CN110324140B - Decoding device, method and distribution system for continuous variable quantum key distribution - Google Patents
Decoding device, method and distribution system for continuous variable quantum key distribution Download PDFInfo
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- CN110324140B CN110324140B CN201810293589.7A CN201810293589A CN110324140B CN 110324140 B CN110324140 B CN 110324140B CN 201810293589 A CN201810293589 A CN 201810293589A CN 110324140 B CN110324140 B CN 110324140B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
- H04L9/0858—Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding
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Abstract
The invention provides a decoding device, a method and a distribution system for continuous variable quantum key distribution, wherein local oscillator light is generated based on pilot light in an injection locking excitation mode, coherent interference is formed between the local oscillator light and signal light, and decoding of the signal light is provided by detecting a coherent interference result. By the decoding mode, the problems that a local laser, pilot light and signal light are difficult to unify line width and wavelength, the device design is complex and the like in the prior art can be solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of quantum key distribution, in particular to a quantum key distribution system for Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution (CVQKD) based on injection locking technology, and a decoding device and method thereof.
Background
In the Internet age, digital communication brings great convenience to the life of people. As internet traffic increases, communication security becomes increasingly important. To achieve secure communications, one typically needs to encrypt the information to prevent eavesdropping by a third party. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) can effectively solve the key transmission problem over unsecure channels. Unlike traditional encryption methods which rely on computational complexity, the security of quantum key distribution is based on the fundamental principle of quantum physics, and no matter how strong the third party eavesdropper has, it is impossible to steal the key. Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution (CVQKD) is an important branch in the field of quantum key distribution. Because of the characteristic that it uses orthogonal components (position component and momentum component) of electromagnetic field to modulate information at transmitting end (i.e. encoding end) and uses coherent detection technique (homodyne detection and heterodyne detection) to demodulate information at receiving end (i.e. decoding end), continuous variable quantum key distribution can be implemented by standard communication device and is suitable for sharing one optical fiber with classical signal for transmission, so that it seems that this continuous variable quantum key distribution technique is hopeful to become a low-cost and high-bitrate quantum key distribution scheme. Therefore, as an important branch of quantum key distribution, the development of a practical continuous variable quantum key distribution system is significant.
Fig. 1 shows a continuous variable quantum key distribution system of the prior art. As shown in the figure, in the continuous variable quantum key distribution system, a laser at Alice transmits a pulse light, and the pulse light is split into a pulse pilot light with a relatively high intensity and a pulse signal light with a relatively low intensity by a beam splitter BS. Where the pilot light is a strong phase reference but does not itself carry any information and can be considered a classical signal. The signal light is gaussian modulated at Alice's end by using an amplitude modulator, a phase modulator and an attenuator. The other pilot light is coupled into an optical fiber through time division multiplexing and polarization multiplexing and modulated signal light, and is transmitted to a receiving end Bob.
After receiving the coupling signal sent by Alice end, bob at receiving end first uses polarization controller and polarization beam splitter to separate quantum signal light from pilot light. The quantum signal light and the pilot light are sent to two homodyne detectors a and b respectively after being separated, wherein a delay line can be used to control the time of reaching the detectors of the two paths of light, as shown in fig. 1. Meanwhile, the Bob end also needs to generate a local oscillation light locally for coherent detection. As shown in fig. 1, the local oscillation light is generated by a local laser, and the local oscillation light output by the local laser is modulated by an intensity modulator AM and then split into two paths by a beam splitter BS, which are respectively used for performing coherent action with quantum signal light and pilot light and then enter homodyne detectors a and b. In the continuous variable quantum key distribution system shown in fig. 1, the pilot light detected by the homodyne detector b can measure the phase drift of the quantum signal generated in the whole transmission process.
In the prior art shown in fig. 1, the decoding process requires that local oscillation light generated locally at Bob end interfere with signal light and pilot light sent from Alice end. Because the local oscillator light generating laser at the Bob end and the Alice end laser are mutually independent, in order to avoid generating excessive phase noise and excessive noise, the wavelengths of the local oscillator light, the signal light at the Alice end and the pilot light are required to be kept consistent as much as possible so as to ensure that a good interference effect is formed, and the smaller the line width of the laser used is, the better the line width of the laser used is required. Especially in the scheme of fig. 1, wavelength consistency is required to be in the order of MHz, and laser linewidth is required to be within the order of 100kHz, but the linewidth of an actual laser hardly reaches the level, which greatly limits the performance of the continuous variable quantum key distribution technology. Meanwhile, at the Bob end, in order to achieve the effect of respectively interfering pilot light and signal light, more complicated light paths and more optical devices are needed, and the industrialization cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems that a local laser, pilot light and signal light are difficult to unify linewidth and wavelength, the device design is complex and the like in the prior art, the invention provides a decoding device, a decoding method and a decoding system for continuous variable quantum key distribution.
