CN1109718C - 芳族聚碳酸酯树脂组合物 - Google Patents
芳族聚碳酸酯树脂组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1109718C CN1109718C CN98120817A CN98120817A CN1109718C CN 1109718 C CN1109718 C CN 1109718C CN 98120817 A CN98120817 A CN 98120817A CN 98120817 A CN98120817 A CN 98120817A CN 1109718 C CN1109718 C CN 1109718C
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- compound
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- aromatic polycarbonate
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000004431 polycarbonate resin Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 229920005668 polycarbonate resin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-7-carboxylate Chemical compound C1N(C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CCCC11CNCC1 ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 57
- -1 phosphorous acid ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 37
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001339 alkali metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 46
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 22
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 150000001341 alkaline earth metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 description 7
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 5
- YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=O YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000012760 heat stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl carbonate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- JKIJEFPNVSHHEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, phosphite (3:1) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1OP(OC=1C(=CC(=CC=1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1C(C)(C)C JKIJEFPNVSHHEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000004650 carbonic acid diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- HVLLSGMXQDNUAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphite Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 HVLLSGMXQDNUAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DTFQULSULHRJOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,5,6-tetrabromobenzene-1,4-diol Chemical compound OC1=C(Br)C(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=C1Br DTFQULSULHRJOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=C1 VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URFNSYWAGGETFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Dihydroxybibenzyl Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 URFNSYWAGGETFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BRPSWMCDEYMRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 BRPSWMCDEYMRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001118 alkylidene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- QMKYBPDZANOJGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QMKYBPDZANOJGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940092714 benzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QYJXDIUNDMRLAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound CCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 QYJXDIUNDMRLAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001990 dicarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 2
- UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TUKWPCXMNZAXLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-nonylsulfanyl-4-oxo-1h-pyrimidine-6-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCSC1=NC(=O)C=C(C(=O)OCC)N1 TUKWPCXMNZAXLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N icosanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ISYWECDDZWTKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ISYWECDDZWTKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SSDSCDGVMJFTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 SSDSCDGVMJFTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pimelic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(O)=O WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000037048 polymerization activity Effects 0.000 description 2
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- CYIDZMCFTVVTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyromellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(C(O)=O)C=C1C(O)=O CYIDZMCFTVVTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000005622 tetraalkylammonium hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VDZOOKBUILJEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC VDZOOKBUILJEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CNUJLMSKURPSHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctadecyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CNUJLMSKURPSHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- HGTUJZTUQFXBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,3-dimethyl-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)benzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)C(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 HGTUJZTUQFXBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GPFJHNSSBHPYJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-methylphenyl) hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(OC(O)=O)=C1 GPFJHNSSBHPYJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VNQNSLXVQALONT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-phenylcyclobutyl)benzene Chemical compound C1C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CC1C1=CC=CC=C1 VNQNSLXVQALONT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRLOQEQAWOKEJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (6-methyl-1,1-diphenylheptyl) dihydrogen phosphite Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OP(O)O)(CCCCC(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 NRLOQEQAWOKEJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFBBZLLZOJFFSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (6-methyl-1-phenylheptyl) dihydrogen phosphite Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCC(OP(O)O)C1=CC=CC=C1 HFBBZLLZOJFFSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCNHNBLSNVSJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HCNHNBLSNVSJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGASRBUYZODJTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-bis(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol dihydroxyphosphanyl dihydrogen phosphite Chemical compound OP(O)OP(O)O.C(C)(C)(C)C1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(O)(C(CO)(CO)CO)C1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C RGASRBUYZODJTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZKIOSCVVLXTVDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4,6-tetrabromocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,3-diol Chemical compound OC1=C(Br)C=C(Br)C(O)(Br)C1Br ZKIOSCVVLXTVDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AERGGMDNGDDGPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane Chemical compound C1CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C1C1=CC=CC=C1 AERGGMDNGDDGPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005207 1,3-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PXGZQGDTEZPERC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1CCC(C(O)=O)CC1 