CN1102632A - 纤维增强复合材料及其制造方法以及用它制成的部件 - Google Patents
纤维增强复合材料及其制造方法以及用它制成的部件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1102632A CN1102632A CN94106807A CN94106807A CN1102632A CN 1102632 A CN1102632 A CN 1102632A CN 94106807 A CN94106807 A CN 94106807A CN 94106807 A CN94106807 A CN 94106807A CN 1102632 A CN1102632 A CN 1102632A
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Abstract
提供一种强度、韧性及耐氧化性优良的适用于各
种高温用结构部件的纤维增强复合材料和其制法。
纤维增强复合材料是将作为增强纤维的连续无机长
纤维数根,用以C等的介质结成束,其纤维束在一元
方向、二元方向或者三元方向排列,同时被陶瓷基体
中的纳米级粒子增强。得到的纤维增强复合材料具
有所要求的纤维定向性,可得到具有优良强度、韧性
的纤维增强复合材料。
Description
本发明是关于适合用于燃气轮机材料(定子叶片、转子叶片、燃烧器等)、核聚变反应堆壁材料、航天器材料(航天飞机的瓦管等)等要求耐高温转性的耐热部件用材料和航空器材料、内燃机部件等要求强度和刚性的结构材料以及各种滑动构件的纤维增强的陶瓷及其制造方法。
对于燃气轮机、核聚变反应堆、航空航天器等的部件来说,研制高温用结构材料是一项必不可少的技术课题。这些结构部件不可避免地要承受大的热负荷和热冲击,因此需要使用具有良好的高温强度和耐热冲击性的材料。
作为高温材料,陶瓷材料是一种很前途的材料,但陶瓷的单质具有脆性,可靠性差,作为高温结构材料使用不能满足上述性能要求,因此尚未达到实用化的程度。
解决这一问题的对策之一,是研制将增强纤维分散于陶瓷基体中而形成的复合材料。从复合材料的用途和使用目的考虑,具有耐热性并且质量较轻的无机纤维(陶瓷纤维)适合于用来作为这种增强纤维。目前,已经有一些有关纤维增强陶瓷的报导,但几乎都是使用短纤维作为原料、将其分散于基体中而形成的复合结构,其原因是,这样制造比较简单。但是,在制造的过程中短纤维容易飞散,给安全和周围的环境卫生造成很大问题。
另一方面,为了提高陶瓷的强度,将纳米级大小的粒子分散的技术越来越引起人们的注意。但是,这种技术也存在一些问题,即必须使用纳米级大小的粒子原料,因而使用的原料受到限制,并且有生产成本比较高问题。
要想陶瓷作为高温结构材料,提高其可靠性是一个必要的环节,为此必须使其同时具备高强度和高韧性,特别是希望将其制成能抑制裂纹扩展从而不会发生突然断裂的、显示出非线性断裂方式的材料。为此而采取的措施,可以举出以无机短纤维作为增强纤维与陶瓷基体复合强化的方法以及将纳米级大小的粒子弥散强化的方法。
以无机纤维作为增强纤维与陶瓷基体复合强化时,采用只将短纤维分散于陶瓷基体中的结构,往往使得纤维端部的应力集中等缺陷增大,导致强度降低。因此,人们希望采用将连续长纤维在特定方向上取向排列的复合结构。
一般地说,增强纤维的取向性对所得到的复合材料的性能影响很大,因此必须根据所制成的复合材料的用途和性能要求来考虑和控制纤维的取向性。将几个μm粗细的短纤维均一地分散于基体中,在技术上存在着困难。另外,几个μm粗细的短纤维在制造工艺过程中容易飞散,被人吸人体内对健康不利,因此人们希望采用不以短纤维作原料的方法。
另外,为了将纳米级大小的粒子分散,需要使用纳米级大小的粒子原料,因此原料的使用有很大局限性,并且作为结果向得到的烧结体中的弥散分布也受到限制。此外,由于必须将原料制成微粒,致使成本提高,因此,人们希望采用一种以前所没有的方法实现纳米级大小的粒子的分散。
本发明的目的是,提供作为高温材料具有可靠性的纤维增强复合材料。
本发明的另一目的是,提供上述纤维增强复合材料的制造方法。
本发明还有一个目的是,提供使用上述纤维增强复合材料制成的部件。
本发明人构思并试验了以无机化合物为介质将许多根连续无机纤维在同一方向上结成束、然后使其在陶瓷或金属中均一地取向排列的方法,结果发现,通过介质而结成束的无机纤维束,将其在陶瓷或金属中按特定方向均一地取向时具有良好的操作性,容易实现纤维的取向性,并且可以减小纤维与陶瓷或金属之间产生的应力。基于这一发现而实现了上述目的的本发明的纤维增强复合材料,具有以无机化合物为介质将许多根连续无机纤维在同一方向结成束、然后使其在陶瓷或金属中按特定方向均一取向的复合结构。
下面对附图作简要说明。
图1A、图1B和图1C是介质成分与基体不同时的复合结构实例的模式图;
图2A和图2B是介质成分与基体成分相同时的复合结构实例的模式图;
图3是表示SiC基体-C纤维束增强复合材料的纤维束直径与含量的关系的曲线图;
图4是表示Si3N4基体-C纤维束增强复合材料的纤维束直径与含量的关系的曲线图;
图5是表示ZrB2基体-C纤维束增强复合材料的纤维束直径与含量的关系的曲线图;
图6是表示MgO基体-Al2O3纤维束增强复合材料的纤维束直径与含量的关系的曲线图;
图7是表示SiC基体-C纤维束增强复合材料在室温下的三点弯曲强度的曲线图;
图8是表示Cu基体-C纤维束增强复合材料的纤维束直径与含量的关系的曲线图;
图9是表示Ti基体-SiC纤维束增强复合材料的纤维束直径与含量的关系的曲线图;
图10是表示Cu基体-C纤维束增强复合材料的抗拉强度的曲线图;
图11是表示SiC基体-C纤维束增强复合材料的断裂韧性值的曲线图;
图12是Si3N4基体-C纤维束增强复合材料的制造方法的示意图;
图13是SiC-C纤维束增强复合材料的制造方法的示意图;
图14是表示SiC-C纤维束增强复合材料在高温下的三点弯曲强度的曲线图;
图15是表示氮化硅粘结SiC-C纤维束增强复合材料的相对于纤维束含量来说最适宜的纤维束直径的曲线图;
图16是表示碳纤维束增强、氮化硅粘结的SiC陶瓷在室温下的三点弯曲强度的曲线图;
图17A、图17B和图17C是燃气轮机转子叶片形状的示意图;
图18是说明用SiC-C纤维束增强复合材料制造转子叶片的制造方法的示意图;
图19A、图19B和图19C是将制成的转子叶片安装到燃气轮机的金属涡轮盘上时的安装结构图;
图20A、图20B和图20C是析出复合陶瓷基体-C纤维束增强复合材料的结构实例的模式图;
图21是表示SiC-C纤维束增强陶瓷在室温下的三点弯曲强度与C短纤维束外径的关系的曲线图;
图22是表示SiC-SiC短纤维束增强陶瓷在室温下的三点弯曲强度与C短纤维束外径的关系的曲线图;
图23是表示SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷在高温(真空下、1500℃)下的三点弯曲强度与C纤维束外径的关系的曲线图;
图24是SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷在弯曲试验时的应力-应变曲线模式图;
图25是表示SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷的断裂韧性值与C纤维束外径的关系的曲线图;
图26是SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷的燃气轮机转子叶片的制造工艺实例的流程图。
如同实施例中所述,上述的无机纤维束,可以通过结成束的纤维的根数(几根至几千根)来改变其直径的大小。本发明人试验用直径不同的无机纤维束制造了若干种纤维束增强的复合材料并探讨了它们在室温下的强度特性。结果发现,通过调整所得到的复合材料中纤维束的含量和直径,可以降低由于纤维束与复合材料基体的热膨胀系数的差异而产生的残余应力,提高复合材料的强度。因此,采用上述无机纤维束的本发明的纤维束增强复合材料的复合结构,通过调整无机纤维束的直径和含量,对于强度特性的提高也可以产生有效的作用。
另外,本发明人还对无机长纤维在陶瓷或金属基体中沿一个方向均一取向的纤维增强复合材料的制造方法进行了研究,结果发现,将几个μm粗细的无机纤维在基体中均一取向排列是极为困难的。作为解决这一问题的对策,本发明人构思并试验了以无机化合物作为介质将许多根无机长纤维沿同一个方向结成束、使其在基体中均一取向的方法,结果发现,通过介质结成束的无机纤维束,将其在基体中特定方向上均一取向排列时具有良好的操作性,纤维的取向性容易实现。基于这一发现而实现上述目的的本发明的纤维束增强复合材料,具有以无机化合物为介质将许多根无机纤维在同一方向上结成束、使其在基体中沿特定方向均一取向的复合结构。上述复合结构可通过附图详细说明。图1A、图1B和图1C是介质成分与基体成分不同时的复合结构实例的模式图。
如果把基体、无机纤维和构成介质的成分分别设为a、b和c三种成分,那么在图1A、图1B和图1C的结构中,1是由a成分构成的基体,2是由b成分构成的无机纤维,3是由c成分构成的介质,4是无机纤维束,5是由b成分构成的介质,6是由a成分构成的无机纤维。在图1A、图1B和图1C中,无机纤维束是与纸面垂直沿一个方向取向的。在介质成分与基体成分不同的情况下,考虑图1A、图1B和图1C所示的三种成分构成,无论是哪一种情况,基体与无机纤维束都是可以通过介质而明确地区分开的结构。与此不同,图2A和2B中示出介质成分与基体成分相同时的复合结构的实例的模式图。
在图2A和图2B的结构中,7是由a成分构成的介质,与图1A、图1B和图1C的情况一样,无机纤维束与纸面垂直,沿着一个方向取向。介质成分与基体成分相同时,复合材料的结构与无机纤维分散存在于基体中的复合结构相类似,但是,如图2A和图2B所示,本发明的纤维束增强复合材料的特点是许多根无机纤维聚集起来以纤维群的状态存在,并且这一纤维群是大致均匀地分散着。另外,图2A和图2B所示的复合结构由于介质成分与基体成分相同,因此,即使不使用介质,将许多根无机纤维和基体成分复合起来也可以制成,但实际上一试,经常发生基体成分没有完全填充到许多根无机纤维之间的情况,残留下气孔等缺陷,因此最好还是预先利用介质制成纤维束。
上面所述的无机纤维束,可以通过结成束的纤维的根数来改变纤维束直径大小。本发明人试着使用直径不同的无机纤维束制成若干种纤维束增强复合材料并探讨了它们在室温下的机械性能,结果发现,通过调整所得复合材料中的纤维束的含量和直径,可以提高复合材料的强度和韧性。下面详细地说明关于机械性能的研究结果以及由此而导出的无机纤维束的适宜的范围。
首先,在基体是陶瓷的情况下,试着改变基体和无机长纤维以及介质的成分,制成纤维束沿一个方向取向的几种复合材料。制造方法将在下面的实施例中详细说明。在制造过程中改变使用的纤维的根数,制成直径不同的纤维束,当纤维少于20根时,纤维束制造起来很不方便,因此纤维的根数以20根以上为宜。另外,这时纤维束的直径可以通过纤维的种类或使用的介质来加以改变,一般是在0.05mm左右,若直径在0.05mm以上,复合化时的操作性也是很好的。即,上述的无机纤维束最好是长径比在1200以上,纤维根数在20根以上。
通过加热,使用构成C、SiC、TiC、BN、Si3N4、B4C、SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、B2O3、Ta2O5的前体物质-酚醛树脂或有机金属化合物,可以将连续纤维结成束,例如可以使用硼酸基吡啶、氨硼烷、聚硅氨烷、四-异-丙氧基硅烷、四-异-丙氧基钛、三-正-丙氧基铝、戊-异-丙氧基钽、聚羰基硅烷(polycarbosilane)、聚铝氧烷、聚硼氧烷、聚硅苯乙烯、聚碳酸环已硅氧烷、聚硅烷、聚钛羰基硅烷、庚甲基乙烯基三硅烷、聚硼二苯基硅氧烷等。
