CN110074900B - 关节垫片假体及具有其的关节假体 - Google Patents
关节垫片假体及具有其的关节假体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110074900B CN110074900B CN201910105642.0A CN201910105642A CN110074900B CN 110074900 B CN110074900 B CN 110074900B CN 201910105642 A CN201910105642 A CN 201910105642A CN 110074900 B CN110074900 B CN 110074900B
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种关节垫片假体及具有其的关节假体,其中,关节垫片假体包括:设置在形成关节的第一骨骼和第二骨骼之间的弹性垫片,弹性垫片包括:弹性基体,具有朝向第一骨骼的第一接触面和朝向第二骨骼的第二接触面;多个关节液通道,分布在弹性基体中并连通第一接触面和第二接触面,多个关节液通道的按照预定方式布置以使弹性基体的硬度从中心向边缘逐渐升高并且弹性基体的弹性从中心向边缘逐渐降低。本发明的技术方案有效地解决了现有技术中关节骨骼与关节垫片假体之间接触面积无法保证,可能出现局部压强过大、关节垫片假体磨损严重,导致患者关节假体使用寿命短的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及人工假体置换领域,具体而言,涉及一种关节垫片假体及具有其的关节假体。
背景技术
目前在人工膝关节置换手术中所使用的膝关节假体在股骨一侧通常采用医用金属制作股骨髁假体,例如不锈钢或钴合金,胫骨侧则采用超高分子量聚乙烯制作垫片。出于膝关节运动学的需要股骨髁假体金属关节面一般会被设计成复杂的连续空间曲面,但是胫骨侧的超高分子量聚乙烯关节面垫片则只能设计成按照某一特定位置(例如直立位)时股骨侧关节面有较高吻合度的曲面以保证直立时的稳定。但是随着膝关节的活动,股骨髁假体与关节面垫片之间的接触面积可能远小于理想值,导致股骨髁假体与关节面垫片之间的压强过高,加速了关节面垫片的磨损。另外由于术后关节周围韧带及软组织与植入的人工关节假体之间不能建立类似于原有关节生物组织间的紧密联系,因此膝关节这一严重依靠软组织来维持平衡的力学系统的稳定性大为下降。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供一种关节垫片假体及具有其的关节假体,以解决现有技术中股骨髁假体与关节垫片假体之间接触面积无法保证,可能出现局部压强多大、关节垫片假体磨损严重,导致患者关节假体使用寿命短的问题,同时可建立人工关节假体与人体关节周围软组织之间的有效联系以增强关节稳定。
为了实现上述目的,根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种关节垫片假体,包括:设置在形成关节的第一骨骼和第二骨骼之间的弹性垫片,第一骨骼是指与本发明关节垫片假体形成显著滑动摩擦关系的骨骼,第二骨骼是指本发明关节垫片假体固定其上的骨骼;弹性垫片包括:弹性基体,具有朝向第一骨骼的第一接触面和朝向第二骨骼的第二接触面;多个关节液通道,分布在弹性基体中并连通第一接触面和第二接触面,多个关节液通道的按照预定方式布置以使弹性基体的硬度从中心向边缘逐渐升高并且弹性基体的弹性从中心向边缘逐渐降低。