In a first aspect of the invention, a decoding apparatus for continuous variable quantum key distribution is disclosed, which may comprise a beam splitting module 1, a laser module 2 and a homodyne detection module 3. The beam splitting module 1 may be configured to receive a combined beam light including a pilot light and a signal light, and separate the pilot light and the signal light in the combined beam light, where the pilot light and the signal light in the combined beam light may originate from the same pulsed light. The laser module 2 may include n lasers and generate local oscillation light based on the pilot light as seed light via injection locking excitation, where n is a natural number greater than zero. The homodyne detection module 3 may be configured to receive the local oscillation light and the signal light, and detect a coherent interference result of the local oscillation light and the signal light.
Preferably, the beam splitting module 1 may comprise polarization maintaining polarization splitting elements, such as polarization maintaining polarization splitting beams.
Preferably, the homodyne detection module 3 comprises a single homodyne detector, thereby simplifying the optical structure of the decoding apparatus.
Preferably, the laser pulse of the laser and the seed light for the laser may be arranged to satisfy, in terms of pulse width and relative delay: the seed light injected into the laser can temporally cover the laser pulses of the laser during a system period.
Further, the laser module 2 may further comprise n optical transmission modules 4. Preferably, the optical transmission module 4 may comprise three ports and be arranged to: seed light for the ith laser 2i is injected into the ith laser 2i through the first port and the second port of the ith optical transmission module 4i, and laser pulses output by the ith laser 2i are output through the second port and the third port of the ith optical transmission module 4i, wherein i=1, …, n. Further, the optical transmission module may be arranged to disallow light pulses from the following laser to be input back into the preceding laser. More preferably, the optical transmission module 4 may comprise a circulator.
Another aspect of the invention also discloses a decoding method for continuous variable quantum key distribution, which may include: a beam combining light receiving step of receiving a combined light transmitted by Alice's end, which includes pilot light and signal light, wherein the pilot light and the signal light are two components derived from the same pulse light; a beam combining light splitting step of separating the pilot light and the signal light in the beam combining light to transmit along different optical paths; a local oscillation light generating step of generating local oscillation light via one or more injection locking excitation processes based on the pilot light as a seed light; and a coherent detection step of causing coherent interference between the local intrinsic light and the signal light, and detecting the result of the coherent interference.
Preferably, in the light separation step, the pilot light and the signal light may be separated by a polarization maintaining polarization beam splitting element.
Preferably, in the local intrinsic light generating step, a pulse width and a relative delay between a laser pulse in a laser and seed light for the laser may be set to satisfy: the seed light injected into the laser can temporally cover the laser pulses of the laser during a system period.
Preferably, in the coherent detection step, the coherent interference result is detected with a single homodyne detector.
Still another aspect of the invention also discloses a continuous variable quantum key distribution system comprising the decoding device described above.
Drawings
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a prior art continuous variable quantum key distribution system;
fig. 2 schematically shows a schematic diagram of a decoding device for continuous variable quantum key distribution according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a laser module employing a two-level injection-locked excitation process in accordance with the present invention; and
Fig. 4 schematically illustrates a laser module employing a multi-stage injection-locked excitation process according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are provided by way of illustration to fully convey the spirit of the invention to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein.
Fig. 2 schematically shows a decoding device Bob for continuous variable quantum key distribution according to the present invention, comprising a beam splitting module 1, a laser module 2 and a homodyne detection module 3.
In a continuously variable quantum key distribution system, alice's end will transmit a combined beam of light comprising pilot light and signal light, where the pilot light and signal light are two components derived from the same pulsed light, the pilot light has a relatively large intensity, and the signal light has a relatively small intensity and is modulated to carry quantum key information. As an example, as shown in fig. 1, a laser module at Alice end transmits a pulse light, and the pulse light is split into two components with stronger intensity and weaker intensity, where: the stronger component forms pilot light, which can be used as a strong phase reference and does not carry any information by itself; the weak-strength component is subjected to Gaussian modulation under the action of an amplitude modulator, a phase modulator and an attenuator to form signal light. And finally, forming a combined beam by the pilot light and the signal light through time division multiplexing and polarization multiplexing, and transmitting the combined beam to a Bob end through an optical channel.