将适宜的前体物质浸透纤维束,然后加热,可以制成以前体作为介质的纤维束。虽然纤维与介质的组合采用非氧化物与氧化物的组合也可以制成纤维束,但在后续的烧结等复合化过程中加热到高温时,两者之间反应十分强烈,可能导致纤维束的特性劣化,因此,最好还是采用非氧化物与非氧化物或氧化物与氧化物组合。另外,预先在纤维表面上涂敷BN等反应性较低的成分,也能在一定程度上防止反应发生。用同样的方法还可以制成由两种以上的纤维构成的纤维束。纤维束的制造,除了上面所述浸透前体物质然后加热的方法以外还可以采用浸透介质成分的淤浆或化学气相浸渍等方法。
在复合材料制成后,当陶瓷的热膨胀系数(αm)大于无机纤维束的热膨胀系数(αf)时,烧结后由于两者的热膨胀系数差而产生残余应力,所得到的复合材料的基体部分中有时会形成裂纹。图3-图6中表示了在制得的各种复合材料中αm>αf的有代表性的复合材料的制造结果,其中,图3是SiC基体-C纤维束复合材料,图4是Si3N4基体-C纤维束复合材料,图5是ZrB2基体-C纤维束复合材料,图6是MgO基体-Al2O3纤维束复合材料。在这些图中,符号○表示未产生裂纹,符号X表示产生了裂纹。
根据上面的研究结果,在基体是陶瓷并且αm>αf时,无机纤维束的直径应在0.05mm以上,最好是在下面的(1)式所表示的范围内。
D′-0.5≤D≤D′+3.0 (1)
(1)式中,D是无机纤维束的直径(mm),D′是由下面的(2)式和(3)式表示的值。
D′=(0.011V-0.023)×△α×106(V=3-30) (2)
D′=(0.0375V-0.818)×△α×106(V=30-60) (3)
在(2)式和(3)式中,V是无机纤维束的含量(体积%),△α是基体陶瓷与无机纤维束的热膨胀系数差(/℃)。由(2)式和(3)式得到的D′值取决于无机纤维束的含量V和无机纤维束/基体的热膨胀系数差△α,该数值表示可以用于制造复合材料的无机纤维束的大致的临界值。无机纤维束的直径D的下限D′-0.5是考虑到复合材料中无机纤维束直径的偏差波动等根据图3-图6所示的试验结果求出的值。另外,无机纤维束的直径D的上限D′+3.0是测定了制成的各种复合材料的强度,根据对提高强度有效的直径范围求出的。下面以图3所示的SiC基体-C纤维束复合材料为例对此加以说明。图7中示出SiC基体-C纤维束复合材料在室温下的三点弯曲强度测定结果。
由图7可以看出,抗弯强度随纤维束直径增大而提高,但在无论哪一种纤维束含量时,纤维束直径达到某一数值时,弯曲强度都大致与SiC单质相等,不会进一步提高到SiC单质以上。这种倾向在其它成分系统的复合材料中也是一样,无论是哪一种成分系统的复合材料,强度不再提高的直径临界值都比上述(2)式或(3)式所示的D′大3.0mm左右。据此将无机纤维束的直径D的上限定为D′+3.0。
另外,在αm≤αf的情况下,烧结后基体中的残余应力为压应力,不会产生裂纹。虽然纤维束中残留有拉伸应力,但各种无机纤维的强度都比基体陶瓷要高,不会产生缺陷,因此在αm≤αf的情况下,无机纤维束的直径只要在0.05mm以上就行。
同样地,在基体是金属的情况下同样地也制造了各种复合材料。图8和图9中示出有代表性的制造例。制造方法将在后面的实施例中详细说明。在附图中,图8是Cu基体-C纤维束复合材料,图9是Ti基体-SiC纤维束复合材料的制造结果。
金属的热膨胀系数较大,几乎在所有的情况下都是αm>αf,在金属基体中由于与无机纤维束的热膨胀系数差而产生残留应力,但由于金属具有延性,因此金属基体中不产生裂纹。另外,测定了所制得的各种复合材料的室温抗拉强度。作为例子,图10中示出了图8所示的Cu基体-C纤维束复合材料的抗拉强度测定结果。
由图10可以看出,抗拉强度随纤维束含量而增大,但对纤维束的直径而言,随直径增大抗拉强度只有少量提高。据认为,尽管金属具有延性,残余应力较小,但仍残留一定程度的应力,这些应力随着纤维束直径增大而减轻,变得很低,从而使强度提高。但是,一旦直径达到某一数值以上,强度就基本上不再提高。这种倾向在其它的成分系的复合材料中也是一样,所述的数值是比下面的(5)式和(6)式表示的D′大5.0mm左右。另外,如果纤维束直径在0.05mm以上、10mm以下,操作性非常好,强度也比基体成分的单质要大,因此,无机纤维束的直径最好是在下面的(4)式所表示的范围内。
0.05≤D≤D′+5.0 (4)
(4)式中,D是无机纤维束的直径(mm),D′是下面的(5)式和(6)式表示的值。
D′=(0.008V-0.1)×△α×106(V=3-40) (5)
D′=(0.026V-0.776)×△α×106(V=40-60) (6)
此外,本发明人还发现,如果遵从上面的(1)式和(4)式,随着纤维束直径增大,复合材料的断裂韧性提高。作为一个例子,图11中示出SiC基体-C纤维束复合材料的纤维束含量V约为5%(体积)的试样的断裂韧性测定结果。
由图11可以看出,在上述(1)式的纤维束的范围内,随着直径增大,韧性提高了。这种趋势在其它成分系统的复合材料中也同样可以看到。
根据以上所述,采用上述无机纤维束的本发明的纤维束增强复合材料的复合结构,通过调整无机纤维束的直径和含量,可以有效地提高强度和韧性。在基体是陶瓷的场合以及基体是金属的场合,本发明中的无机纤维束应分别控制在由上面(1)式和(4)式表示的直径大小的范围内。纤维束直径如果比上述范围大,在制造上虽然没有问题,但相对于基体而言纤维束变得稀疏,提高韧性等的纤维束增强效果减弱,因此最好是在上述(1)式和(4)式的范围内。同样,纤维束含量如果不足3%(体积),则纤维束的存在变得稀疏,纤维束增强的效果减弱,因此其含量最好是3-60%(体积)。无机纤维束最好是不存在由于与基体成分反等应而产生的损伤。无机纤维束与基体的反应可以通过在两者之间设置不具有反应性的中间层来避免。
在基体是陶瓷的情况下,为实现上述目的的本发明的纤维束增强复合材料的制造方法是,把基体成分制成基板(green sheet),把无机纤维束排列在基板上,在其上面再叠放一个基板,这样的操作反复进行多次,然后烧结。无机纤维束结成的束是将沿一个方向取向的许多根无机纤维的束浸透无机化合物的前体物质,然后加热而得到的。为了使所得到的无机纤维束在基体中沿一个方向或两个方向取向,可以把基体成分制成基板,在其上面沿一个方向均一地排列纤维束,然后将它们堆叠成许多层,使纤维束在一个方向上取向排列或者使纤维束彼此交叉取向排列。如果基体是金属,则使用具有基体成分的金属板,将纤维束排列在它上面,堆叠成数层,将其加热熔化,然后冷却凝固,可以得到同样的复合结构。此外,也可以采用将纤维束成形而得到的预制坯浸透基体成分的淤浆或熔融金属的方法。在纤维束的长度比较短的情况下,通过将纤维束混合到基体成分的淤浆或熔融金属中然后挤出成形,可以得到具有所要求的纤维取向性的复合结构。
本发明的连续纤维可以采用SiC纤维、C纤维、Si3N4纤维、B纤维、B(W芯)纤维、SiC(W芯)纤维、SiC(C芯)纤维、Al2O3纤维中的至少一种。该连续纤维优先选用直径为10-2000um。连续纤维的含量如果过低,不能赋予高的韧性,如果过高,则导致强度下降,因此最好是3-60%(体积)。连续纤维在基体中取向为一个方向以上。另外,为防止连续纤维和基体反应,还可以在纤维表面上涂敷由SiC、C、TiC、B4C、BN、TiN、Si3N4、AlN、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2、Al2O3、ZnO、MgO、B2O3、Ta2O3构成的成分。无机纤维束最好是不存在由于与陶瓷基体成分反应而引起的损伤。无机纤维束与陶瓷基体的反应,可以通过设置不具有反应性的涂层等来避免。另外,通过这一中间层可以防止陶瓷基体与无机纤维束的反应,使其产生滑动,减小因两者热膨胀系数的差异而产生的残余应力。
另一方面,本发明人仔细地研究了连续无机纤维增强陶瓷的陶瓷基体中的粒子内和粒子界面上分散有粒子的复合结构体构成的,存在于粒子界面上的该粒子为球形、似球状、针状、晶须状、柱状、板状中任一种的使粒子分散的方法,结果研制出在烧结过程中使原粒粉末反应,从而析出上述粒子并使之分散的自析出技术。利用这一技术,在复合陶瓷中,可以构成由在该陶瓷基体的粒子内和粒子界面上分散着粒子的复合结构体构成,该陶瓷基体的组成与起始原料不完全相同的结构。
在本发明中,由于使起始原料反应,析出复合结构,可以形成在该基体粒子间的连结中有30%以上的基体粒子是直接连接的组织。这样一来,可以减少粒子界面处的玻璃相或合金相,得到在高温下具有良好的强度特性的复合材料。在原料表面上存在的氧化膜是不可避免的成分,不包括在上述的30%之内。另外,在进行析出反应时如果使用氮气,使无机粒子析出,将伴随有体积膨胀,因此可以在无收缩的情况下达到致密化的目的。由于采用这一技术,本发明可以做到在纤维增强的陶瓷中使陶瓷基体结合在一起的玻璃相或合金相不到3%(体积)。
在本发明的反应析出方法中,通过使之含有燃烧助剂,还可以得到更加致密的烧结体。在这种情况下,形成将陶瓷基体结合起来的玻璃相或合金相的含量为3-20%的结构。利用这种助剂实现致密化,可以在析出反应结束后进行。
另一方面,为实现上述目的的本发明的纤维增强复合材料的结构是,陶瓷基体由Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y的氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化物中的至少一种以上构成,分散于陶瓷基体的粒子内和粒子界面上的粒子由Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y、W、Nb、V、Sc、La、Hf、Mo、Ce、Yb、Er、Ho、Dy的氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化物、金属间化合物中至少一种以上的与陶瓷基体不同的组成构成。该陶瓷基体可按下述方法制得,即将由Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y、W、Nb、V、Sc、La、Hf、Mo、Ce、Yb、Er、Ho、Dy中至少一种以上的金属粉末或金属粉末与Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y、W、Nb、V、Sc、La、Hf、Mo、Ce、Yb、Er、Ho、Dy的单质、氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化物、金属间化合物中至少一种以上的陶瓷粒子组成的粉末混合物构成的成形体在氮化性、碳化性、碳氮化性、氧化性、氧氮化性、惰性的至少一种以上反应性气体的气氛中加热,使之发生自析出反应。
陶瓷基体最好是由SiC、TiC、ZrC、Si3N4、AiN、TiN、BN、ZrN、ZrB2、TiB2、CrB2、Al2O3、MgO、莫来石、ZrO2中至少一种构成。金属则是由Al、Cu、Ti、Mg、Al合金、Cu合金、Cr合金、Ni合金、TiAl合金、NbAl合金、NiAl合金、MoAl合金、ZrAl合金、TiSi合金、不锈钢中的至少一种构成。
在本发明中,分散到基体中的粒子的含量最好是在5-30%(体积)。在基体是金属的情况下,可以采用向金属液中分散的方法或机械合金化的方法将粒子分散。