PXGZQGDTEZPERC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005208 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GFMYLYZAYMLEMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,3-diol Chemical compound C1C(O)=CC=CC1(O)C(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 GFMYLYZAYMLEMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QPGRPTCYNLFHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,3-diol Chemical compound CCCCC1(O)CC(O)=CC=C1 QPGRPTCYNLFHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MRVNKFHOCJWEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,3-diol Chemical compound CCC1(O)CC(O)=CC=C1 MRVNKFHOCJWEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKPXTMAQTAVHDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,3-diol Chemical compound CC1(O)CC(O)=CC=C1 YKPXTMAQTAVHDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJEYCKQTMDFTAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,3-diol Chemical compound C1C(O)=CC=CC1(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CJEYCKQTMDFTAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- YAQXGBBDJYBXKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);1,10-phenanthroline;dicyanide Chemical compound [Fe+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YAQXGBBDJYBXKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HGPXWXLYXNVULB-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium stearate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HGPXWXLYXNVULB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- UEGPKNKPLBYCNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium acetate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UEGPKNKPLBYCNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- QWDJLDTYWNBUKE-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].OC([O-])=O.OC([O-])=O QWDJLDTYWNBUKE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- VUQUOGPMUUJORT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 VUQUOGPMUUJORT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MVLBLRUUSZWMKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-4-carboxylate Chemical compound C1C(C(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCC2OC21 MVLBLRUUSZWMKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GVMDZMPQYYHMSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GVMDZMPQYYHMSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CGEXUOTXYSGBLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1S(=O)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 CGEXUOTXYSGBLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZOMVKCHODRHQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylphosphanium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CC[P+](CC)(CC)CC ZOMVKCHODRHQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluquinol Chemical compound CC1=CC(O)=CC=C1O CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FICPQAZLPKLOLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexyl phosphite Chemical compound C1CCCCC1OP(OC1CCCCC1)OC1CCCCC1 FICPQAZLPKLOLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QUTZUATVZPXUJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trinonyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCC QUTZUATVZPXUJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QOQNJVLFFRMJTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCC QOQNJVLFFRMJTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有端羟基的芳族聚碳酸酯树脂组合物,该组合物是已被热稳定化并具有优良的抗水解性能,所述组合物包含(A)100重量份含有其比例相对于聚合物总端基至少5%的羟基团的一种芳族聚碳酸酯树脂和(B)至少0.00001重量份和小于0.0002重量份的亚磷酸。