When Bob receives the beam light, the beam splitting module 1 splits the signal light and the pilot light so that the signal light and the pilot light are transmitted along different optical paths. Preferably, the beam splitting module 1 may comprise polarization maintaining polarization splitting elements, such as polarization maintaining polarization splitting beam splitters PBS.
Pilot light with larger light intensity is injected into the laser module 2 and used as seed light to enable the laser module 2 to output laser pulses in an injection locking mode and used as local oscillation light; the signal light carries quantum modulation information which is to be transmitted to the homodyne detection module 3.
At the homodyne detection module 3, the local oscillation light and the signal light which arrive at the same time are subjected to coherent interference, and the homodyne detection module 3 detects a coherent interference result for subsequent decoding.
Since the signal light and the pilot light source are in the same beam pulse and experience the same transmission path from Alice end to Bob end, the two have the same wavelength and have the same phase drift throughout the transmission. In the present invention, the local oscillation light is formed by the laser module in an injection locking manner in the case that the pilot light is the seed light, and therefore, the local oscillation light will coincide in wavelength with the pilot light and be associated in phase. By the mode, the signal light and the local oscillation light which interfere at the homodyne detection module 3 have the same wavelength, so that the technical problems that the phase noise and the excessive noise are overlarge due to the fact that the local laser is difficult to adjust to be consistent with the pilot light and the signal light wavelength and the line width in the prior art are solved.
In addition, in the present invention, since the local oscillation light can have phase information associated with the pilot light, the phase information also carries phase drift introduced during transmission, and those skilled in the art can understand that when the local oscillation light is used to perform coherent interference with the signal light, the interference result generated has eliminated the influence of phase drift possibly introduced during signal transmission. Therefore, by means of the local oscillation light generation mode, accurate results can be obtained only by carrying out homodyne detection once at the decoding end, and the decoding device can be provided with only one homodyne detection module, so that the device greatly reduces the requirements on devices and the complexity of a system compared with the prior art.
Although fig. 2 schematically shows the laser module 2 as a single laser, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the laser module 2 may also comprise a plurality of lasers. When the laser module 2 comprises a single laser, the laser pulses output by the laser module 2 are generated based on pilot light via a first order injection locking excitation process. When the laser module 2 includes n (n > 1) lasers, the n lasers may be arranged in series, with the pilot light as the seed light of the 1 st laser, and the laser pulse output by the i (i=1, …, n-1) th laser as the seed light of the i+1th laser, so that the laser pulse output by the laser module 2 is generated via the n-stage injection-locking excitation process based on the pilot light. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that when a multi-stage injection locking excitation process is employed to generate the local oscillator light, the local oscillator light will have better stability and better wavelength consistency with the pilot light, thereby providing better coherent interference effects in the decoding apparatus.
Preferably, the frequency difference between the free oscillation frequency of the laser and the seed light for the laser meets the range of injection locking requirements so that the local oscillator light laser oscillation in the laser can be controlled entirely by the injected seed light so that the frequency of the local oscillator light laser oscillation mode is locked to the frequency of the injected seed light and the phase is synchronized with the injected seed light.
More preferably, in the laser module 2 of the present invention, the pulse width and the relative delay between the laser pulse in each laser and the seed light for that laser may be set so as to satisfy: the seed light injected into the laser can temporally cover the laser pulses during a system period. With this arrangement, it is possible to generate a laser pulse based on a portion of the seed light pulse having a stable amplitude, thereby obtaining an injection-locked excitation effect with better performance.
In order to achieve the injection of the seed light and the output of the laser pulses in the present invention in a simple manner, the laser module 2 of the present invention may further comprise optical transmission modules 4, and the number of optical transmission modules 4 may correspond to the number of lasers. According to the invention, the optical transmission module 4 may comprise three ports and be arranged to: seed light for the ith (i=1, …, n) laser is injected into the ith laser through the first port and the second port of the ith optical transmission module, and laser pulses output by the ith laser are output through the second port and the third port of the ith optical transmission module. Further, in the laser module 2 of the present invention, the optical transmission module 4 is arranged not to allow the light pulse of the following laser to be input back into the preceding laser, ensuring that the injection locking process is not disturbed.
Preferably, the optical transmission module 4 may comprise a circulator or a polarization-maintaining beam splitting element. Among them, the circulator is selected as the optimum optical transmission module, and at this time, the laser can be prevented from being undesirably disturbed from other lasers with a simple structure. Fig. 2 shows a laser module 2 comprising a single laser, and accordingly, one optical transmission module 4 may be included in the laser module 2. Wherein pilot light is injected into the laser 2 via the first and second ports of the optical transmission module 4, and laser pulses of the laser 2 are transmitted towards the homodyne detection module 3 via the second and third ports of the optical transmission module.