另外,本发明的纤维增强复合材料的制造方法是,将成为基体的Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y的氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化物中至少一种以上的陶瓷制成基板,在其上面排列无机纤维束,然后进行反应析出处理。
无机纤维束结成的束,可以通过将无机化合物的前体浸透在一个方向上排列取向的许多根连续无机纤维的束,然后加热前体物质至陶瓷化的温度而得到。为了使所得到的无机纤维束在基体中沿一个方向或二个方向取向,可以将上述基体成分制成基板,在其上面沿一个方向均一地排列上纤维束,把它们堆叠成数层,使纤维束沿一个方向取向或者使纤维束彼此交叉地取向。另外,还可以采用将纤维束成形得到的预制坯浸透上述基体成分的淤浆的方法。
所制得的复合材料要求在使用环境下具有化学稳定性。基体和无机纤维,根据其成分的情况,有可能发生氧化损耗,特别是在高温大气中更是如此。预先在复合材料表面上涂敷具有耐热性的氧化物陶瓷可以防止发生这种情况。
采用本发明,可以减小因纤维束与陶瓷基体的热膨胀系数差而产生的残余应力,提高复合材料的强度和破坏能量。由于使起始原料反应烧结,可以在陶瓷基体的粒子内或粒子界面上分散形成组成不同的任意形状的粒子,从而提高基体的强度和韧性。由于反应析出所致,可以不依赖起始原料粉末的大小而实现微细化,另外,由于起始原料不使用短纤维,因而可以解决公害的问题。再有,由于形成了粒子间的结合有30%以上是直接结合的组织,可以得到具有良好高温特性(强度、蠕变特性)的纤维增强的复合材料。由于使陶瓷基体形成反应析出复合材料,烧结时收缩比较小,适合用于制造形状复杂的制品,几乎不需要任何加工就可以制得最终的产品,可以减小因加工而引起的残余应变。本发明提高了陶瓷部件的可靠性,适合用于燃气轮机、内燃机、核聚变反应堆、航空航天器的部件、发动机等的结构部件、特别是燃气轮机部件、内燃机部件、核聚变反应堆部件、滑动部件、耐热部件和结构部件。
在本发明中,通过反应,析出了分散于陶瓷基体中的短纤维和纳米级大小的粒子,因而可以不依赖于起始原料的大小而实现微细化,由于不使用短纤维作起始原料,解决了公害的问题。另外,由于使用无机化合物介质将许多根连续的无机纤维沿一个方向结成束而形成的纤维束,提高了生产安全性并大幅度提高陶瓷的韧性。因而,本发明提高了陶瓷部件的可靠性,适合用于燃气轮机、内燃机、核聚变反应堆、航空航天器的部件、发动机等的结构部件、特别是燃气轮机部件、内燃机部件、核聚变反应堆部件、滑动部件、耐热部件、结构部件等。
下面具体地说明本发明的实施例。
实施例1
首先说明C纤维束的制造方法。将沥青系连续C纤维数根排列成一个方向,将其用酚醛树脂和乙醇按1∶1的重量比混合得到的溶液浸透,在真空中、2000℃下加热1小时,使酚醛树脂固化,得到以C为介质的C纤维。在这一过程中,通过改变使用的C纤维的根数,可以改变C纤维束的直径。用这种方法得到的纤维束的C介质的含量,不论直径的大小都是约60%(体积)左右。
下面说明复合材料的制造方法。将80份(重量)的平均粒径0.5μm的Si粒末和20份(重量)的平均粒径0.5μm的MoSi2粉末混合到规定量的有机溶剂中,形成淤浆,用刮刀法将其制成基板,把上面制得的C纤维束尽可能均匀地沿一个方向排列在干燥了的基板上。将排列有C纤维束的基板叠放若干层,使纤维束的取向为同一方向,在叠放的方向上加压98MPa,制成成形体。将所得成形体在氮气中加热至1500℃,使之发生3Si+2N2→Si3N4、3/2Mo+3Si+2N2→Si3N4+3/2Mo的析出反应,制成在微米级大小的Si3N4基体中的Si3N4粒子内部/粒界上析出纳米级大小的Mo粒子而形成的、C纤维束增强Mo粒子分散Si3N4复合材料。烧结时的收缩率是0.2%。图20A、20B和20C中示有所得到的烧结体的模式图。图20A是显示析出反应复合陶瓷21内含有纤维束的状态的模式图;图20B是放大显示纤维束22的模式图,直径D的纤维束22显示了在纤维粘合剂24中包含长纤维23的状态;图20C是基体部分的放大图,该图显示了在Si3N4粒子内部/粒子界面上包含有Mo粒子的状态。
在本实施例中,通过混合氢气等还原性气体,可以促进氮化反应。
按照与上述相同的制造方法,用Ti、Zr、W、Hf、Al、V、Nb、Ta、Cr的硅化物代替MoSi2粉末,试着制造C纤维束增强复合材料。结果制得在微米级大小的Si3N4基体中,在Si3N4粒子内部/粒界上析出了在烧结过程中生成的纳米级大小的TiN、ZrN、W、WN、HfN、AlN、VN、NbN、TaN、CrN粒子的各种C纤维束增强复合材料。
同样地,用Ti、Zr、B、Mo、W、Hf、Al、V、Nb、Ta、Cr的碳化物或硼化物代替MoSi2粉末,试着制造C纤维束增强的复合材料,结果制成了在微米级大小的Si3N4基体中、在Si3N4粒子内部/粒界上析出在烧结时生成的纳米级大小的TiN、ZrN、BN、Mo、W、WN、HfN、AlN、VN、NbN、TaN、CrN、SiC粒子的各种C纤维束增强的复合材料。
实施例2
对复合材料的制造方法说明如下。将80份(重量)平均粒径0.5μm的Si粉和20份(重量)平均粒径0.5μm的TiC粉混合到规定量的有机溶剂中,形成淤浆,用刮刀法将其制成基板。把直径100μm的SiC纤维尽可能均匀地在干燥的基板上排成一个方向。把排列了SiC纤维的基板堆叠数层,使纤维的取向为一个方向,在堆叠方向上加压98MPa制成成形体。SiC纤维在基体中的含量为20%(体积)。将所得的成形体在氮气中加热至1600℃,通过3Si+2N2→Si3N4、TiC+1/2N→TiN+C、Si+C→SiC的析出反应,在微米级大小的Si3N4基体中,在Si3N4粒子内/粒界处析出纳米级大小的TiN粒子和SiC粒子,在粒界处析出长宽比为3至7的微米级大小的SiC粒子。烧结时的收缩率为0.3%。所得到的烧结体的粒子间的结合几乎都是直接结合,玻璃层在2%以下。这样,得到了抗弯强度为610MPa、断裂韧性值为15MPa
、气孔率为15%的SiC纤维增强Si3N4陶瓷。由于形成为基体的反应析出复合材料在烧结时不收缩,因此特别适合于制造形状复杂的制品,基本上不需要加工就可以制得最终的产品,将因加工而引起的残余应变抑制在很小的程度。
同样地,用Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y、W、Nb、V、Sc、La、Hf、Mo、Ce、Yb、Er、Ho、Dy金属粉末代替上述Si粉末,烧结时可以析出由氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化物、金属间化合物中的至少一种构成的纤维和粒子。
用SiO2粉末代替上述Si粉末,在氮/氢混合气体中加热至1600℃,可以获得在微米级大小的Si3N4基体中在Si3N4粒子内部/粒界析出纳米级大小的TiN粒子和SiC粒子、在粒界处析出长宽比为3-7的微米级大小的SiC粒子的复合材料。使用其它的金属氧化物,通过进行氮化、还原处理,在烧结过程中可以产生复合析出反应。
表11中示出通过与构成基体的起始原料进行析出反应而得到的烧结体的组成。在本发明中,可以在烧结过程中反应析出任意的粒子。
实施例3
将80份(重量)平均粒径0.5μm的Si粉末、20份(重量)平均粒径0.5μm的TiC粉末和用于致密化的烧结助剂Y2O3、Al2O3各2份(重量)混合到规定量的有机溶剂中,形成淤浆,用刮刀法将其制成基板。把直径100μm的SiC长纤维尽可能均匀地在干燥的基板上排列成一个方向。把排列有SiC长纤维的基板堆叠数层,使纤维的取向为同一个方向,在堆叠方向上加压98MPa,制成成形体。在基体中的SiC纤维的含量为20%(体积)。将所得成形体在氮气中加热至1600℃,使之发生3Si+2N2→Si3N4、TiC+1/2N2→TiN+C、Si+C→SiC的析出反应,然后在1750℃致密化处理5小时,使得在微米级大小的SiN基体中在Si3N4粒子内部/粒界析出纳米级大小的TiN粒子和SiC粒子,在粒界处析出长宽比为3-7的微米级大小的SiC粒子。烧结时的收缩率为4.2%。所得烧结体的粒子间的结合有82%是直接结合,剩下的18%是由烧结助剂构成的合金相。结果得到抗弯强度为1560MPa、断裂韧性值为27MPa
、气孔率为0.5%的SiC纤维增强Si3N4陶瓷。
在Si3N4的烧结中,用于致密化的烧结助剂不限于Y2O3、Al2O3,可以使用Zr、Si、Yb、Er、Hf等稀土类元素的氧化物。并且,根据形成基体的组成情况,烧结助剂的种类有所不同,可以使用一般公知的助剂。例如,在Si的情况下,可以使用B、C、Al2O3等。
使用Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y、W、Nb、V、Sc、La、Hf、Mo、Ce、Yb、Er、Ho/Dy金属粉末代替上述的Si粉末,在烧结过程中可以析出由氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化、金属间化合物中的至少一种构成的粒子。
实施例4
作为本发明的实施例4将说明若干种无机纤维束的制造实施例。
首先说明以C为介质的纤维束的制造方法。图12中示出了制造方法的概略图。将数千根沥青系的连续C纤维排列成一个方向,浸透酚醛树脂和乙醇按1∶1的重量比混合而成的溶液,将其在大气中于300℃加热1小时,使酚醛树脂固化,得到以C为介质的C纤维束。在这一过程中,通过改变所使用的C纤维的根数可以改变C纤维束的直径。在本实施例中使用每一束1000-48000根的C纤维。用这种方法得到的纤维束的C介质的含量,不论直径大小如何都是50-60%(体积)左右。另外,所使用的C纤维,除沥青系之外还可以同样用PAN(聚丙烯腈)系或纤维素系制造。
下面说明采用上述以外的方法制造以C为介质的C纤维束的制造方法。使用聚乙烯醇作为C介质的前体物质。将数千根沥青系的连续C纤维排列成一个方向,浸渍在聚乙烯醇和温水按1∶5的重量比混合而成的溶液中,在大气中、80℃下干燥2-3小时,然后在300℃加热1小时,使聚乙烯醇固化,得到以C为介质的C纤维束。用这种方法得到的纤维束的C介质的含量,不论直径大小都是20-30%(体积)。另外,在以上的两种方法中加热温度是300℃,前体物质碳化不充分,但在复合化时的烧结、加热过程中可以实现充分碳化。介质的含量可以通过改变前体溶液的浓度或浸渍次数加以调整。
下面说明以SiC为介质的C纤维束的制造方法。将数千根沥青系连续C纤维排列成一个方向,浸透聚羰基硅烷,然后在大气中、350℃下加热1小时,使聚羰基硅烷碳化,得到以SiC为介质的C纤维束。在350℃加热,聚羰基硅烷的热分解不完全,不能完全转变成SiC,但在复合化时的烧结、加热过程中可以完全转变成SiC。用这种方法得到的纤维束的SiC介质的含量,不论直径的大小都是50%(体积)左右。该介质的含量可通过改变前体溶液的浓度或浸渍次数加以调整。
下面说明以TiC和SiC为介质的C纤维束的制造方法,将数千根沥青连续C纤维排列成一个方向浸透聚钛羰基硅烷,然后在真空中、1400℃下加热1小时,得到以TiC和SiC为介质的C纤维束。用这种方法得到的纤维束的TiC和SiC介质的含量,不管直径的大小,都是30%(体积)左右。接下来说明以B2O3为介质的Al2O3纤维束的制造方法。将数千根连续Al2O3纤维排列成一个方向,在由化学式B(O-nC4H9)3表示的B的醇盐中浸渍。使其在醇中与水反应,然后在100℃热处理10小时,得到以B2O3为介质的Al2O3纤维束。用这种方法得到的纤维束的B2O3介质的含量,不论直径的大小,均为10%(体积)左右。但该介质的含量可以通过改变在醇盐中的浸渍及热处理的次数来加以调整。