进一步地,多个关节液通道包括多个容纳腔层和多个过流通道,多个容纳腔层沿第一接触面至第二接触面的方向布置,每个容纳腔层均包括多个容纳腔,每个过流通道连接在相邻的两个容纳腔层之间。
进一步地,多个容纳腔层的容积沿第一接触面至第二接触面的方向上逐渐减小。
进一步地,多个容纳腔从第一接触面向第二接触面的方向上逐渐减小。
进一步地,位于同一容纳腔层中的多个容纳腔的容积由中心向边缘逐渐减小。
进一步地,关节液通道还包括进流通道,进流通道与至少一个容纳腔和/或至少一个过流通道相连通,进流通道中设置有单向阀。
进一步地,关节垫片假体还包括垫片基体,垫片基体设置在第一骨骼和第二骨骼之间,垫片基体具有容纳槽,弹性垫片设置在容纳槽中,垫片基体的硬度大于弹性垫片。
进一步地,弹性基体的周向侧壁上设置有定位凸部,容纳槽与定位凸部对应的位置上设置有定位凹槽。
进一步地,垫片基体的底面设置有过流凹槽,容纳槽的底部设置有连通孔并与过流凹槽连通,以使关节液能够通过过流凹槽和连通孔进入容纳槽。
进一步地,垫片基体还包括连通通道,连通通道的进口延伸至垫片基体的顶面上,连通通道的出口与进液通道连通。
进一步地,关节垫片假体还包括加强环,加强环设置在垫片基体的周向外侧。
进一步地,加强环渗入层与整合层均为多孔结构,渗入层能够与垫片基体接触融合,关节周围的软组织能够长入整合层,隔离层设置在渗入层和整合层之间。
进一步地,加强环渗入层和整合层均为多孔结构,渗入层多孔结构的孔径在500μm至3000μm之间,整合层的多孔结构的孔径在400μm至2000μm之间。
进一步地,弹性垫片由具有弹性的透明的高分子材料或复合材料制成。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种关节假体,包括关节垫片假体,关节垫片假体为上述的关节垫片假体。
进一步地,关节假体为膝关节假体,膝关节假体还包括胫骨平台假体和股骨髁假体。
应用本发明的技术方案,在弹性垫片中按照预定方式布置关节液通道,并通过调整关节液通道的截面形状、孔径、长度、容积、位置以及排布方向及疏密程度等参数使弹性基体的硬度从中心向边缘逐渐升高,同时弹性亦从中心向边缘逐渐降低,这样可以在弹性垫片各个不同的预定部位得到不同的弹性和硬度指标,以使弹性垫片能够尽可能接近人体关节的力学特征,在关节活动时能够使弹性垫片与关节骨骼充分接触,进而使接触面之间的压强保持在理想范围内,保证关节垫片假体的使用效果和寿命。此外加强环整合层孔径在400μm至2000μm之间的多孔结构设计使得术后包覆在关节垫片假体周围的关节囊及原有的韧带残留等软组织能够长入整合部的多孔结构孔隙中以形成生物型组织整合,在术后愈合过程中,韧带等软组织能够长入多孔结构的空隙中,由此可使术后的膝关节系统更为稳定。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解,本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明,并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中:
图1示出了根据本发明的关节垫片假体的实施例一的分解结构示意图;
图2示出了图1的关节垫片假体在组合状态下的剖视结构示意图;
图3示出了图2的关节垫片假体的C处局部放大结构示意图;
图4示出了图1的关节垫片假体的加强环的A向结构示意图;
图5示出了图1的关节垫片假体的B处局部放大结构示意图;
图6和图7示出了图1的关节垫片假体的送液原理示意图;
图8示出了根据本发明的关节垫片假体的实施例二的分解结构示意图;
图9至图11示出了图8的关节垫片假体在不同姿态下的结构示意图;