Fig. 3 shows a laser module 2 comprising two lasers. As shown, the laser module 2 includes a first laser 21 and a second laser 22, and also includes a first optical transmission module 41 and a second optical transmission module 42, respectively. In the first stage injection locking excitation process, pilot light is injected into the first laser 21 through the first port and the second port of the first optical transmission module 41, and the first laser pulse output by the first laser 21 is output outwards through the second port and the third port of the first optical transmission module 41, so as to form seed light for the second stage injection locking excitation process. In the second-stage injection locking excitation process, the first laser pulse is injected into the second laser 22 through the first port and the second port of the second optical transmission module 42, and the second laser pulse output by the second laser 22 is output outwards through the second port and the third port of the second optical transmission module 42, so as to be used as local oscillation light.
Fig. 4 shows a laser module comprising n lasers. As shown, the laser module 2 includes a first laser 21, a second laser 22, …, an nth laser 2n, and correspondingly also includes a first optical transmission module 41, a second optical transmission module 42, …, an nth optical transmission module 4n. In the first stage injection locking excitation process, pilot light is injected into the first laser 21 through the first port and the second port of the first optical transmission module 41, and the first laser pulse output by the first laser 21 is output outwards through the second port and the third port of the first optical transmission module 41 as seed light for the second stage injection locking excitation. During the second stage injection locking excitation, the first laser pulse is injected into the second laser 22 via the first port and the second port of the second optical transmission module 42, and the second laser pulse output by the second laser 22 is output outwards via the second port and the third port of the second optical transmission module 42 as the seed light for the second stage injection locking excitation. And so on, in the n-th stage injection locking excitation process, the n-1 th laser pulse is injected into the n-th laser 2n through the first port and the second port of the n-th optical transmission module 4n, and the n-th laser pulse output by the n-th laser 2n is output outwards through the second port and the third port of the n-th optical transmission module 4n and is used as local oscillation light.
Further, the decoding apparatus may further include a delay module for allowing the local oscillation light and the signal light to arrive at the homodyne detection module 3 at the same time, so that a coherent interference action occurs to detect the coherent interference result.
Further, the decoding device may further comprise a seed light intensity detection module for detecting that the intensity of the pilot light injected into the laser module 2 is capable of meeting the injection locking requirement, and generating a clock signal at the decoding device. As one example, the seed light intensity detection module may include a second beam splitting module and a light intensity detector module, wherein the second beam splitting module is configured to split the pilot light into a portion of light for detection by the light intensity detector module. Preferably, the second beam splitting module may comprise a polarization maintaining beam splitting element, such as a polarization maintaining beam splitter.
The decoding method of the present invention will be described below to further explain the working principle of the decoding apparatus of the present invention. Specifically, the decoding method of the present invention may include the following steps.
And a beam combining light receiving step: and receiving the combined beam light transmitted by the Alice terminal, wherein the combined beam light comprises pilot light and signal light. The pilot light and the signal light are two components originating from the same pulsed light, wherein the pilot light may have a relatively large intensity and the signal light may have a relatively small intensity and carry quantum key information.
And a beam combining light splitting step: the pilot light and the signal light in the combined beam are separated to be transmitted along different optical paths.
A local oscillation light generation step: local oscillation light is generated through one-stage or multi-stage injection locking excitation process based on pilot light.
And a coherent detection step: the local oscillation light and the signal light are made to generate coherent interference action, and the coherent interference result is detected.
Preferably, in the beam combining light separation step, the separation of the pilot light and the signal light may be achieved by means of a polarization maintaining polarization beam splitting element (e.g., a polarization maintaining polarization beam splitter).
Preferably, in the local oscillation light generating step, a frequency difference between a free oscillation frequency of the laser and seed light for the laser satisfies a range of injection locking requirements, so that local oscillation light laser oscillation in the laser can be controlled entirely by the injected seed light, so that a frequency of an oscillation mode of the local oscillation light laser is locked to a frequency of the injected seed light and a phase is synchronized with the injected seed light.
More preferably, the pulse width and the relative delay between the laser pulse in the laser and the seed light for the laser may be set to satisfy: the seed light injected into the laser can temporally cover the laser pulses during a system period. With this arrangement, it is possible to generate a laser pulse based on a portion of the seed light pulse having a stable amplitude, thereby obtaining an injection-locked excitation effect with better performance.