此外,与上面所述同样,通过分别浸透B4C、BN、Si3N4、SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3和Ta2O5的前体,然后加热,可以制得分别以这些化合物为介质成分的C纤维以外的无机纤维束,即SiC、B、B(W芯)、SiC(W芯)、SiC(C芯)、Al2O3纤维的纤维束。在纤维与介质的组合中,虽然采用非氧化物与氧化物的组合也可以制成纤维束,但在后续的烧结等复合化过程中加热至高温时,两者间反应很强烈,有可能导致纤维束特性变差,因此最好采用非氧化物与非氧化物或者氧化物与氧化物的组合。另外,预先在纤维表面上涂敷BN等反应性小的成分,可以在一定程度上防止反应发生。
由2种以上的纤维构成的纤维束也可以用同样的方法制造。纤维束的制造,除了上面所述浸透前体物质然后加热的方法以外,还可以采用浸渍介质成分的淤浆或化学气相浸渍等方法。
表1中示出本实施例中制造的上述以外的纤维束的无机纤维与介质的有代表性的组合的例子。
实施例5
本发明的实施例5是使用实施例4中制成的无机纤维束、以陶瓷作为基体的纤维束增强复合材料的制造例。
首先说明用C纤维束在一个方向上增强SiC陶瓷的SiC-C纤维束复合材料的制造方法。C纤维束的介质是C。在图13中示出SiC-C纤维束复合材料的制造方法的概略图。
将预先干式混合了2%(重量)的BeO粉末(作为烧结助剂)的SiC粉末混合到规定量的有机溶剂(粘合剂)中形成淤浆状,用刮刀法将其制成基板。把上述C纤维尽可能均匀地在干燥的基板上排列成一个方向。把排列有C纤维束的基板叠放若干层,使纤维束的取向为同一个方向,将其在大气中、100℃温度下、沿叠放的方向上加压15MPa达1分钟,制成成形体。利用热压机,在真空中、2100℃加热1小时以及在基板的叠放的方向上对所得成形体加压30MPa的条件下进行烧结,制成SiC-C纤维束复合材料。所得复合材料的纤维束的含量与直径的关系如图3中所示。
下面来说明用C纤维束在一个方向上增强Si3N4陶瓷的Si3N4-C纤维束复合材料的制造方法。C纤维束的介质是SiC。把金属Si粉末与SiC粉末按2∶3的重量比混合,向里面加入纯水和规定量的粘合剂,然后用罐球磨机混合24小时形成淤浆。预先将上述C纤维束在具有吸水性的石膏模型内排列成一个方向并固定住,将上述淤浆浇注到石膏模型内使之干燥,形成成形体。在0.88MPa的氮气氛中加热烧结该成形体,然后随炉冷却。加热温度和保持时间分为几段,即1100℃×10小时、1200℃×20小时、1300℃×10小时、1350℃×5小时,以控制金属Si转变为Si3N4。这样制得C纤维束的取向为同一个方向的Si3N4-C纤维束复合材料。所得复合材料的C纤维束的含量和直径的关系如图4中所示。
接下来说明用C纤维束在一个方向上增强ZrB2陶瓷的ZrB2-C纤维束复合材料的制造方法。C纤维束的介质是SiC。将规定量的粘合剂混合到ZrB2粉末中,制成淤浆,用刮刀法将其制成基板。将上述C纤维束尽可能均匀地呈一个方向排列在干燥的基板上。把排列了C纤维束的基板叠放数层,使纤维束的取向为一个方向,在大气中及在100℃下1分钟的条件下,沿着叠层的方向对其加压15MPa,制成成形体。利用热压机,在真空中、1900℃加热成形体1小时以及在基板的叠层方向上加压30MPa的条件下进行烧结,制得ZrB2-C纤维束复合材料。所得复合材料的C纤维束的含量与直径的关系如图5所示。
下面来说明用Al2O3纤维束在一个方向上增强MgO陶瓷的MgO-Al2O3纤维束复合材料的制造方法。Al2O3纤维束的介质是B2O3。在MgO粉末中混合规定量的粘合剂制成淤浆,用刮刀法将其制成基板。把上述Al2O3纤维束尽可能均匀地在干燥的基板上排列成一个方向。将排列有Al2O3纤维束的基板叠放数层,使纤维束的取向为一个方向,在大气中于100℃下5分钟的条件下,在叠层方向上对其加压20MPa,制成成形体。利用热压机,在大气中、1250℃下1小时加热成形体以及在叠层方向上加压30MPa的条件下进行烧结,制成MgO-Al2O3纤维束复合材料。所得复合材料的Al2O3纤维束的含量与直径的关系与图6所示。在以上所述的任何一种方法中,都可以通过改变基体成分的基板的厚度或纤维束的排列间隔来调整纤维束的含量。
采用与上面所述相同的方法,试着制造由其它成分的基体或其它成分的纤维束的组合构成的若干种纤维束增强复合材料。结果,在所有的情况下都可以十分容易地制成纤维束的取向为一个方向的复合材料。但是,根据基体或纤维束的成分,有时两者之间会发生反应,致使纤维束的性能变差,因此,基体与纤维束的成分的组合最好采用氧化物与氧化物或非氧化物与非氧化物的组合。另外,预先在纤维束表面上涂以实施例中所述的涂层也可以抑制反应发生。
另外,在纤维束长度较短的情况下,可以采用将纤维束混合在基体成分的淤浆中,在挤出口设置栅格,挤出到模型内,然后将所得成形物烧结的方法,制造纤维束在一个方向取向的复合材料。
以上所述证明了,通过使用纤维束可以比较简单地制造在陶瓷基体中纤维束为一个方向取向的复合材料。在本实施例中制造的上述以外的有代表性的复合材料的基体与纤维束的组合表示在表2中,在表2中还同时列出这些复合材料的三点弯曲强度和断裂韧性值。
实施例6
本发明的实施例6是使用实施例4制得的无机纤维束、以金属为基体的纤维束增强复合材料的制造例。
首先说明用C纤维束在一个方向上增强Cu的Cu-C纤维束复合材料的制造方法。C纤维束的介质是C。把C纤维束尽可能均匀地排列在Cu板上,将其叠放数层,使纤维束的取向为一个方向,然后放入模型中,在真空中加热至900℃使之熔融软化。由于Cu不能润湿C纤维束,因此最好预先在C纤维束表面上镀Cu,另外,在叠层方向上加压可以提高Cu与C纤维束的密合性。加热后,冷却固化,制得Cu-C纤维束复合材料。所得复合材料的C纤维束的含量与直径的关系如图8中所示。
下面说明用SiC纤维束在一个方向上增强Ti的Ti-SiC纤维束复合材料的制造方法。SiC纤维束的介质是TiC和SiC。将SiC纤维束尽可能均匀地在Ti板上排列成一个方向,然后叠放数层,叠放时使纤维束的取向为一个方向,将其放入模型内,在真空中加热至1600℃使之熔融软化。由于Ti表面活性极强,容易氧化,因此上述操作必须在惰性气氛下进行,以防止氧化。这时,通过在叠层方向上加压,可以提高Ti与SiC纤维束的密合性。加热后冷却凝固,制得Ti-SiC纤维束复合材料。所得复合材料的SiC纤维束的含量与直径的关系如图9所示。
采用与上述相同的制造方法,试着制造基体是其它成分的纯金属、合金或金属间化合物并使用其它成分的纤维束的若干种纤维束增强复合材料,结果在所有的情况下都十分容易地制成纤维束取向为一个方向的复合材料。但是,根据基体或纤维束的成分,两者之间有时会发生反应,致使纤维束性能变差,因此最好是预先在纤维束表面上涂敷实施例中所示的涂层。
另外,在纤维束的长度较短时,可以采用下述方法制造纤维束取向为一个方向的复合材料,即将纤维束混合到基体成分的熔融金属中,在挤出口设置栅格,将其挤出到模型内成形,然后冷却凝固。
以上结果证明,通过使用纤维束可以比较简单地制造在金属基体中纤维束取向为一个方向的复合材料。表3中示出本实施例中制造的上述以外的有代表性的复合材料的基体和纤维束的组合。
实施例7
对实施例5和6中制成的复合材料的机械性能进行了分析、研究。首先,对于陶瓷作为基体的复合材料,C纤维束取向为一个方向的SiC-C纤维束复合材料测定其在室温和高温(真空中、1500℃)下的三点弯曲强度。纤维束的直径与室温下的抗弯强度的关系如图7中所示。为了进行比较,一并示出SiC单质的三点弯曲强度。由图7可以看出,增大C纤维束的直径可以提高复合材料的强度,获得与SiC单质相同的强度。据认为,虽然由于C纤维束与SiC基体之间存在热膨胀差,烧结后有残余应力(在SiC中为拉伸应力),但是纤维束的直径越大,其间存在的基体的量越多,从而减轻上述残余拉应力的作用也就越大。因此,在室温下通过调整纤维束的直径和含量可以提高强度。
此外,无论是基体采用其它陶瓷的情况还是使用C纤维束以外的无机纤维束的情况,纤维束直径大小与所得复合材料的强度的关系都具有与上述SiC-C纤维束复合材料相同的趋势。据认为,这种情况同样是由于,纤维束直径越大,减轻因纤维束与基体的热膨胀差而引起的残余应力的作用也越大,并且基体/纤维束界面的面积减小,缺陷随之减少。
图14中示出SiC-C纤维束复合材料在高温(真空中、1500℃)下的三点弯曲强度的测试结果。不论C纤维束直径大小,均获得了等于或高于SiC单质的高温强度。据认为,这是由于在高温下基体中产生的残余拉应力减小,因而高温强度比室温强度还要高。这样一来,随着温度升高,不论纤维束直径大小,强度都会提高,因此这种材料是具有适合作为高温用结构材料的特性的复合材料。
另外还测定了SiC-C纤维束复合材料的断裂韧性,结果如图11所示。由图11可以看出,在上述(1)式所示的纤维束直径范围内,随着直径增大,韧性提高。据认为,这是由于,在从基体中拉拔纤维束的同时,在纤维束本身中也产生纤维的拉伸和阶段性断裂的缘故。
以上所述的特征,在由其它成分构成的具有陶瓷基体和纤维束的复合材料中也同样可以见到,纤维束直径在上述(1)式所示范围内的复合材料是符合本发明目的的材料。
作为基体是金属的复合材料,测定了C纤维束取向为一个方向的Cu-C纤维束复合材料的室温抗拉强度。纤维束直径与抗拉强度的关系如图10所示。为了进行比较,图中一并示出Cu单质的抗拉强度。抗拉强度对纤维束含量的依赖性比较大,但相对于纤维束的直径来说却变化不大。另外,随着直径增大,强度只有少许提高,并且一旦直径达到某一数值以上,强度就基本上不再变化。
实施例8
表示了对于实施例4制作的纤维束,为了抑制与基体的反应,对其表面进行涂层的例子。
关于涂敷方法和涂敷效果,可以用C作为介质的C纤维束上涂敷SiC时为例加以说明。涂敷方法可以举出化学气相蒸镀法、溶胶-凝胶法、浆液含浸法等,但这里使用的是溶胶-凝胶法。即,将以C作为介质的C纤维束浸渍在聚硅烷中,干燥,重复此操作数次后,进行热处理(真空中、1200℃),在表面上涂敷SiC。涂层的厚度约50μm。
使用此C纤维束,制作以SiC为基体的复合材料(C纤维束的含量:约5%体积),在室温下测定三点弯曲强度。纤维束的直径为0.6mm,未进行涂敷时的弯曲强度是320MPa,但涂敷后是390MPa。另外,当纤维束直径是1.2mm,未涂敷时弯曲强度是460MPa,但涂敷后是495MPa。总之,进行涂敷后其弯曲强度值变大。这可认为由于预先在纤维束的表面进行涂层,在烧结时可以抑制基体和纤维束的反应,减少了纤维束的损伤或者基体/纤维束界面的缺陷所带来的效果。
用上述同样的方法,也可对其他纤维束涂敷SiC以外的涂层,即,涂敷C、TiC、B4C、BN、TiN、Si3N4、AlN、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2、Al2O3、ZnO、MgO、B2O3、Ta2O5。作为涂敷的方法可使用化学气相蒸镀法、浆液含浸法等。但是作为涂层的成分希望其不与基体及纤维束进行反应。
本实施例中,对纤维束的有代表性的涂敷例表示在表4中。
实施例9
此例表示了在得到的纤维束增强复合材料表面上涂敷氧化物陶瓷的实例和其效果。这里说明了用C纤维束增强SiC基体的SiC-C纤维束复合材料的表面上涂敷ZrO2的例子。
将制得的SiC-C纤维束复合材料浸渍在ZrO2浆液中、干燥,重复此操作数次后,在1400℃下加热1小时,烧结ZrO2。此时,SiC-C纤维束复合材料中的C纤维束最好具有不露出SiC基质的表面外的结构。这是由于可防止C纤维束与作为氧化物的ZrO2进行反应的缘故。用上述方法可得到厚度为0.5mm的ZrO2涂层。