Description
本发明涉及一种含有羟基的稳定的芳族聚碳酸酯(下文中有时称作PC)树脂组合物。
芳族聚碳酸酯由于其优良的透明度而被用于广泛的应用范围,如电子元件、光盘、镜头、以及片状材料。通常,一种芳族聚碳酸酯被成型并加工用于镜头或光盘时,其加工温度约为300℃,该温度的目的是为了减少残余应变并得到光滑的表面。因此,这会引起一些问题,如最终产品的变色,以及由于较低分子量减低产品强度。在过去,已有人建议在其中将一种稳定剂,如磷或以酚为基础的抗氧化剂混合入芳基聚碳酸酯中使芳族聚碳酸酯稳定的措施以解决这一问题。这一稳定化作用主要是对由光气法得到的聚碳酸酯而进行的。如日本公开专利申请59-12691所公开的,痕量亚磷酸(2-20ppm)和亚磷酸酯(50-300ppm)混合物会对热和水解两方面使这些碳酸酯稳定。除了在其中通过添加痕量磷基稳定剂使聚碳酸酯稳定的方法外,我们也发现了日本公开专利申请481457(5-50ppm亚磷酸)和日本公开专利申请1-284549(5-100ppm亚磷酸)中的实施例。遗憾的是,在这些范围内对由光气法得到的聚碳酸酯的随后的试验已显示出,当添加亚磷酸的量增加时,特别是添加量5ppm或更大时,聚碳酸酯的抗水解性能显著恶化。
与由已知的光气法得到的聚碳酸酯比较由熔融聚合得到的聚碳酸酯,由于在熔融方法中不使用氯基溶剂和光气,所以只含有少得多的残余氯量。从而这种聚碳酸酯适于需要良好透明度应用场合,并且对热稳定性或抗水解性能具有有害作用的残余氯的危害几乎不存在。然而,熔融聚合方法涉及一种酯交换方法,对于如何终止聚合反应常常用原材料的摩尔比来控制。因此,原料中所存在的羟基在结构中以很少百分比例存在。在其末端具有这些羟基的聚碳酸酯稳定程度足以使之在成型和加工中所遭遇到的短时热根本不会引起问题,但存在的潜在问题在于这些羟基可与聚碳酸酯中的杂质反应。例如,在由熔融方法制得的聚碳酸酯中最有可能被发现的杂质是金属离子。然而,由于这些金属离子经常是来自原材料,或其含量取决于反应器等的材料, 因此非常难于完全将它们除去。在日本公开专利申请2-175722中,对由熔融工艺制得的聚碳酸酯详细说明了氯含量和金属离子,特别是为了改进抗水解性能,提高了原材料的纯度。这一方法不仅对抗水解性能,而且也对热稳定性有效,并且在稳定熔融方法的聚碳酸酯方面是重要的。然而,这一方法具有的作用将是有限度的,并且为稳定具有羟基末端基团的熔融方法聚碳酸酯需要更好的方法。
本发明的一个目的是为了提供一种在其末端具有羟基的芳族聚碳酸酯树脂组合物,该组合物是热稳定性的,并且还具有优良的抗水解性能。
通过目标在于解决这些问题的许多研究,本申请发明人创立了本发明,其根据是发现了微量的,优选小于2ppm的亚磷酸对一开始杂质含量也是微量的含有羟基团的熔融法聚碳酸酯具有优良的稳定效果。
具体的是,本发明提供了一种聚碳酸酯树脂组合物,该组合物含有(A)100重量份含有羟基比例至少为总聚合物端基的5%的一种芳族聚碳酸酯树脂,以及(B)至少0.00001重量份和小于0.0002重量份的亚磷酸。
上述芳族聚碳酸酯树脂,优选通过芳族二羟基化合物和碳酸双酯之间的熔融聚合反应而制得的。在熔融聚合中,一般是每摩尔芳族二羟基化合物,使用1×10-8-1×10-4摩尔的碱金属化合物或碱土金属化合物作为催化剂,并且还每摩尔芳族二羟基化合物使用1×10-6-1×10-1摩尔的碱性化合物。
在本发明中,(A)含有羟基的比例至少为聚合物总端基的5%的芳族聚碳酸酯树脂是通过使芳族二羟基化合物与碳酸酯前体反应而得到的芳族均聚碳酸酯或共聚碳酸酯。该芳族聚碳酸酯可以是支链的。通过使多官能芳族化合物与一芳族二羟基化合物和碳酸酯前体反应得到支化的聚碳酸酯,产生出支链热塑性聚碳酸酯。
生产上述聚碳酸酯的方法其本身是已知的。实际上,具体说来,这种聚碳酸酯可通过使芳族二羟基化合物和碳酸双酯在熔融状态进行酯交换反应而制得。
对芳族二羟基化合物没有任何特别的限制,并且可使用任何各种不同的含有羟基基团的已知酚基化合物。这些化合物的实例由下式表示:
在上式中,Ra和Rb各自独立地选自卤素原子,即氯、溴、氟或碘,以及含1-8个碳原子数的烷基。当有两个或两个以上Ra或Rb时,这就是说,当n=2-4和/或m=2-4时,各个Ra或Rb基团可以相同或不同。n和m各自是0-4的一个整数、而X选自单键、具有1-8个碳原子的亚烷基(alkylene)、具有2-8个碳原子的亚烷基(alkylidene)具有5-15个碳原子的环亚烷基(alkylene)、具有5-15个碳原子数的环亚烷基(alkylidene)、-S-、-SO-、-SO2-、-CO-或-O-键,以及由下式表示的键:
芳族二羟基化物的特定实例包括有双(4-羟苯基)甲烷、1,1-双(4-羟苯基)乙烷、1,2-双(4-羟苯基)乙烷、双(4-羟苯基)二苯甲烷、2,2-双(4-羟苯基)丙烷、2,2-双(4-羟苯基)丁烷、1,1-双(4-羟苯基)环己烷、双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)甲烷、1,1-双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)乙烷、1,2-双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)乙烷、2,2-双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)丙烷、2,2-双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)丁烷、双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)苯甲烷、双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)二苯甲烷、双(3,5-二氯-4-羟苯基)甲烷、2,2-双(3,5-二氯-4-羟苯基)甲烷、双(3,5-二溴-4-羟苯基)甲烷、2,2-双(3,5-二溴-4-羟苯基)丙烷,及其他这样的二羟基芳基烷烃;双(4-羟苯基)砜、双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)砜、双(3,5-二溴-4-羟苯基)砜,及其他这样的二羟基芳基砜;双(4-羟苯基)醚、双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)醚、双(3,5-二溴-4-羟苯基)醚,及其他这样的二羟基芳基醚;双(4-羟苯基)硫醚、双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)硫醚、双(3,5-二溴-4-羟苯基)硫醚,及其他这类二羟基芳基硫醚;4,4′-二羟基二苯酮及其他这类二羟基芳基酮;以及双(4-羟苯基)亚砜及其他这类亚砜。在这些化合物中,优选的是2,2-双(4-羟苯基)丙烷(通用名称:双酚A)。
除了上述的以外,也可以使用由下式表示的化合物:
此处Rf基团各自独立地是一个具有1-10个碳原子的烃基,或其卤化物,或一个卤素原子,而P为0-4的整数。作为芳族二羟基化合物,其实例包括间苯二酚和取代的间苯二酚,如3-甲基间苯二酚、3-乙基间苯二酚、3-丙基间苯二酚、3-丁基间苯二酚、3-t-丁基间苯二酚、3-苯基间苯二酚、3-枯基间苯二酚、2,3,4,6-四氟间苯二酚、和2,3,4,6-四溴间苯二酚;邻苯二酚;对苯二酚和取代的对苯二酚,如3-甲基对苯二酚、3-乙基对苯二酚、3-丙基对苯二酚、3-丁基对苯二酚、3-t-丁基对苯二酚、3-苯基对苯二酚、3-枯基对苯二酚、2,3,5,6-四甲基对苯二酚、2,3,5,6-四-t-丁基对苯二酚、2,3,5,6-四氢对苯二酚、和2,3,5,6-四溴对苯二酚;以及由下式所表示的2,2,2′,2′-四氢-3,3,3′,3′-四甲基-1,1′-螺双(1H-茚)-7,7′-二酚:以及如美国专利No.5703197在第6栏10-24行(专门结合入本文供参考)所报导的取代的1,2-二氢化茚双酚化合物,当结合入聚碳酸酯共聚物时,这些化合物中最优选的种类是如下式所述结构给出的5-羟基-3-(4-羟苯基)-1,1,3-三甲基二氢化茚。
这些芳族二羟基化合物可单独使用,或可使用两种或多种类型的组合。