By the decoding method, the technical problems that the existing decoding method is difficult to adjust the local laser to be consistent with the pilot frequency optical wavelength and has overlarge phase noise and overlarge excessive noise due to narrow line width can be solved, the code rate is improved, and meanwhile, the number of optical elements and the complexity of an optical structure of the decoding device are reduced.
In another aspect of the invention, a continuous variable quantum key distribution system is also disclosed, wherein the decoding device of the invention is arranged.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of continuous variable quantum key distribution is also disclosed, including the decoding method of the invention.
Although the decoding apparatus, method and distribution system for continuous variable quantum key distribution of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings by way of specific embodiments, it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and that various combinations, modifications and equivalent arrangements can be made in the above embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (11)
1. The decoding device for continuous variable quantum key distribution comprises a beam splitting module (1), a laser module (2) and a homodyne detection module (3), and is characterized in that:
The beam splitting module (1) is used for receiving combined beam light comprising pilot light and signal light and separating the pilot light and the signal light in the combined beam light, wherein the pilot light and the signal light in the combined beam light are derived from the same pulse light;
the laser module (2) comprises n lasers and generates local oscillation light based on the pilot light as seed light through injection locking excitation, wherein n is a natural number greater than zero; and
The homodyne detection module (3) is used for receiving the local oscillator light and the signal light and detecting a coherent interference result of the local oscillator light and the signal light;
The laser pulse of the laser and the seed light for the laser are arranged in pulse width and relative delay to satisfy: the seed light injected into the laser can temporally cover the laser pulses of the laser during a system period.
2. Decoding apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the beam splitting module (1) comprises polarization preserving beam splitting elements.
3. Decoding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said homodyne detection module (3) comprises a homodyne detector.
4. Decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the laser module (2) further comprises n optical transmission modules (4).
5. Decoding device according to claim 4, the optical transmission module (4) comprising three ports and being arranged to: seed light for an ith laser (2 i) is injected into the ith laser (2 i) through a first port and a second port of the ith optical transmission module (4 i), and laser pulses output by the ith laser (2 i) are output through the second port and a third port of the ith optical transmission module (4 i), wherein i=1, …, n.
6. The decoding device of claim 5, wherein the optical transmission module is configured to disallow return of light pulses from the following laser to the preceding laser.
7. Decoding device according to claim 5, wherein the optical transmission module (4) comprises a circulator.
8. A decoding method for continuous variable quantum key distribution, comprising,
And a beam combining light receiving step: receiving combined light sent by an Ali ce end, wherein the combined light comprises pilot light and signal light, and the pilot light and the signal light are two components derived from the same pulse light;
and a beam combining light splitting step: separating the pilot light and the signal light in the combined light to transmit along different light paths;
a local oscillation light generation step: generating local oscillation light through one-stage or multi-stage injection locking excitation process based on the pilot light as seed light; and
And a coherent detection step: the local oscillator light and the signal light are subjected to coherent interference, and the coherent interference result is detected;
In the local oscillation light generation step, a pulse width and a relative delay between a laser pulse in a laser and seed light for the laser are set so as to satisfy: the seed light injected into the laser can temporally cover the laser pulses of the laser during a system period.
9. The decoding method according to claim 8, wherein in the beam combining light separating step, the pilot light and the signal light are separated by a polarization maintaining polarization splitting element.
10. The decoding method of claim 8, wherein in the coherent detection step, the coherent interference result is detected with a single homodyne detector.
11. A continuously variable quantum key distribution system comprising a decoding apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 7.
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| CN112311540A (en) * | 2020-11-16 | 2021-02-02 | 南京大学 | Local oscillator four-state quantum key distribution method and system |
| CN114900298B (en) * | 2022-05-25 | 2025-02-07 | 上海循态量子科技有限公司 | Free space local oscillator continuous variable quantum key distribution method and system |
| CN115118418B (en) * | 2022-07-06 | 2024-12-27 | 北京邮电大学 | A local oscillator continuous variable quantum key distribution system and method based on frequency locking technology |
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| CN107317636A (en) * | 2016-12-26 | 2017-11-03 | 科大国盾量子技术股份有限公司 | A kind of light source and code device for quantum communication system |
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| WO2017194582A1 (en) * | 2016-05-11 | 2017-11-16 | Institut Mines Telecom | Phase reference sharing schemes for continuous-variable quantum cryptography |
| CN107317636A (en) * | 2016-12-26 | 2017-11-03 | 科大国盾量子技术股份有限公司 | A kind of light source and code device for quantum communication system |
| CN207947788U (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2018-10-09 | 上海国盾量子信息技术有限公司 | A kind of decoding apparatus and dissemination system for continuous variable quantum key distribution |
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