将得到的涂敷ZrO2的SiC-C纤维束复合材料与未涂敷的SiC-C纤维束复合材料一同在大气中、1000℃下加热24小时,进行氧化试验。结果,未涂敷的SiC-C纤维束增强复合材料重量减少4.3%,而施以涂敷ZrO2时,重量减少0.9%。这说明了通过氧化物陶瓷涂敷可以达到抑制表面氧化的效果。另外,对于氧化试验后的试样测定了在室温下的三点弯曲强度,未涂敷时是355MPa,而涂敷ZrO2时是425MPa。这证明了用此方法可以得到在高温下其特性不劣化,可以稳定使用的SiC-C纤维束复合材料。
除上述之外,涂敷SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、ZnO、MgO、B2O3、Ta2O5时也可得到同样的效果。作为涂敷方法,除了使用上述浆液法外,也可使用化学气相蒸镀法、溶胶-凝胶法等。另外,这些涂敷对于由SiC以外的基体组成的复合材料也是可能的。本实施例中进行的对于复合材料的有代表性的氧化物陶瓷涂敷例表示在表5中。
再者,为了防止由于基体和涂层的热膨胀差而引起的涂层破损,也可在两者之间设置基体成分和涂层成分逐渐地、或者阶段地变化的中间层。
实施例10
表示了在基体中无机纤维束在二个方向定向排列的纤维束增强复合材料的制作例。这里重点说明在SiC基体中以C作为介质的C纤维束在二个方向定向排列的SiC-C纤维束复合材料的制作方法。
用与实施例4相同的方法制作C纤维束和SiC基体成分的基板。在得到的基板上尽可能地将C纤维束均匀地单向排列,将这些基板按C纤维束相互垂直地叠放数层,在大气中100℃下,在叠层方向进行1分钟的15MPa的加压得到成形体。将得到的成形体通过热压,在高真空中、2100℃下加热1小时,并在基板的叠层方向加以30MPa压力下进行烧结,制得C纤维束为二个方向定向排列的SiC-C纤维束复合材料。
用同样的方法,对于其他基体成分或者其他纤维束也可以制作在基体中纤维束为二个方向正交的纤维束增强复合材料。进而,如实施例1-3那样,通过用纳米级的粒子、纤维对基体的增强可以得到高强度、高韧性的陶瓷。当基体是金属时,与实施例6同样,可以使用作为基体成分的金属板。另外通过使纤维束以某种角度相交那样来叠层基板或金属板,可以制作纤维束以任意角度交叉的二个方向取向的纤维束增强复合材料。
实施例11
表示了制作在基体中纤维束以三维形状存在的纤维束增强复合材料的例子。这里重点地说明在SiC基体中以C为介质的C纤维束以三维形状存在的SiC-C纤维束复合材料的制作方法。
用与实施例4、5相同的方法,制作C纤维束和SiC基体成分的浆液。但是作为SiC的烧结助剂使用B和C。另外,当C纤维束上含浸酚醛树脂后使用所希望的型箱成形为规定的形状后,通过加热、碳化得到具有所需形状的C纤维束。将得到的C纤维束固定在金属模具内浇入浆液,在大气中干燥。反复此操作数次,当基体成分充分地充填后从模具中取出,在Ar气氛、1个大气压下,在2050℃下烧结1小时,制作出C纤维束以三维形状存在的SiC-C纤维束复合材料。
用同样的方法,对于其他基体成分、或其他纤维束也可以制作在基体中纤维束以三维形状存在的纤维束增强复合材料。进而,如实施例1-3那样,通过用纳米级粒子、纤维对基体的增强,可得到高强度、高韧性的陶瓷。当基体是金属时,与实施例6那样,加热基体成分,充填熔融金属,然后冷却也是可以的。另外,为了提高得到的复合材料密度,可使用静水压加压烧结。
再者,当纤维束的长度比较短时,可将纤维束混合在基体成分的浆液或者熔融金属内,将其在模具内挤出成形后,通过烧结或冷却固化来制作纤维束以三维形状存在的纤维束增强复合材料。
实施例12
表示有关纤维增强氮化硅的实施例。首先说明C纤维束制作方法。将数根沥青系连续C纤维排列成一个方向,使之含浸在酚醛树脂和乙醇以1∶1重量比混合的溶液中,在真空中、2000℃下加热1小时,使酚醛树脂固化,得到以C为介质的C纤维束。此时,通过改变使用的C纤维的根数,可以改变C纤维束的直径。用这种方法得到的纤维束的C介质的含量,与直径大小无关,约是60%(体积)。
以下,说明复合材料的制作方法。将平均粒径0.5μm的Si粉末70重量份和平均粒径3μm的SiC粉末30重量份用莱机(自动搅拌机)进行干式混合,将此混合粉末混合到规定量的有机溶剂中制成浆液,将其用刮刀法制成基板。把上述得到的C纤维束在干燥的基板上尽量均匀地单方向排列。将排列了C纤维束的基板,按照纤维束单方向排列那样叠放数层,在叠层方向加以98MPa的压力得到成形体。得到的成形体在氮气中加热到1400℃,制成反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束复合材料。此时,烧结时的收缩率是0.2%以下。
改变纤维束含量及纤维束直径,用上述方法制作烧结体,结果表示在表6中。另外,使用SiC晶须代替SiC粉末的实施例也一同表示在表6中。进而,整理表6等的实验结果,在图15中用断面线表示的范围内可以得到高强度且高韧性的复合材料,可以看出与(3)式的范围一致。
对于上述C纤维束含量约10%(体积)时的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束复合材料,测定在室温下的三点弯曲强度,纤维束直径和抗弯强度关系的整理结果表示在图16中。在图16中为了比较,同时表示了对于非纤维束的单纤维排列时(图中用□表示)、常压烧结氮化硅/C纤维束复合陶瓷(烧结助剂:MgO、Al2O3)时(图中用■表示)的三点弯曲强度。
从图16可以看出,纤维束的直径增大可以提高复合材料的强度,得到比常压烧结氮化硅/C纤维束复合陶瓷还高的强度。这是由于常压烧结氮化硅/C纤维素复合陶瓷在烧结时有18%的线收缩,在纤维束和基体间产生应力,烧结体中出现裂纹或者最后有拉应力残存在烧结体中,引起了强度降低的缘故。与此相反,对于本发明的材料,由于烧结时的线收缩率减小到0.2%,在纤维束和基体间几乎不产生应力,所以可得到高强度材料。另外,在以往不结成束而以单纤维定向排列时,由于基体和碳纤维束的热膨胀系数差,使得拉伸应力残存于基体中而使强度下降。
再观察高温密度,与C纤维束的直径大小无关,均可得到高强度。因此,在室温下,可通过纤维束的直径而使得强度增加,当进入高温时,则与纤维束直径大小无关地得到高强度,这样本材料可以作成具有高温用结构材料特性的复合材料。
基体中使用其他反应烧结氮化硅结合陶瓷时,纤维束直径大小和得到的复合材料强度的关系与上述情况具有相同的倾向。这可认为是由于纤维束的直径大时,减轻因纤维束和基体的热膨胀差而产生的残余应力的效果增大以及基质/纤维束界面的面积变小,缺陷减少的缘故。
用与上述同样的方法,使用TiC、ZrC、B4C、AlN、TiN、BN、ZrN、ZrB2、Al2O3、MgO、莫来石、ZrO2代替SiC粉末试制作纤维束增强复合材料。结果,在所有的情况下,都很容易地制成C纤维束在一个方向上定向排列的复合材料。但是,根据基体成分、特别是使用氧化物时,由于与C纤维束反应,会引起纤维束的特性劣化,所以希望在纤维束表面预先按上述实施例所示那样施以涂层。以上结果可以说明,使用纤维束可以比较简单地制作在陶瓷基体中纤维单方向定向排列的复合材料。
实施例13
本发明的实施例13中,说明了在实施例12所述以外的纤维束制作例。这里重点地叙述在介质中使用C以及使用SiC、TiC的C纤维束的情况。
首先说明以聚乙烯醇为前体、用C作为介质的C纤维束制作例。将连续C纤维数根单方向地排列,在聚乙烯醇和温水以重量比1∶5混合的溶液中浸透后,在大气中、80℃下干燥2-3小时,进而在300℃下加热1小时,使聚乙烯醇固化,得到以C为介质的C纤维束。用此法得到的纤维束的C介质含量,与直径的大小无关,是20-30%(体积)。
还有,说明以SiC为介质的C纤维束制作例。将数根连续C纤维单方向地排列,并含浸在聚羰硅烷(polycarbosilane)中,在大气中、350℃下加热1小时,使聚羰硅烷碳化,得到以SiC为介质的C纤维束。用此方法得到的纤维束的SiC介质的含量,与直径大小无关,通常,约是50%(体积)。
下面说明以TiC和SiC为介质的C纤维束制作例。将数根连续C纤维单方向地排列,含浸在聚钛羰硅烷中,在真空中,1400℃下将其加热1小时,得到以TiC和SiC为介质的C纤维束。用此方法得到的纤维束中TiC、SiC介质的含量,与直径大小无关,约为30%(体积)。
此外,与上述方法相同地,通过分别浸透B4C、BN、Si3N4、SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、B2O3、Ta2O5的前体,然后加热,制作不同介质成分的C纤维束以外的无机纤维束,即SiC、B、B(W芯)、SiC(W芯)、SiC(C芯)及Al2O3纤维的纤维束。
另外,也可以同样地制作由2种以上纤维构成的纤维束。在制作纤维束时,除去上述的浸透前体物质然后加热的方法之外,也可以使用浸透介质成分浆液或者化学气相浸渍等方法。
使用以上所示C纤维束以外的无机纤维束,制作如实施例12所示的反应烧结氮化硅复合陶瓷基体的纤维束增强复合材料时,在任何情况下都可进行复合化,确认了纤维单方向排列的复合材料是可以比较简单地制作的。其结果示于表7中。
测定反应烧结氮化硅/氧化铝纤维束复合陶瓷在室温及1400℃下的弯曲强度。结果,当纤维束的热膨胀系数比基体大时,由于基体中压应力作用,可得到在室温下高强度的材料。在1400℃时,由于压应力被除去,所以回复到一般强度。因此,纤维束的热膨胀系数比基体大时,与其在高温下使用倒不如在烧结温度以下使用更为合适。
试图用常压烧结氮化硅制作氧化铝纤维束复合材料,但由于烧结时的收缩问题以及由于氮化硅和氧化铝在高温1700℃-1800℃下反应而未能制作出良好的烧结体。
实施例14
此例是对于实施例12、13制作的纤维束,为了抑制其与基体的反应而进行表面涂敷的例子。
对于涂敷方法和涂敷效果,用以SiC为介质的SiC纤维束上涂敷BN的例子加以说明。作为涂敷方法可举出化学气相蒸镀法、溶胶-凝胶法、浆液浸渍法等,本实施例中采用溶胶-凝胶法,即在以SiC为介质的SiC纤维束表面上喷涂BN。涂层的厚度约是50μm。
使用此SiC纤维束,制作以反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC为基体的复合材料(SiC纤维束的含量:约15%(体积),在室温下测定三点弯曲强度。纤维束直径是1.6mm时,未进行涂敷时的弯曲强度是320MPa,而进行涂敷后是390MPa。另外,纤维束直径为5.0mm时,未进行涂敷时的弯曲强度是410MPa,而进行涂敷后是480MPa。总之,进行涂敷后,弯曲强度值增大。这可认为是由于预先在纤维束表面设置了涂层,在烧结时可抑制基体和纤维束的反应,减少了纤维束的损伤或者基体/纤维束界面的缺陷而产生的效果。
用与上述同样的方法,还可以对其他纤维束涂敷BN以外的涂层,即C、TiC、B4C、SiC、BN、TiN、AlN、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2、Al2O3、ZnO、MgO、B2O3、Ta2O5。另外,作为涂敷的方法,也可采用化学气相蒸镀法、浆液浸渍法等。但是作为涂层的成分希望使用与基体及纤维束不发生反应的成分。
实施例15
此例表示了在得到的纤维束增强复合材料表面上涂敷氧化物陶瓷的例子及其效果。这里重点地说明在用C纤维束增强的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC基体的复合材料表面上涂敷ZrO2的例子。
