm, the width of the ridge bottom of each ridge body is 140cm, the ridge height of each ridge body is 30cm, the width of each ridge groove is 40cm, and the fertilizing amount of organic fertilizer is about 2 t/mu;
C. weeding: spraying and weeding are carried out on the planting land 5-7 days before planting by adopting a spray rod type pesticide spraying machine hung behind a tractor;
D. planting: in 2015 9 middle-late-month, using massive roots and stems of galangal with buds as seed stems for propagation, and using a planting machine pulled by a 90-horsepower tractor to plant galangal, wherein the row spacing of two rows on ridges is 55cm, the plant spacing is 35cm, the row spacing of galangal between adjacent ridges is 125cm, and a galangal wide-narrow double-row planting mode in which two rows on ridges are narrow rows and two rows between adjacent ridges are wide rows is formed;
E. field management: in the seedling stage of the galangal, a small banking machine is used for banking, ridge protection and weeding for 1 time;
F. crushing straws: in the middle ten days of 5 months in 2019 and in the harvesting period of galangal, a galangal crushing and collecting machine pulled by a 90-horsepower tractor is used for crushing and collecting galangal straws, the working width of the crusher is matched with the width of the ridge surface, land wheels completely run in furrows, and the tractor tires and the crusher land wheels do not press ridges or ginger;
G. harvesting: after the overground stalks of the galangal are treated, a rotating cage type galangal combined harvester hung behind a tractor is used for digging, harvesting and separating galangal and soil, the galangal separated from the soil is conveyed to a transfer trolley by a conveying belt, the working width of the harvester is matched with the width of a ridge surface, the wheel pitch is matched with the width of the bottom of the ridge, and the tires of the tractor and the ground wheels of the harvester do not press the ridge and the ginger.
Claims (10)
1. A galangal planting method suitable for mechanization is characterized by comprising the following steps: the planting mode takes galangal root tubers as seed stems, adopts mechanized operation from plowing and soil preparation to planting, managing and harvesting, and comprises the following steps:
A. preparing cultivated land: selecting a farmland with a deep soil layer, a loose fertilizer and good drainage, and carrying out plowing and soil breaking on the land by using a furrow plough and then exposing the land for 10-15 days;
B. fertilizing and ridging: the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine carries out rotary tillage, soil crushing and organic fertilizer application on cultivated lands, trapezoidal ridges are formed, and inverted trapezoidal furrows are arranged on two sides of a ridge body and are used for tractor tires to walk;
C. weeding: spraying and weeding are carried out on the planting land 5-7 days before planting by adopting a spray rod type pesticide spraying machine hung behind a tractor;
D. planting: breeding two rows of galangal by using a galangal planter along the longitudinal direction on a ridge body, and sequentially performing seed discharging, ditching, seeding and soil covering processes;
E. field management: in the seedling stage of the galangal, a small banking machine is used for banking, ridge protection and weeding;
F. crushing straws: in the galangal harvesting period, galangal straws are crushed and collected by a galangal straw crushing and collecting machine, ground surface covering materials are removed for subsequent galangal harvesting, and meanwhile the collected galangal straws can be utilized as feeds;
G. harvesting: after the overground stalk of the galangal is treated, a rotating cage type galangal combined harvester hung behind a tractor is used for digging and harvesting the galangal and separating ginger and soil, and the galangal after the separation of the ginger and soil is conveyed to a transfer trolley by a conveying belt.
2. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: and D, selecting flat lands or gentle slope lands with red soil, brick red soil or red soil sandy texture, and ploughing and airing the lands by using a furrow plough.
3. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: and B, the rotary tillage depth processed by the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine is 25-30 cm, the width of the ridge surface of the ridge forming body is 110-120 cm, the width of the ridge bottom of the ridge body is about 140cm, the height of the ridge body is 25-30 cm, and the width of a ridge ditch is 40 cm.
4. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: and step B, the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging are completed by a rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine, a rotary tillage and ridging device of the rotary tillage, fertilization and ridging machine is formed by adding 2 mud collecting plates by a rotary cultivator in a modification mode, and the mud collecting plates scrape upper-layer soil from furrows and collect the upper-layer soil on the ridges to form trapezoidal ridges.
5. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: and D, weeding in the step C is completed by a pesticide spraying machine.
6. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: d, planting the galangal by using the galangal block-shaped rootstocks as seed stems and using a ridge-planting galangal planter, wherein the row spacing of two rows on the ridges is 55cm, and the plant spacing is 35 cm; the galangal is planted by using a machine, the row spacing of the galangal on the ridges is 55cm, the row spacing of the galangal between adjacent ridges is 125cm, and a wide-narrow double-row planting mode of the galangal with narrow rows on the ridges and wide rows between adjacent ridges is formed.
7. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: d, planting furrows are formed on the ridges in the planting process, seeding is carried out, and soil covering compaction is completed by a ridge-planting type galangal planter, the inner space of a seeding driving wheel of the ridge-planting type galangal planter is matched with the width of the bottom of the ridges, the driving wheel completely walks in the furrows, the driving wheel naturally rotates to drive the seed-metering device to rotate, galangal roots fed into the seed-metering device manually are uniformly laid in grooves formed by a furrow opener, soil covering compaction is carried out, mechanical planting of the galangal is completed, the planter is provided with a pair of ridge-shape-maintaining side ridge-protecting plates and a rear ridge-surface scraper, and the ridge shape is kept unchanged before and after planting.
8. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: and E, the field management uses a small ridging weeding machine to be matched with the width of the ridge bottom, and the machine completely walks in the furrow without pressing the ridge and the seedlings.
9. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: and F, smashing the straws, namely completing smashing by a galangal straw smashing and collecting machine, wherein the working width of the smashing machine is matched with the width of the ridge surface, the land wheels completely run in the furrows, the tractor is used as power, and the tractor tires and the smashing machine land wheels do not press ridges or ginger.
10. The method for planting galangal rhizome suitable for mechanization according to claim 1, wherein: and G, harvesting is completed by the rotary cage type galangal combined harvester, the working width of the rotary cage type galangal combined harvester is matched with the width of the ridge surface, the wheel span is matched with the width of the bottom of the ridge, a tractor is used as power, the tires of the tractor and the ground wheels of the harvester do not press the ridge and the ginger, and the galangal separated from the ginger soil is conveyed to a transfer trolley by a conveying belt at the discharge opening of the rotary cage type galangal combined harvester.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111642144A (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2020-09-11 | 四川省农业机械研究设计院 | Land transformation method and device and computerized transformation equipment |
| CN111955256A (en) * | 2020-08-07 | 2020-11-20 | 农业农村部南京农业机械化研究所 | Tea garden planting management method suitable for whole-course mechanized operation |
| CN113875530A (en) * | 2021-10-19 | 2022-01-04 | 龙军 | High-ridge cultivation method for ginger |
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