对碳酸双酯没有任何特定的限制,但实例包括有碳酸二苯酯、碳酸二甲苯酯、碳酸双(氯苯基)酯、碳酸间甲苯酯、碳酸二萘酯、碳酸双(二苯基)酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丁酯,以及碳酸二环己酯等,并未全部列出。优选的是使用碳酸二苯酯。
这些碳酸酯类也可以单独使用,或可以使用两种或多种类型的组合。
此外,也可含有一种二羧酸或一种二羧酸酯作为酸组分。二羧酸和二羧酸酯的实例包括对苯二酸、间苯二酸、对苯二酸二苯酯、间苯二酸二苯酯,以及其他这类芳族二羧酸;琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、癸酸、十二酸、癸二酸二苯酯、十二双酸二苯酯、以及其他这类脂族二羧酸;环丙烷二甲酸、1,2-环丁烷二甲酸、1,3-环戊烷二甲酸、1,2-环己烷二甲酸、1,3-环己烷二甲酸、1,4-环己烷二甲酸、环丙烷二甲酸二苯酯、1,2-环丁烷二甲酸二苯酯,1,3-环丁烷二甲酸二苯酯,1,2-环戊烷二甲酸二苯酯、1,3-环戊烷二甲酸二苯酯、1,2-环己烷二甲酸二苯酯、1,4-环己烷二甲酸二苯酯,以及其他这类脂环二羧酸。
这些二羧酸和二羧酸酯可以单独使用,或可使用两种或多种类型的组合。
二羧酸或二羧酸酯应以50mol%或更少,优选为30mol%或更少量被包含在上述碳酸双酯中。
在制备芳族二羟基化合物中,随同芳族二羟基化合物和碳酸双酯一起也可使用每个分子具有三个或更多官能团的多官能化合物。作为这一多官能化合物,优选的是具有酚羟基或羧基的化合物,而特别合适的是具有三个酚羟基的化合物。
这种化合物的特定实例包括1,1,1-三(4-羟苯基)乙烷、2,2′,2″-三(4-羟苯基)二异丙苯、α-甲基-α,α′,α″-三(4-羟苯基)-1,4-二乙苯、α,α′,α″-三(4-羟苯基)-1,3,5-三异丙苯、氟甘氨酸、4,6-二甲基-2,4,6-三(4-羟苯基)庚烷-2,1,3,5-三(4-羟苯基)丙烷、1,2,4-苯三酸、1,3,5-苯三甲酸和1,2,4,5-苯四酸。
特别合适的是使用1,1,1-三(4-羟苯基)乙烷、α,α′,α″-三(4-羟苯基)-1,3,5-三异丙苯及类似化合物。
多官能化合物可使用的量为每摩尔芳族二羟基化合物0.03摩尔,优选的是0.001-0.025摩尔最合适的是0.01-0.02摩尔。
在芳族聚碳酸酯中,末端羟基数是芳族二羟基化合物和碳酸双酯原材料摩尔比的一个函数。例如,当使用双酚A作为芳族二羟基化合物并使用碳酸二苯酯作为碳酸双酯时,聚碳酸酯的端基为(i)双酚A中产生的酚残基,以及(ii)碳酸二苯酯中产生的苯基。当提高双酚A的摩尔比时,在所产生的聚碳酸酯中酚端基(i)和非酚端基(ii)的当量比(i)/(ii)增加。
通常,当通过熔融方法生产聚碳酸酯时,双酚A、芳族二羟基化合物的摩尔比较大,而由此得到的芳族聚碳酸酯的酚端基量至少为总聚合物端基的5%。
在以这一方式通过熔融方法制备聚碳酸酯时,通常使用一种碱金属化合物或碱土金属化合物以及一种碱性化合物作为催化剂。碱金属化合物或碱土金属化合物的特定实例包括碱金属和碱土金属的有机酸盐类、无机酸盐类、氧化物、氢氧化物、氢化物、醇化物等。
更确切地说,碱金属化合物的实例包括氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化锂、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、碳酸氢锂、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸锂、乙酸钠、乙酸钾、乙酸锂、硬脂酸钠、硬脂酸钾、硬脂酸锂、氢硼化钠、氢硼化钾、氢硼化锂、苯基硼钠、苯甲酸钠、苯甲酸钾、苯甲酸锂、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸氢二锂、双酚A的二钠盐、二钾盐、或二锂盐、以及酚的钠盐、钾盐、或锂盐、
碱土金属化合物的特定实例包括氢氧化钙、氢氧化钡、氢氧化镁、氢氧化锶、碳酸氢钙、碳酸氢钡、碳酸氢镁、碳酸氢锶、碳酸钙、碳酸钡、碳酸镁、碳酸锶、乙酸钙、乙酸钡、乙酸镁、乙酸锶、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸钡、硬脂酸镁、和硬脂酸锶。
碱金属化合物或碱土金属化合物也可以是两种或两种以上上述化合物的组合。也可以使用一种碱金属化合物和一种碱土金属化合物的组合。
所使用的碱金属化合物或碱土金属化合物的量,应该是每摩尔上述芳族二羟基化合物使用1×10-8-1×10-4摩尔,优选的为1.5×10-7-2×10-6摩尔,而特别合适的为1×10-7-8×10-7摩尔。
当以每摩尔芳族二羟基化合物为1×10-8-1×10-4的量使用碱金属化合物或碱土金属化合物作为催化剂时,可以高聚合活性水平制备聚合物。
和碱金属化合物或碱土金属化合物一起使用一种碱性化合物。该碱性化合物例如在高温时易于分解。以下的化合物为特定的实例:氢氧化四甲铵(Me4NOH)、氢氧化四乙铵(Et4NOH)、氢氧化四丁铵(Bu4NOH)、氢氧化三甲苄铵((φ-CH2)(Me)3NOH)、以及其他如含有烷基、芳基、芳烷基、或其他这类基团的氢氧化铵;三甲胺、三乙胺、二甲苄胺、三苯胺、及其他这类叔胺;由R2NH(该处R为甲基、乙基、或其他烷基、苯基、甲苯基、或其他这类芳基等等)所表示的仲胺;由RNH2(该处R定义与上面相同)所表示的伯胺;2-甲基咪唑、2-苯基咪唑,以及其他这些咪唑类;胍;氨、氢硼化四甲基铵(Me4NBH4)、氢硼化四丁基铵(Bu4NBH4)、四苯硼酸四丁基铵(Bu4NB(Ph)4)、四苯硼酸四甲胺(Me4NB(Ph)4)、以及其他这类碱性盐类;以及氢氧化四甲基鏻、氢氧化四乙基鏻、氢氧化四苯基鏻,以及其他这类鏻化合物。
在这些化合物中特别有利的是,可使用氢氧化四烷基铵,特别是具有低杂质含量的电子用途氢氧化四烷基铵。
使用上述碱性化合物的量应是每摩尔芳族二羟基化合物为1×10-6-1×10-1摩尔,优选为1×10-5-1×10-2摩尔。
优选的是,以上述量使用一种碱金属化合物或一种碱土金属化合物和一种碱性化合物的组合作为催化剂,因为在高聚合活性水平下缩聚反应将进行得足够地快,并可制得高分子量聚合物。
当在熔融工艺中使用上述催化剂时,应将一种酸性化合物加入到反应产物中使其中和或降低碱性。这一酸性化合物可以是苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、或另外的苯磺酸;苯磺酸甲酯。苯磺酸乙酯、苯磺酸丁酯、苯磺酸辛酯、苯磺酸苯酯、对甲苯磺酸甲酯、对甲苯磺酸乙酯、对甲苯磺酸丁酯、对甲苯磺酸辛酯、对甲苯磺酸苯酯,或另外的磺酸酯;等等。
和光气方法不同,熔融方法基本上不涉及任何精制,所以聚合物在中和催化剂之后应经受减压处理。
对在该减压处理中所用的处理设备没有特别的限制,但可使用装备有减压设备的反应器,或例如可使用一种装备有减压设备的挤压机。
此处的反应器可以是一种立式罐式反应器或一种卧式罐式反应器,但优选的是卧式罐式反应器。
利用上述反应器完成的减压处理是在压力为0.05-750mmHg下,优选的是在0.05-5mmHg下进行。
当使用一种挤压机进行该减压处理时,应持续约10秒-15分钟,而当使用反应器时,应持续约5分钟-3小时。在温度约240-350℃进行减压处理是优选的。
当在挤压机中进行减压处理时,可使用通风单轴或双轴挤压机,并且当在挤压机中进行减压处理时,可将材料造粒。
当在挤压机中进行减压处理时,在压力为1-750mmHg下,优选为5-700mmHg下进行。
进行上述处理减少了或完全消除了在聚碳酸酯中留剩的原材料单体。
对芳族聚碳酸酯的分子量没有特别的限制,但对实际用途,优选的是特性粘度(η)为0.3-0.7(在二氯甲烷中于20℃用乌伯娄德(Ubellohde)粘度计测得)。
含有相对于本发明中所用的聚合物总端基比例至少为5%的羟基的芳族聚碳酸酯树脂(A),其本身是热稳定的,但当存在一定类型的金属离子时,将存在有与上述羟基团作用的可能性,并导致在成型和加工期间染污变色。这些金属离子不仅可在制备聚碳酸酯期间,而且也可由在成型时成型机械内部的螺钉或筒身中被掺入。从而,本发明的芳族聚碳酸酯树脂组合物其特征在于与上述芳族聚碳酸酯树脂一起,含有极少量亚磷酸。加入亚磷酸的量是每100重量份芳族聚碳酸酯树脂为至少0.00001重量份和小于0.0002重量份,在该数量时将显示出良好的热稳定性,以及特别是颜色稳定性。优选的是,所加入亚磷酸的量为至少0.00002重量份,至少为0.00005重量份更佳,并且不大于0.00015重量份,不大于0.0001重量份更佳。甚至当其量超过上述范围时,仍能保持良好的热稳定性,但将显著降低抗水解性能。