将制得的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束增强复合材料浸渍在ZrO2浆液中,然后干燥,此操作重复数次后,在1400℃下加热1小时使ZrO2进行烧结。此时反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束增强复合材料中的C纤维束最好不露出反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC基体表面以外。这是为了防止C纤维束与氧化物ZrO2反应。用上述方法可得到厚度是0.5mm的ZrO2涂层。
将得到的涂敷了ZrO2的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束增强复合材料与未进行涂敷的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束增强复合材料一同在大气中、1500℃下加热100小时,进行大气暴露试验。结果,未涂敷过的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束增强复合材料重量减少4.3%,而施以ZrO2涂层时重量减少0.1%。这是由于氧化物陶瓷涂层抑制了表面氧化的缘故。另外,对于氧化试验后的试样,在室温下测定三点弯曲强度,未进行涂敷的是230MPa而施以ZrO2涂层的是450MPa。由此,证明可以得到在高温下特性也不劣化、并能稳定地使用的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束增强复合材料。
除上述之外,涂敷SiO2、Al2O3、B2O3时也能得到同样的效果。另外,作为涂敷方法,除去使用上述浆液法之外,也可使用化学气相蒸镀法、溶胶-凝胶法等。这些涂敷对于反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC以外的基体、或者由C纤维束以外的无机纤维束构成的复合材料也是可行的。
另外,为了防止由于基体和涂层的热膨胀差而引起涂层的破损,也可以在两者之间设置基体成分和涂层成分逐渐地或者阶段地变化的中间层。
实施例16
此例为在基体中无机纤维束在二个方向上排列的纤维束增强复合材料的制作例。这里重点地说明在反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC基体中以C为介质的C纤维束在二个方向排列的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束增强复合材料的制作方法。
用与实施例1相同的方法,制作C纤维束和反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC基体成分的基板。在得到的基板上将C纤维束尽可能地均匀地排列成一个方向,将这些板按C纤维束相互垂直地叠放数层,在叠层方向上以98MPa压力加压制得成形体。将得到的成形体在氨中加热到1400℃,进行氮化反应烧结,制得反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC/C纤维束增强复合材料。
用同样的方法,在其他基体成分或者其他纤维束的情况下也可以制作在基体中纤维束在二个方向上成正交排列的纤维束增强复合材料。
实施例17
此例是制作在基体中纤维束以三维形状存在的纤维束增强复合材料的制作例。这里重点地说明在SiC纤维增强TiN粒子分散氮化硅基体中,以C为介质的C纤维束以三维形状存在的反应烧结氮化硅/C纤维束增强复合材料的制作方法。
按照实施例1及实施例5的方法,制作C纤维束和SiC纤维增强TiN粒子分散氮化硅基体成分的浆液。此时,将C纤维束浸渍酚醛树脂后,使用型模成形为规定形状后,加热使之碳化,得到具有规定形状的C纤维束。将得到的C纤维束固定在金属模具内,注入浆液,在大气中干燥。重复此操作数次,使得基体成分充分充填后,从模具中取出,在氮和氢(3%)混合气中、1400℃下进行氮化处理,制成SiC纤维增强TiN粒子分散氮化硅/C纤维束增强复合材料。
用同样的方法,对于其他基体成分、或者其他纤维束也可以制作在基体中纤维束呈三维形状存在的纤维束增强复合材料。
实施例18
将20根PAN系连续C纤维排列成一个方向,使之浸透酚醛树脂和乙醇以重量比1∶1混合的溶液,而后在真空中2000℃下加热1小时,使酚醛树脂固化,得到以C为介质的C纤维束(直径2mm)。用此方法得到的纤维束中C介质的含量约是60%(体积)。
接着按照实施例2的方法制作含有基质的复合材料。将上述得到的C纤维束尽量均匀地在干燥的基板上排成一个方向。再把排列有C纤维束的基板,按纤维束同一方向取向那样叠放数层,在叠层方向上加以98MPa压力,得到成形体。C纤维束在基体中的含量按20%(体积)程度配置。在氮气、1600℃下加热所得到的成形体,使之进行复合析出反应后,在压力100kg/cm2、1750℃下进行1小时的致密化处理。用此法可得到具有弯曲强度1610MPa、断裂韧性值18MPa
的SiC纤维增强、TiN粒子分散氮化硅/碳纤维束复合陶瓷。
实施例19
用燃气轮机的转子叶片的制作例来说明使用本发明的纤维束增强复合材料所制作的部件。转子叶片的形状如图17A、图17B及图17C所示。图18表示用本发明的复合材料制作转子叶片时的制作方法例。在本实施例中作为在基体上的反应烧结氮化硅结合SiC陶瓷、纤维束使用了以C为介质的C纤维束。
图18的结构中,8是具有C纤维束的转子叶片断面形状的金属模、9是浸透了酚醛树脂和乙醇以1∶1混合的溶液的C纤维束、10是通过加热9而使酚醛树脂固化了的C纤维束、11是使10的C纤维束浸透基体成分的浆液,可得到转子叶片形状的金属分型模、12是用本方法得到的转子叶片的复合析出陶瓷基体。将浸透了酚醛树脂和乙醇混合溶液的C纤维束9卷绕在具有转子叶片断面形状的金属模8上进行加热,使酚醛树脂固化,得到具有转子叶片断面形状的C纤维束10。将C纤维束10并排固定在金属分型模11内,充填基体成分的浆液后加热、干燥,数次重复浆液充填和干燥,使基体成分充分地浸透后,通过复合析出反应烧结,可以得到在复合析出陶瓷基体12中C纤维束10在一个方向排列的转子叶片。
图19A、图19B及图19C表示了将上述得到的转子叶片安装在燃气轮机的金属盘上的安装结构图。图19A、图19B及图19C的结构中,13是上述得到的转子叶片、14是燃气轮机的金属盘、15是介于转子叶片13和盘14之间的金属柄、16是介于转子叶片13和盘14或柄15之间的垫片、17是介于转子叶片13和柄15间的陶瓷嵌合层。
在图19A、图19B及图19C中,转子叶片13通过金属垫片16,以嵌合方式直接安装在盘14上,根据需要,转子叶片13和盘14之间,加入耐热金属柄15可以保护金属盘免受高温。在转子叶片13和柄15之间可装入金属垫片16和陶瓷嵌合层17。
另外,对于得到的转子叶片,根据需要为了提高耐氧化性,希望在其表面施以涂层。
以上的方法,对于本实施例以外的基体成分,或者其他的纤维、介质时也适用,其形状不限于转子叶片,可以制成定子叶片、燃烧器等种种形状。
实施例20
将实施例12得到的氮化硅结合SiC/碳纤维束复合材料用于泵的轴承材料。作成具有碳纤维的端部露出滑动面的结构。以速度10m/s、面压50kg/cm2进行滑动试验,发现碳纤维带来润滑效果,具有优良的滑动特性。因此,通过使用碳纤维束,本发明的复合材料也具有优良的滑动特性。特别是作成碳纤维在滑动面的露出量为10-50%(体积)时,其摩擦系数减小,具有优良的耐摩性。
实施例21
此例表示数种无机短纤维束的制作例。
首先,说明以C为集束剂(介质)的C短纤维束的制作方法。将沥青系的连续C纤维数千根单方向排列,使之浸透1∶1(重量比)的酚醛树脂和乙醇的混合溶液后,在大气下、300℃中加热1小时,使酚醛树脂固化,得到以C为介质的连续C纤维束。将得到的连续C纤维束切断成规定的长度,得到了C短纤维束。此时,通过改变使用C纤维的根数可以改变C短纤维束的直径。本实施例中,每束使用1000根至48000根的C纤维。用此方法得到的短纤维束的C介质含量与直径大小无关,约是50-60%(体积)。此外,作为使用的C纤维除了沥青系之外,也可使用PAN(聚丙烯腈)系和纤维素系。
以下,说明使用上述以外的方法制作以C为介质的C短纤维束的方法。这里作为C介质的前体使用聚乙烯醇。将沥青系的连续C纤维数千根单方向排列,使之浸透重量比为1∶5的聚乙烯醇和温水的溶液,而后在大气中、80℃下干燥2-3小时,再在300℃下加热1小时,使聚乙烯醇固化,将其切断,得到以C为介质的C短纤维束。用此法得到的短纤维束的介质的含量,与直径大小无关,是20-30%(体积)。在以上的2种方法中,加热温度是300℃,前体的碳化是不完全的,但在复合化的烧结过程中可以充分碳化。另外,介质的含量通过改变前体溶液的浓度、或者浸渍次数可以进行调整。
下面说明以SiC作为集束剂时的C短纤维束的制作方法。将沥青系的连续C纤维数千根单方向排列,浸透聚羰硅烷后,在大气中、350℃下加热1小时后切断,可得到以SiC为介质的C短纤维束。在350℃加热时,聚羰硅烷的热分解是不充分的,不能完全地变成SiC,但是在复合化的烧结过程中可以使之变成SiC。用此法得到的短纤维束的SiC介质含量,与直径大小无关,约是50%(体积)。再者,介质的含量通过改变前体溶液的浓度或者浸渍次数可以进行调整。
下面说明以TiC、SiC为集束剂的C短纤维束的制作方法。将沥青系的连续C纤维数千根单方向排列,浸透聚钛硅烷后,在真空中、1400℃加热1小时后切断,得到以TiC、SiC为介质的C短纤维束。用此法得到的短纤维束的TiC、SiC介质的含量,与直径大小无关,约为30%(体积)。
接下来说明以B2O3为介质的Al2O3短纤维束的制作方法。将连续Al2O3纤维数千根单方向排列,在用式B(O-nC4H9)3表示的B的醇盐中浸渍。将其在乙醇中与水反应,而后,在100℃下加热处理10小时后,通过切断,得到以B2O3为集束剂的Al2O3短纤维束。用这种方法得到的短纤维束的,B2O3集束剂含量,与直径大小无关,约是10%(体积)。但是介质的含量可通过改变在醇盐中的浸渍及热处理的次数进行调整。
此外,与上述同样,通过浸透不同的前体、加热,可以制得不同介质成分的C纤维或者Al2O3纤维以外的无机短纤维束,即SiC、B、B(W芯)、SiC(W芯)、SiC(C芯)、Si3N4纤维的短纤维束。但是,在纤维和介质的组合中,若是非氧化物和氧化物组合时,可以制成短纤维束,但在以后的烧结复合化过程中,由于受到高温加热,两者之间的反应很大,容易引起短纤维束特性的劣化,所以希望采用非氧化物和非氧化物或者氧化物和氧化物的组合形式。另外,预先在纤维的表面涂敷BN等反应性弱的成分,可以在一定程度上防止反应发生。
在表8中表示了用本实施例制作的上述以外的短纤维束的无机纤维和介质的典型组合例。
实施例22
首先说明用C短纤维束单方向增强SiC陶瓷的SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷的制作方法。C短纤维束的介质是C。将预先干式混合了作为烧结助剂的2%(重量)BeO粉末的SiC粉末和上述C短纤维束以及规定量的有机溶剂(粘合剂)用球磨机混合后制成浆液。此时,C短纤维束由于球磨机的混合可能被破坏,所以最好预先在真空中加热到1000℃以上,使C介质碳化。把得到的浆液,挤压到挤出口设有栅格的模具内成形,在大气中、60℃下干燥3-4小时,得到成形体。将得到的成形体用热压机,在真空中、2100℃下加热1小时、沿与短纤维束取向垂直的方向加以30MPa的压力下进行烧结,可以制成SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷。