图12示出了图8的关节垫片假体的弹性垫片的剖视结构示意图;
图13和图14示出了图8的关节垫片假体的送液原理示意图;
图15示出了图8的关节垫片假体的垫片基体的底部结构示意图;
图16示出了根据本发明的关节垫片假体的实施例三的分解结构示意图;以及
图17示出了根据本发明的关节垫片假体的实施例四的分解结构示意图。
其中,上述附图包括以下附图标记:
1、股骨髁假体;2、关节垫片假体;3、胫骨平台假体;4、股骨髁;5、髌骨结构;10、弹性垫片;11、容纳腔;11a、容纳腔;11b、容纳腔;11c、容纳腔;12、过流通道;12b、过流通道;12c、过流通道;12d、过流通道;13、进流通道;14、单向阀;15、定位凸部;20、垫片基体;21、容纳槽;23、加强环容纳槽;25、定位凹槽;26、过流凹槽;27、连通孔;28、连通通道;29、髌骨槽;30、加强环;31、整合层;32、隔离层;33、渗入层。
具体实施方式
本申请的关节垫片假体适用于人工关节的置换手术中,用以吸收关节活动时产生的冲击、降低关节骨骼之间的摩擦损伤。例如在人体膝关节中,股骨相对胫骨摆动、转动以实现曲腿和转体的动作,股骨下端(股骨髁)和胫骨上端(胫骨平台)上的软骨以及半月板结构在股骨和胫骨之间起到垫片的作用。半月板结构的上下表面分别与股骨下端曲面和胫骨上端曲面的弯曲趋势相近,增大了关节的接触面积,增加了关节的稳定性、降低了压强。同时半月板结构还具有良好的弹性,能够适度地形变以吸收冲击与震荡并在膝关节运动时适应股骨下端的解剖形态,保证膝关节几何形态的协调,从而维持膝关节运动协调。
目前人工膝关节置换手术中所使用的膝关节假体在股骨一侧通常采用医用金属制作股骨髁假体,胫骨侧则采用超高分子量聚乙烯制作垫片,垫片材料单一、结构单一,虽然具备一定弹性,但远无法还原原生半月板结构和软骨的形变幅度以及缓冲和减磨效果。并且由于超高分子量聚乙烯制作的垫片缺乏足够的弹性,在膝关节开始屈曲运动时,随着股骨与胫骨之间位置、角度的变化股骨髁假体与垫片之间的有效接触面积可能很小,甚至在某些位置只能满足线接触或者点接触,并在这些位置产生局部高压导致关节面磨损加快,进而影响整个膝关节的使用寿命,影响患者术后生活;另外由于术后原关节周围韧带及软组织与植入的人工关节假体之间失去原有的紧密联系,因此膝关节这一严重依靠软组织来维持平衡的力学系统的稳定性大为下降。本申请针对上述问题对垫片的结构提出了改进。
需要说明的是,在不冲突的情况下,本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。下面将以膝关节为例参考附图并结合实施例来详细说明本发明。
如图1、图2以及图8所示,实施例一的关节垫片假体和实施例二的关节垫片假体均包括弹性垫片10,弹性垫片10设置在股骨结构和胫骨结构之间,弹性垫片10包括弹性基体和分布在弹性基体中的多个关节液通道。弹性基体具有朝向股骨结构的第一接触面和朝向胫骨结构的第二接触面,多个关节液通道连通第一接触面和第二接触面使关节液能够穿过弹性基体并在弹性基体中流动。多个关节液通道的按照预定方式布置以使弹性基体的硬度从中心向边缘逐渐升高并且弹性基体的弹性从中心向边缘逐渐降低。
如图9所示,在膝部非负重自然伸直的状态下,关节垫片假体2设置在胫骨平台假体3上,关节垫片假体2中弹性垫片10的上表面与股骨髁假体1贴合;如图10所示,人体的重量和冲击力施加在关节垫片假体2的弹性垫片10上,弹性垫片10压缩变形起到缓冲的作用,此时垫片基体20与弹性垫片10共同承担由股骨髁假体传递来的力学载荷;如图11所示,在膝关节屈曲的状态下,弹性垫片10局部受压变形,此时外侧相对高硬度低弹性、内部高弹性低硬度特性使弹性垫片在不均匀的荷载下也能与股骨髁保证相对足够的接触面积并与基体20共同承担由股骨髁假体传递来的力学载荷。