本发明的树脂组合物除上述组分外,也可含有(C)一种或多种类型的添加剂,这些添加剂选自热稳定剂、酸性物质清除剂、耐气候老化剂、以及脱模剂构成的物组,其用量为不大于约0.5重量份,而优选为0.001-0.5重量份。组分(C)在必要时使用,并可以是单一添加剂或混合使用。
使用热稳定剂以进一步改进芳族聚碳酸酯的热稳定性。具体地说,可使用亚磷酸酯和/或以酚为基础的抗氧化剂。亚磷酸酯的实例由下式所表示,例如:
P(ORc)3 (V)
在上式中, Rc是一个脂环烃基、一个脂族烃基或一个芳族烃基,并且各个Rc可以相同或不同。
特定的例子包括亚磷酸三甲酯、亚磷酸三乙酯、亚磷酸三丁酯、亚磷酸三辛酯、亚磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯、亚磷酸三壬酯、亚磷酸十三酯、亚磷酸三(十八烷基)酯、亚磷酸三硬脂酰酯、亚磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、亚磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯,以及其他这类亚磷酸三烷基酯;亚磷酸三环己酯及其他这类亚磷酸环烷基酯,亚磷酸三苯酯、亚磷酸三甲苯酯、亚磷酸三(乙苯基)酯、亚磷酸三(2,4-二-t-丁苯基)酯、亚磷酸三(壬苯基)酯、亚磷酸三(羟苯基)酯、以及其他这类亚磷酸三芳基酯;以及亚磷酸苯二癸酯、亚磷酸二苯癸酯、亚磷酸二苯异辛酯、亚磷酸苯异辛酯。亚磷酸2-乙基己基二苯酯,以及其他这类亚磷酸芳烷基酯。
亚磷酸酯的其他实例包括二硬脂酰季戊四醇二亚磷酸酯和双(2,4-二-t-丁苯基)季戊四醇二亚磷酸酯。
这些化合物可单独或以组合方式使用。
在这些化合物中,优选的是一种芳族亚磷酸酯,特别合适的是可使用亚磷酸三(2,4-二-t-丁苯基)酯。
以酚为基础的抗氧化剂是在该领域中普通用作抗氧化剂的任意酚基化合物。特别是,可使用任意的受阻酚基化合物。特定的实例包括n-十八烷基-3-(4-羟基-3′,5′-二-t-丁苯基)丙酸酯、四[亚甲基-3-(3′,5′-二-t-丁基-4-羟苯基)丙酸酯]甲烷、1,1,3-三(2-甲基-4-羟基-5-t-丁苯基)丁烷、丙二酸二硬脂酰(4-羟基-3-甲基-5-t-丁苯基)苄酯、以及4-羟甲基-2,6-二-t-丁酚。这些化合物可单独或以两种或多种类型组合的形式使用。
由亚磷酸(B)的量和芳族聚碳酸酯(A)的纯度(这就是说杂质,特别是金属离子的量)决定,当需要时,使用热稳定剂。热稳定剂添加的主要作用是防止在加热时分子量降低。当使用单一亚磷酸酯时,添加的量通常是每100重量份芳族聚碳酸酯为0.1重量份或更少,优选为0.05重量份或更少,更优选的为0.03重量份或更少,优选的为至少0.0005重量份,更优选的为至少0.001重量份。当使用单一以酚为基础的抗氧化剂时,加入量是每100重量份芳族聚碳酸酯为0.1重量份或更少,优选的为0.05重量份或更少,更优选的为0.03重量份或更少,并且优选的是至少0.0005重量份,更优选的是至少0.001重量份。在这些范围内,这些添加剂足以提高热稳定性,并且在避免水解和防止使模具弄脏方面是理想的。也可使用一种亚磷酸酯和一种以酚为基础的抗氧化剂的组合。
例如,使用一种每分子含有一个或多个环氧基的化合物作为酸性物质清除剂。特定的实例包括环氧化豆油、环氧化亚麻子油、苯基缩水甘油醚、烯丙基缩水甘油醚、t-丁苯基缩水甘油醚、3,4-环氧环己基甲基-3′,4′-环氧环己基羧酸酯、3,4-环氧-6-甲基环己基甲基-3′,4′-环氧-6′-甲基环己基羧酸酯、羧酸2,3-环氧环己基甲基-3′,4′-环氧环己酯、羧酸4-(3,4-环氧-5-甲基环己基)丁基-3′,4′-环氧环己酯、3,4-环氧环己基环氧乙烷、羧酸环己基甲基-3,4-环氧环己酯、羧酸3,4-环氧-6-甲基环己甲基-6′-甲基环己酯、双酚A二缩水甘油醚、四溴双酚A缩水甘油醚、苯二甲酸二缩水甘油酯、六氢化邻苯二甲酸二缩水甘油酯、双环氧联环戊二烯醚、双环氧亚乙基二醇、己二酸双环氧环己酯、双环氧丁二烯、四苯基环氧乙烷、环氧邻苯二甲酸辛酯、环氧聚丁二烯、3,4-二甲基-1,2-环氧环己烷、3,5-二甲基-1,2-环氧环己烷、3-甲基-5-t-丁基-1,2-环氧环己烷、羧酸十八烷基-2,2-二甲基-3,4-环氧环己酯、羧酸N-丁基-2,2-二甲基-3,4-环氧环己酯、羧酸环己基-2-甲基-3,4-环氧环己酯、羧酸N-丁基-2-异丙基-3,4-环氧-5-甲基环己酯、羧酸十八烷基-3,4-环氧环己酯、羧酸2-乙基己基-3′,4′-环氧环己酯、羧酸4,6-二甲基-2,3-环氧环己基-3′,4′-环氧环己酯、4,5-环氧四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、3-t-丁基-4,5-环氧四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、二羧酸二乙基-4,5-环氧-顺式1,2-环己酯、和二-n-丁基-3-t-丁基-4,5-环氧-顺式1,2-环己基二羧酸酯。在这些化合物中,优选使用一种脂环环氧化合物,特别有利的是使用羧酸3,4-环氧环己基甲基-3′,4′-环氧环己酯。这些化合物可以单独或以两种或多种类型的混合物使用。
酸性物质清除剂主要是清除显示酸性的任何组分,所以对抗水解性能没有任何有害影响。如有必要,根据亚磷酸(组分(B))的添加量和上述热稳定剂的添加量,添加酸性物质清除剂。通常所添加的量是每100重量份芳族聚碳酸酯为0.1重量份或更少,优选为0.005重量份或更少,更优选为0.003重量份或更少,和优选为至少0.0005重量份,甚至更优选的为至少0.001重量份。
当预期的用途要求耐气候性能时,使用一种耐气候老化剂。耐气候老化剂的一个实例是以苯并三唑为基础的化合物。特定的实例包括2-(2′-羟基-5′-甲基-苯基)苯并三唑、2-(2′-羟基-3′,5′-二-t-丁基-苯基)苯并三唑、2-(2′-羟基-3′-t-丁基-5′-甲基-苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑、2-(2′-羟基-3′,5′-二-t-丁基-苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑、2-(2′-羟基-5′-t-辛苯基)苯并三唑、2-(2′-羟基-3′,5′-二-t-戊苯基)苯并三唑、2-[2′-羟基-3′(3″,4″,5″,6″-四氢苯邻二甲酰亚胺甲基)-5′-甲苯基]苯并三唑、以及2,2′-亚甲基双[4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)-6-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)酚]。
耐气候老化剂的量通常是每100重量份芳族聚碳酸酯为0.5重量份或更少,优选为0.4重量份或更少,更优选的是0.3重量份或更少,以及优选的是至少0.05重量份,更优选的是至少0.1重量份。
脱模剂可以是选自由以烯烃为基础的化合物、以硅氧烷为基础的化合物、以及多元醇和脂族羧酸的偏和全酯构成物组中一种或多种类型化合物。对多元醇没有任何特别的限制,可以是二元醇,三元醇、四元醇、五元醇、六元醇等等,但合适的是1,2-亚乙基二醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、等等。对脂族羧酸没有任何特别的限制,饱和的和不饱和脂族羧酸两者都可使用。例如,可使用氢化的动物油。作为羧酸优选的是一种饱和的一价脂肪酸,而具有12-24个碳原子数的最有利。如碳原子数在该范围以外,该树脂组合物的热稳定性势必会低于当碳原子数在上述范围内时,而且也将趋于产生气体。上述脂族羧酸的特定实例包括十二酸、十四酸、十五酸、十六酸、硬脂酸、十九酸、花生酸、二十二烷酸、和二十四酸。以烯烃为基础的化合物的一个实例是一种α-烯烃低聚物。