以下,对于用Al2O3短纤维束单方向增强MgO陶瓷的MgO-Al2O3短纤维束增强陶瓷的制作方法加以说明。Al2O3短纤维束的介质是B2O3。与上述例同样地,将Al2O3短纤维束及规定量的粘合剂混合制成浆液,挤压到挤出口设有栅格的模具内成形,在大气中、60℃下干燥3-4小时后,制成成形体。将得到的成形体用热压机,在大气中、1250℃下加热1小时、并在垂直于短纤维束取向的方向上加上30MPa压力进行烧结,制得MgO-Al2O3短纤维束增强陶瓷。
通过以上方法对短纤维束和基体成分的浆液挤压成形,可以比较简单地制作陶瓷基体中短纤维束单方向排列的短纤维束增强陶瓷。
实施例23
说明实施例21中制作的无机短纤维束呈二维分散在基体中的短纤维束增强陶瓷的制作例。
首先,说明用C短纤维束在二个方向增强SiC陶瓷的SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷的制作方法。C纤维束的介质是C。把预先干式混合了作为烧结助剂的2%(重量)BeO粉末的SiC粉末、上述C短纤维束以及规定量的有机溶剂(粘合剂)用球磨机混合,制作浆液。此时,C短纤维束由于球磨机的混合有可能被破坏,所以最好预先在真空中,在1000℃以上加热,使C介质碳化。使用得到这浆液,用刮片法制作C短纤维束在二个方向排列的基板。干燥此基板后,叠放数层,而后将其在大气中、100℃下1分钟内、沿叠层方向加以15MPa的压力,得到成形体。将得到的成形体用热压机在真空中、2100℃下加热1小时,在基板的叠层方向加以30MPa的压力进行烧结,可以制作SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷。
以下,说明用C短纤维束在二个方向上增强ZrB2陶瓷的ZrB2-C短纤维束增强陶瓷的制作方法。C短纤维束的介质是SiC。用球磨机混合ZrB2粉末、C短纤维束及规定量的粘合剂,制成浆液。此时,由于球磨机的混合可能破坏C短纤维束,所以最好预先在真空中、1300℃下加热,使SiC介质烧成。使用得到的浆液,用刮片法制作C短纤维束在二个方向排列的基板。干燥此基板后,将它们叠放数层,将其在大气中、100℃下并沿叠层方向以15MPa压加至1分钟,制得成形体。得到的成形体用热压机在真空中、1900℃下加热1小时,沿基板的叠层方向加以30MPa压力进行烧结,制作ZrB2-C短纤维束增强陶瓷。
再者,在制作基板时,在刮板的开口部分设置有纵向的栅格,可以制作短纤维束单方向排列的基板,将其按短纤维束单方向排列进行叠层时,可以得到单方向增强的短纤维束增强陶瓷,另外,若短纤维束按二个方向交错地叠层时,则可以得到二个方向由短纤维束增强的陶瓷。
从以上看出,使用短纤维束和基体成分制作基板,通过叠层,可以制作陶瓷基体短纤维束在二个方向排列的短纤维束增强陶瓷。
实施例24
本实施例是使用实施例21制作的无机短纤维束无规则地分散在基体的短纤维束增强陶瓷的制作例。
首先说明用C短纤维束任意方向增强SiC陶瓷的SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷的制作方法。C纤维束的介质是C。将预先干式混合了作为烧结助剂的2%(重量)BeO粉末的SiC粉末、上述短纤维束及规定量的有机溶剂(粘合剂)用球磨机混合,制成浆液。此时,C短纤维束由于球磨机的混合有可能被破坏,所以,最好预先在真空中加热到1000℃以上使C介质碳化。将得到的浆液加到型模中,在60℃下干燥制得成形体。将得到的成形体在真空中、2100℃下进行1小时的静水压加压烧结,制成SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷。
以下说明用C短纤维束任意方向增强Si3N4陶瓷的Si3N4-C短纤维束增强陶瓷的制作方法。C短纤维束的介质是SiC。把金属Si粉末和SiC粉末以重量比2∶3混合,向其中添加纯水、规定量的粘合剂以及C短纤维束后,用球磨机混合24小时,制成浆液。将此浆液浇铸到具有吸水性的石膏模内,使之干燥,得到成形体。此成形体在0.88MPa的氮气氛中加热烧结后,随炉冷却。加热温度和保持时间分成1100℃×10小时、1200℃×20小时、1300℃×10小时、1350℃×5小时多级式进行以便控制金属Si变化成Si3N4。这样就可制作C短纤维束任意方向排列的Si3N4-C短纤维束增强陶瓷。
用以上方法,通过将短纤维束和基体成分的浆液加到型模中,干燥、成形,然后烧结,可以比较简单地制作在陶瓷基体中短纤维束任意取向排列的短纤维束增强陶瓷。
另外,取决于基体或短纤维束的成分,两者之间有时会产生反应,使短纤维束的特性劣化,所以基体和短纤维束成分的组合最好选择氧化物和氧化物或者非氧化物和非氧化物组合。若预先在短纤维束表面上如实施例6所示那样施以涂层,则可以抑制反应。
在表9中表示了在实施例22、23、24制作的上述以外的代表性的短纤维束增强陶瓷的基体和短纤维束的组合情况。
实施例25
研究在实施例22中制作的短纤维束增强陶瓷的机械特性。
首先,对于基体是SiC并且C短纤维束在一个方向上分散的SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷,测定在室温及高温(真空中、1500℃)下的三点弯曲强度。此时,C纤维束的长度作成约20mm,含量约10%(体积),对于改变了短纤维直径的几个试样进行了测定。图21表示了室温下的三点弯曲强度测定结果。
在图21中为了比较,一起表示了SiC单质的三点弯曲强度及单方向分散了C短纤维的SiC的三点弯曲强度。由图21可以看出,加大C纤维束的直径可以提高复合材料的强度,与分散短纤维的情况相比可得到大的强度。与SiC单质比较,可以减少强度下降。这可认为由于C纤维束和SiC基体的热膨胀差,在烧结后残存有残余应力(SiC内拉应力),纤维束的直径越大,其间存在的基体量越多,可以缓和上述残余拉应力的效果越大的缘故。由此,在室温下,使用短纤维束,通过调整束的直径可以提高强度。
此外,对于基体使用其他陶瓷的情况,或者使用C短纤维束以外的无机短纤维束的情况,短纤维束直径的大小和得到的短纤维束增强陶瓷强度的关系,都与上述SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷的情况具有同样的倾向。此时,同样地可认为短纤维的直径大时,可以缓和短纤维束和基体的热膨胀差而引起的残余应力和缩小基体/短纤维束界面的面积,减少缺陷而带来的效果。
从上述SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷弯曲强度测定结果可看出,C短纤维束的直径约0.5mm时,比分散C短纤维的SiC强度小,在此直径大小下没有提高强度的效果,但是对于其他成分系,例如图22所示的SiC基体中SiC短纤维束(介质是C)单方向分散的SiC-SiC短纤维束增强陶瓷,可以看到短纤维束的直径从相当小的范围就有提高强度效果的例子。因此,合适的短纤维束直径的范围是0.05-10mm,但实际上,考虑的实际制作上的操作性和对于后述的断裂韧性效果,希望使用1-6mm。
在图23中表示了使用与上述的SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷相同的试样,在高温下(真空中、1500℃)测定三点弯曲强度结果。与图21的室温下的弯曲强度比较,高温强度有增高的倾向,另外,强度的不均匀性变小。这可认为是在高温下,在基体内产生的残余拉应力得到减轻,所以高温强度要比室温下的高,强度得到稳定的缘故。这样,在高温下强度也不下降,具有不均匀性少的稳定强度,因此,强度提高,故而本材料是具有适于高温下结构材料特性的复合材料。
以下,图24表示在室温下测定三点弯曲强度时的应力-应变曲线的模式图。为了比较,把C短纤维单方向分散到SiC的情况也一起表示。可以看出使用短纤维束时,与分散短纤维时比较,显著地看出非线性破坏形态,得到的短纤维束增强陶瓷是可抑制裂纹扩展、不产生急剧破坏的材料。
在图25中表示了对于与上述相同的试样,测定断裂韧性的结果。为了比较,也一起表示了C短纤维单一方向分散的SiC情况。可看出使用短纤维束时,与分散短纤维时相比,其韧性大,随着短纤维束直径的加大,韧性得到提高。这是由于短纤维与基体反应,使纤维特性劣化造成的,而与此相反,在短纤维束的情况下,其反应只限于束的周边部分,维持了纤维特性,在短纤维束内产生了纤维的拉伸和龟裂的倾向等。
以上所示的特征,实际证明了对于其他成分构成的陶瓷基体或具有短纤维束的短纤维束增强陶瓷也看到同样效果,是可达到本发明目的的材料。
实施例26
表示了对于实施例21制作的短纤维,为了抑制与基体的反应而进行表面涂敷的例子。
对于涂敷法和涂敷效果,对在以C为介质的C短纤维束上涂敷SiC时的例子进行说明。作为涂敷法可举出化学气相蒸镀法、溶胶、凝胶法、浆液浸渍法等。这里是用溶胶-凝胶法进行的。即将以C为介质的C短纤维束浸渍在聚硅烷中,干燥,重复此操作数次后进行热处理(真空中、1200℃),使表面涂敷SiC。涂层的厚度约是50μm。另外,涂敷也可在切断前的连续纤维束状态下进行,但为了使切断面上也有涂层,这里是在切断后的短纤维束状态下进行。
使用C短纤维束,以SiC为基体,制作C短纤维束单一方向分散的SiC-C短纤维束增强陶瓷(C短纤维束的含量:约10%体积),测定在室温下的三点弯曲强度。短纤维束直径0.5mm时,在未涂层时弯曲强度是260MPa,而涂敷后,是290MPa。另外,短纤维束的直径是1.7mm时,未涂敷时弯曲强度是450MPa,而涂敷后是470MPa。总之,在施以涂层后,弯曲强度值加大。这可认为由于预先在短纤维束表面设置涂层,可以抑制烧结时基体和短纤维束的反应,减少短纤维束损伤或者基体/短纤维束界面的缺陷而带来的效果。
用与上述同样的方法,对于其他短纤维束涂敷SiC以外的涂层,即C、TiC、B4C、BN、TiN、Si3N4、AlN、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2、Al2O3、ZnO、MgO、B2O3、Ta2O5的涂敷也是可能的。作为涂敷的方法,也适用化学气相蒸镀法、浆液浸渍法。但是作为涂层的成分希望其对基体及短纤维束无反应性。在表10中表示了在本实施例中对短纤维束的代表性涂敷例。
实施例27
以燃气轮机的转子叶片制作例来说明使用本发明的短纤维束增强陶瓷制作设备部件的例子。图26中表示了用本发明的短纤维束增强陶瓷制作转子叶片时的制作方法。在本实施例中,使用的基体是SiC陶瓷、烧结助剂是BeO、作为短纤维束是使用以C为介质的C短纤维束。
图26的结构中,18是用于注入C短纤维束和基体成分浆液、得到转子叶片形状的金属拼合模,19是用本方法得到的转子叶片的SiC基体、20是分散在用本方法制得的转子叶片中的短纤维束。制作混合C短纤维束、SiC粉末及粘合剂的浆液,将此浆液注入到挤出口设有格栅的金属拼合模18中。将其干燥后,从金属拼合模取出,通过静水压加压烧结,可以得到在SiC基体19中C短纤维束20几乎都是单方向分散的转子叶片。
以上的方法,对于其他的基体成分,或使用其他短纤维束介质的情况也适用,形状不限于转子叶片形状,可以制作种种形状。
表1
表2
基体 纤维束(介质) 3点弯曲强度 断裂韧性kIC
SiC SiC (C) 500 9.5
TiC SiC (SiC) 520 8.2
ZrC SiC (C芯)(SiC) 150 4.5
B4C C (C·B4C) 270 4.0
Si3N4C (SiC) 800 7.0
Si3N4SiC (SiC) 850 8.5
AiN Si3N4(SiC) 250 4.5
TiN B (BN) 230 6.0
BN C (C·B4C) 110 5.5