当要求分开时,则使用一种脱模剂,其用量通常是每100重量份芳族聚碳酸酯为0.5重量份或更少,优选的是0.4重量份或更少,更优选的是0.3重量份或更少,以及优选的是至少0.005重量份并且更优选的是至少0.01重量份。
在本发明的目的不受损害的范围内,本发明的树脂组合物也可含有颜料、染料、补强剂、填料、阻燃剂、润滑剂、增塑剂、抗静电剂,等等。
对制备本发明树脂组合物的方法没有任何特别的限制,可满意地使用任何普通方法。可是,通常优选的是熔化混合方法。也可使用少量溶剂,但通常不必要。此处所用设备的实例包括挤压机、班伯里(Banbury)密炼机、压辊机和捏和机。这些设备在间歇式连续方式两种情况下都可操作。
实施例
现在通过实施例进一步详细描述本发明,但不是对本发明的限定或被这些实施例所限定。
在实施例和比较例中使用如下物质。
(A)在其末端具有羟基的聚碳酸酯
按如下方法测得:
将0.44kmol双酚A(BPA)(用作芳族二羟基化合物)和0.46kmol碳酸二苯酯(用作碳酸双酯)供入250L油罐搅拌器中。用氮置换大气,之后该内含物于140℃熔化。
然后将该体系加热到温度为180℃,加入0.000176mol(4×10-7mol/mol双酚A)氢氧化钠和0.11mol(2.5×10-4mol/mol双酚A)氢氧化四甲铵作为催化剂,将该体系搅拌30分钟。
接着,将温度升至210℃,同时在相同时间将压力逐步降至200mmHg。30分钟后温度升至240℃,同时在相同时间内压力逐步下降至15mmHg,保持温度和压力不变,测量被蒸馏的酚量。在酚不再馏出时用氮使该体系转变为大气压力。反应所需的时间为1小时。如此得到的反应产物的特性粘度(η)为0.15dL/g。
将该反应产物用齿轮泵置于压力下并被送入离心薄膜式蒸发器,在该处使反应进行。该薄膜式蒸发器的温度和压力被保持在270℃和2mmHg。通过齿轮泵将内含物以40kg/小时的速度由蒸发器的底部供入双轴,卧式,搅拌聚合罐(L/D=3,搅拌叶轮直径:220mm,内容积:80L),并在停留时间30分钟内聚合。
然后,在仍熔融时,通过齿轮泵将该聚合物输送入双轴挤压机(L/D=17.5,筒身温度:285℃),加入0.7ppm对甲苯磺酸丁酯并与树脂混合,由模具中将这一产物挤压成线股形式,并被切割成粒片。
如此得到的聚合物的特性粘度(η)为0.51dL/g。酚端基占全部末端的12%。该聚碳酸酯称为PC。
通过在3600cm-1处测量FTIR的吸收密度测定酚端基的OH基浓度。根据对二氯甲烷测得的IV(特性粘度)值确定平均分子量,计算出总端基浓度。利用Schnell′s公式,IV=1.23×10-4M0.83(M=粘度平均分子量),将IV值转换成平均分子量。
(B)亚磷酸
以50%水溶液(表1中的值为亚磷酸的量)的形式使用。
(C)添加剂
热稳定剂:
稳定剂1:亚磷酸酯(亚磷酸三(2,4-二-t-丁苯)酯)
稳定剂2:以酚为基础的抗氧化剂(丙酸n-十八基-3-(4-羟基-3′,5′-二-t-丁苯基)酯)
酸性物质清除剂:
羧酸3,4-环氧环己基甲基-3′,4′环氧环己酯
耐气候老化剂:
以苯并三唑为基础的化合物:2-(2′-羟基-5′-t-辛苯基)苯并三唑
脱模剂:季戊四醇四硬脂酸酯实施例1-4和比较例1-7(1)树脂组合物的制备
以表1中所给出的比例将组分(B)亚磷酸和组分(C)添加剂与100重量份上述得到的聚碳酸酯(PC)混合。在单轴挤压机(L/D=17.5)中于280℃将该混合物熔融捏合,得到粒片。(2)评定
进行如下:颜色:
使用150t制模机(由Oguma制造),在机筒温度为280℃和塑模温度为80℃下制得厚度为3.0mm的注模制品。使用该注模制品,用颜色和由Nihon Denshoku Kogyo生产的色差仪ND-1001 DP通过透射方法测量X、Y和Z,并测量变黄指数(YI)。
YI=100×(1.277X-1.060Z)/Y透光度:
使用上述注模制品按照ASTM D 1003的方法测量。雾度:
使用由Nihon Denshoku Kogyo生产的NDH-200测量上述注模制品的雾度。抗水解性能:
将上述注模制品置于充水的压热器中,并在120℃烘箱中老化5天。测量试验后的雾度并用作水解的一个指数。停留稳定性:
使树脂在上述制模机的机筒中于320℃下停留15分钟,而后在相同温度下模压成型,并测量变黄指数(YI)。
表1中给出了上述评定的结果。
表1
实施例 比较例1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
物质(重量份)PC 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100亚磷酸 0.0015 0.0001 0.00005 0.0001 0 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.001 0.0005稳定剂稳定剂-1 0 0 0 0.025 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.025稳定剂-2 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01酸性物质清除剂0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01耐气候老化剂 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2脱模剂 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 |
评定YI(开始) 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2YI(停留后) 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.5 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.2雾度(开始) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1雾度 2.2 1.9 0.3 0.4 0.3 6.2 9.1 13.7 36.2 71 13.5(抗水解试验后) |
本发明的树脂组合物具有优良的热稳定性、颜色稳定性,以及抗水解性能,并且在长时间制模时也极少弄脏模具。从而,这一树脂有利于需要透明度的用途,如镜头、光具盘,及其他这类光学用途,以及有利于诸如片和薄膜那样的结构材料。还有,可将这种稳定性良好的树脂用于其他聚合物的混合物中,以及用于含填料的增强聚碳酸酯树脂,故而本发明的工业实用价值巨大。
Claims (7)
1.一种芳族聚碳酸酯树脂组合物,该组合物包含有:
(A)100重量份含有比例至少为聚合物总端基5%羟基的芳族聚碳酸酯树脂,该芳族聚碳酸酯树脂(A)是通过芳族二羟基化合物和碳酸双酯之间的熔融聚合反应而制得的;以及
(B)至少0.00001重量份和小于0.0002重量份的亚磷酸。
2.权利要求1所述的组合物,其中在熔融聚合反应中,每摩尔芳族二羟基化合物使用1×10-8-1×10-4摩尔的碱金属化合物或碱土金属化。合物作为催化剂,并且每摩尔芳族二羟基化合物使用1×10-6-1×10-1摩尔的碱性化合物。
3.权利要求1所述的组合物,该组合物进一步含有(C)不大于0.5重量份的一种或多种类型选自热稳定剂、酸性物质清除剂、耐气候老化剂,以及脱模剂的添加剂。
4.权利要求3所述的组合物,其中在组分(C)中,热稳定剂是一种或多种选自亚磷酸酯和以酚为基础的抗氧化剂的化合物。
5.权利要求3所述的组合物,其中在组分(C)中,酸性物质清除剂是一种在其分子中含有至少一个环氧基的化合物。
6.权利要求3所述的组合物,其中在组分(C)中,耐气候老化剂是一种以苯并三唑为基础的化合物。
7.权利要求3所述的组合物,其中在组分(C)中,脱模剂是一种或多种类型选自由多元醇和脂族羧酸的酯和全酯、以硅氧烷为基础的化合物,和以烯烃为基础的化合物。
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JP9282678A JPH11106630A (ja) | 1997-09-30 | 1997-09-30 | 芳香族ポリカーボネート樹脂組成物 |
JP282678/1997 | 1997-09-30 | ||
JP282678/97 | 1997-09-30 |