ZrN Si3N4(SiC) 170 4.3
ZrB2C (SiC) 330 6.5
ZrB2SiC (SiC) 345 8.0
TiB2B(W芯) (BN) 250 4.7
CrB2SiC (SiC) 200 4.0
Al2O3Al2O3(B2O3) 310 7.5
MgO Al2O3(B2O3) 240 5.0
MgO Al2O3(SiO2) 255 5.5
莫来石 Al2O3(SiO2) 380 7.3
Zr02Al2O3(Ta2O5) 900 13.5
表3
基体 纤维束(介质) 拉伸强度(MPa)
Al C (C) 200
Mo C (C·B4C) 1050
Mg Al2O3(SiO2) 220
Ti SiC(TiC·SiC) 340
Al-Cu合金 B (B4C) 200
Nb3Al SiC (SiC) 450
Ti5Si3SiC(TiC·SiC) 500
(3点弯曲)
不锈钢 B (BN) 470
表4
表5
表6
表7
表 8
无机纤维 | 集束剂 |
C | C·B4 C |
SiC | C |
SiC | |
TiC·SiC | |
C·B4C | |
SiCN4 | C |
SiC | |
Si3N4 | |
BN | |
B | BN |
B4C | |
B(W芯) | BN |
Si3N4 | |
SiC(W芯) | C |
SiC | |
SiC(C芯) | C |
SiC | |
C·B4 C | |
Al2O3 | SiO2 |
TiO2 | |
Al2O3 | |
Ta2O5 |
表9
表10
表11
表11
表11
Claims (27)
1、纤维增强的复合材料,其特征是,由陶瓷或金属构成的材料用无机纤维束进行增强。
2、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其中的陶瓷用无机纤维束增强,设构成基体的陶瓷的热膨胀系数为αm、无机纤维束的热膨胀系数为αf,其特征是
1)当αm>αf时,无机纤维束的直径是0.05mm以上,而且是满足下式范围,
D′-0.5≤D≤D′+3.0
其中,D:纤维束的直径(mm)
D′=(0.011V-0.023)×△α×106(V=3-30)
D′=(0.0375V-0.818)×△α×106(V=30-60)
V:纤维束的含量(vol%)
△α:基体陶瓷和纤维束的热膨胀系数差(/℃)
2)当αm≤αf时,无机纤维束的直径是0.05mm以上。
3、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其中的金属用无机纤维束增强,无机纤维束的直径满足下式范围,
0.05≤D≤D′+5.0
其中
D:纤维束的直径(mm)
D′=(0.008V-0.1)×△α×106(V=3-40)
D′=(0.026V-0.776)×△α×106(V=40-60)
V:纤维束的含量(vol%)
△α:基体金属和纤维束的热膨胀系数差(/℃)
4、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,无机纤维束是以长宽比1200以上的20根以上的该无机纤维排列的纤维群,在基体中该纤维群是该无机纤维以凝集形式存在,而且该纤维群是分散着。
5、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的连续无机纤维束是将直径从10μm到2000μm的SiC纤维、C纤维、Si3N4纤维、B纤维、B(W芯)纤维、SiC(W芯)纤维、SiC(C芯)纤维、Al2O3纤维中至少1种以上组成的连续无机纤维通过用与陶瓷基体成分不同的C、SiC、Si3N4、SiO2、AiN、Al2O3、BN、B4C、TiC、TiO2、B2O3、Ta2O5中至少1种以上构成的介质结成束。
6、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是连续无机纤维束的直径是0.05mm-10.0mm,其在陶瓷基体中的含量是3-60%(体积)。
7、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是连续无机纤维束的表面上涂敷了由SiC、C、TiC、B4C、BN、TiN、Si3N4、AlN、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2、Al2O3、ZnO、MgO、B2O3、Ta2O5构成的成分。
8、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的金属是由Al、Cu、Mo、Ti、Mg、Al系合金、Cu系合金、Cr系合金、Ni系合金、Ti3Al、Nb3Al、Ni3Al、Mo3Al、Zr5Al3、Ti5Si3、不锈钢中至少1种以上构成的。
9、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的陶瓷由Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y的氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化物中至少1种以上构成的。
10、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的陶瓷是由SiC、TiC、ZrC、Si3N4、AiN、TiN、BN、ZrN、ZrB2、TiB2、CrB2、Al2O3、MgO、莫来石、ZrO2中至少1种以上构成的。
11、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的陶瓷是在陶瓷基体粒子内及粒界处分散着化学组成不同的粒子的复合结构体,介于粒界的该粒子是球状、似球状、针状、晶须状、柱状、板状中的任何一种形状,并且该基体粒子之间的结合中,30%以上是直接结合。
12、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的陶瓷是在陶瓷基体粒子内及粒界上分散着化学组成不同的粒子的复合结构体,介于粒界的该粒子是球状、似球状、针状、晶须状、柱状、板状中的任何一种形状,并且该陶瓷基体中的所有组成是以与起始原料不同的组成而构成的。
13、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的陶瓷是在陶瓷基体的粒子内及粒界上分散着化学组成不同的粒子的复合构造体,介于粒界的该粒子是以球状、似球状、针状、晶须状、柱状、板状的任何一种形状存在,并且至少分散到该陶瓷基体粒子内及粒界上的化学组成不同的粒子是以与起始原料不同的组成构成的。
14、权利要求1记载的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中在陶瓷中,分散到陶瓷基体粒子内及粒界的粒子是以与Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y、W、Nb、V、Sc、La、Hf、Mo、Ce、Yb、Er、Ho、Dy的氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化物、金属间化合物的至少1种以上的陶瓷基体不同的组成构成的。
15、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的陶瓷中,分散到陶瓷基体中粒子的含量是5-30%体积。
16、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,其中的陶瓷中,分散到陶瓷基体中的粒子内及粒界的粒子,是通过烧结反应析出的粒子。
17、权利要求1所述的纤维增强复合材料,其特征是,纤维增强复合材料表面上涂敷了由SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2、Al2O3、MgO、B2O3、Ta2O5中至少1种以上组成的成分。
18、一种纤维增强复合材料的制法,其特征是:1)在将无机纤维结成束时,是通过将单一方向排列的多根无机纤维上浸透C、SiC、TiC、BN、Si3N4、B4C、SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、B2O3、Ta2O5的前体并加热,使之结成束的,2)将作为基体的陶瓷成分制成基板或者将金属成形为板状,在该基板上或金属板上将无机纤维束单方向排列,将该纤维束单方向地配置或者至少二个方向交叉那样层叠起来,将叠层体烧结或者加热熔融,然后,冷却,固化。
19、一种纤维增强复合材料的制法,其特征是,在成形了无机纤维束的纤维束预制形坯中,使之浸透成为基体的陶瓷成分的浆液,干燥后烧结,或者浸透成为基体的熔融金属层,固化而进行的。
20、一种纤维增强复合材料的制法,其特征是:1)将无机纤维束结成束时,是将单方向排列的多根无机纤维浸透C、SiC、TiC、BN、Si3N4、B4C、SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、B2O3、Ta2O5的前体后通过加热使之结成束,2)混合构成基体的陶瓷成分浆液或熔融金属和该纤维束,挤出成形,3)干燥挤出成形体后,烧结或者冷却,进行固化。
21、权利要求18-20中任一项所述的纤维增强复合材料的制法,其特征是,陶瓷基体是由Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y、W、Nb、V、Sc、La、Hf、Mo、Ce、Yb、Er、Ho、Dy中的至少1种以上金属粉末或者金属粉末和Si、Al、Cr、Ti、Zr、Mg、B、Y、W、Nb、V、Sc、La、Hf、Mo、Ce、Yb、Er、Ho、Dy的单质、氮化物、碳化物、氧化物、碳氮化物、氧氮化物、硼化物、金属间化合物的至少1种以上陶瓷粒子构成的混合粉末组成的,该烧结是在氮化性、碳化性、碳氮化性、氧化性、氧氮化性、惰性的至少1种以上的反应性气氛中进行自身析出烧结。
22、权利要求18-20中任一项所述的纤维增强复合材料的制法,其中的无机纤维束的直径是0.05mm-10.0mm。
23、权利要求18-20中任一项所述的纤维增强复合材料的制法,其特征是,无机纤维束的表面用SiC、Si3N4、SiO2、C、TiC、B4C、BN、TiN、AlN、TiO2、ZrO2、Al2O3、ZnO、MgO、B2O3、Ta2O5中至少1种以上构成的成分进行涂敷。
24、权利要求18-20中任一项所述的纤维增强复合材料的制法,其特征是,反应析出烧结后通过使用无加压高温处理、气压高温处理、HP、HIP、CVI中至少1种的方法,进行气孔率在3%以下的致密化处理。
25、权利要求18-20中任一项所述的纤维增强复合材料的制法,其特征是:1)烧结助剂以原料形式进行混合,2)反应析出后的烧结体上含浸烧结助剂。
26、权利要求1-25中的任何一项,其中使用得到纤维增强复合材料制作燃气轮机的部件、内燃机部件、核聚变反应堆部件、滑动部件、耐热部件、结构部件材料。
27、权利要求1-25中的任何一项,其中使用得到的纤维增强复合材料制作燃气轮机、内燃机、核聚变反应堆、飞机、宇航设备。
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Cited By (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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