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CN1223279A CN1223279A (zh) | 1999-07-21 |
CN1109718C true CN1109718C (zh) | 2003-05-28 |
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EP (1) | EP0905178A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH11106630A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1109718C (zh) |
SG (1) | SG70126A1 (zh) |
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US6649677B2 (en) * | 1998-11-03 | 2003-11-18 | General Electric Company | Polycarbonate sheet with improved fire retardant performance |
JP4056645B2 (ja) | 1998-12-08 | 2008-03-05 | Sabicイノベーティブプラスチックスジャパン合同会社 | 光学用ポリカーボネート樹脂組成物 |
US6136945A (en) * | 1999-05-17 | 2000-10-24 | General Electric Company | Method for quenching of polycarbonate and compositions prepared thereby |
JP3729681B2 (ja) | 1999-06-11 | 2005-12-21 | 日本ジーイープラスチックス株式会社 | ポリカーボネートの製造方法 |
EP1156078B1 (en) * | 2000-05-17 | 2006-10-04 | General Electric Company | Polycarbonate resin composition for optical use |
JP4663853B2 (ja) * | 2000-07-31 | 2011-04-06 | 出光興産株式会社 | ポリカーボネート樹脂組成物 |
ATE314428T1 (de) * | 2002-04-09 | 2006-01-15 | Verfahren zur herstellung stabilisierten polycarbonats | |
JP5374023B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-23 | 2013-12-25 | 出光興産株式会社 | ポリカーボネート樹脂組成物及びそれから得られた成形体 |
US9062196B2 (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2015-06-23 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | High heat polycarbonates, methods of making, and articles formed therefrom |
US8440753B2 (en) | 2008-03-20 | 2013-05-14 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Polycarbonate compositions, methods of manufacture thereof and articles comprising the same |
JP5399512B2 (ja) * | 2008-12-18 | 2014-01-29 | ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ エルエルシー | 固体塩をエポキシ樹脂溶液から分離する方法 |
JP2015189905A (ja) * | 2014-03-28 | 2015-11-02 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 芳香族ポリカーボネート樹脂組成物 |
JP2019006874A (ja) * | 2017-06-22 | 2019-01-17 | 三菱エンジニアリングプラスチックス株式会社 | ポリカーボネート樹脂組成物および成形品 |
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US4521562A (en) * | 1980-12-31 | 1985-06-04 | General Electric Company | Polycarbonate resin impact modified with polyolefins and containing paraffin derivatives |
NL8601409A (nl) * | 1986-06-02 | 1988-01-04 | Gen Electric | Polymeermengsel op basis van een aromatisch polycarbonaat gestabiliseerd met fosforigzuur. |
EP0335239A2 (en) * | 1988-03-31 | 1989-10-04 | Idemitsu Petrochemical Co. Ltd. | Polycarbonate resin composition |
-
1997
- 1997-09-30 JP JP9282678A patent/JPH11106630A/ja active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-09-17 SG SG1998003708A patent/SG70126A1/en unknown
- 1998-09-25 EP EP98307824A patent/EP0905178A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-09-30 CN CN98120817A patent/CN1109718C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
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US4521562A (en) * | 1980-12-31 | 1985-06-04 | General Electric Company | Polycarbonate resin impact modified with polyolefins and containing paraffin derivatives |
NL8601409A (nl) * | 1986-06-02 | 1988-01-04 | Gen Electric | Polymeermengsel op basis van een aromatisch polycarbonaat gestabiliseerd met fosforigzuur. |
EP0335239A2 (en) * | 1988-03-31 | 1989-10-04 | Idemitsu Petrochemical Co. Ltd. | Polycarbonate resin composition |
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CN1223279A (zh) | 1999-07-21 |
JPH11106630A (ja) | 1999-04-20 |
EP0905178A1 (en) | 1999-03-31 |
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