应用本实施例的技术方案,在弹性垫片10中按照预定方式布置关节液通道,并通过调整关节液通道的截面形状、孔径、长度、容积、位置以及排布方向及疏密程度等参数使弹性基体的硬度从中心向边缘逐渐升高,同时弹性从中心向边缘逐渐降低,这样可以在弹性垫片10各个不同的预定部位得到不同的弹性和硬度指标,以使弹性垫片10能够尽可能接近人体膝关节的力学特征,在膝关节活动时能够使弹性垫片10与股骨髁充分接触,进而使接触面之间的压强保持在理想范围内,保证关节垫片假体的使用效果和寿命。
优选地,本实施例的弹性垫片10由具有弹性的透明的高分子材料或复合材料制成。如图2和图3所示,在实施例一的弹性垫片10中,关节液通道包括多个容纳腔层(T1、T2、T3、T4)和多个过流通道12,容纳腔层T1至容纳腔层T4沿第一接触面至第二接触面的方向布置,每个容纳腔层均包括多个容纳腔11,过流通道12连接在相邻的两个容纳腔层的容纳腔之间。例如过流通道12b连通容纳腔层T1的容纳腔11a和容纳腔层T2的容纳腔11b,过流通道12c连通容纳腔11b和容纳腔层T3的容纳腔11c,过流通道12d连通容纳腔11c和容纳腔层T4的容纳腔。
具体地,如图3所示,本实施例中的多个容纳腔11从容纳腔层T1至容纳腔层T4上逐渐减小,并使各容纳腔层的整体容积沿第一接触面至第二接触面的方向上逐渐减小。这样布置的关节液通道能够使弹性基体靠近第一接触面的一侧弹性相对较高,靠近第二接触面的一侧弹性相对较低,有利于第一接触面与股骨髁接触。
如图3至图7所示,本实施例的关节液通道还包括进流通道13,进流通道13与容纳腔11相连通,以使进流通道13与各容纳腔层中的各个容纳腔11以及连接在各容纳腔层之间的过流通道12相连通。进一步地,如图6和图7所示,进流通道13中设置有单向阀14,如图7所示,在弹性垫片10受到载荷挤压变形时,单向阀14在关节液反向压力下被关闭,此时关节液仅能够向上通过容纳腔11和过流通道12排至第一接触面,降低第一接触面与股骨髁之间的摩擦;如图6所示,在弹性垫片10受到的载荷消失时,弹性基体复原并在关节液通道中形成负压,单向阀14打开,关节液能够通过进流通道13进入容纳腔11和过流通道12。这样在膝关节活动时就能够完成关节液补充和向摩擦面注入的循环。
如图1至图3所示,本实施例的关节垫片假体还包括垫片基体20,垫片基体20设置在股骨结构和胫骨结构之间,垫片基体20具有容纳槽21,弹性垫片10设置在容纳槽21中,垫片基体20的硬度大于弹性垫片10。可选的一种材料配伍方式为弹性垫片10选用聚氨酯材料制作,垫片基体20可以采用超高分子量聚乙烯制作而成,其在容纳槽21的环形边缘可以起到近似于生理半月板的功能,加强弹性垫片10的支撑效果和耐磨能力。弹性垫片10中的关节液通道等结构可以通过激光飞秒技术在透明的聚氨酯材料内部雕刻烧蚀形成。
如图3所示,本实施例的垫片基体20还包括连通通道28,连通通道28的进口延伸至垫片基体20的顶面上,连通通道28的出口与进流通道13连通,以将关节液引入关节液通道中。
为固定弹性垫片10,如图1和图5所示,本实施例的弹性基体的周向侧壁上设置有定位凸部15,容纳槽21与定位凸部15对应的位置上设置有定位凹槽25。在弹性垫片10置入容纳槽21后,定位凸部15能够伸入定位凹槽25中防止弹性垫片10脱出。
如图1所示,垫片基体20还包括与髌骨及其韧带相适配的髌骨槽29。
如图1和图4所示,本实施例的关节垫片假体还包括加强环30,加强环30设置在垫片基体20周向外侧的加强环容纳槽23中,并优选采用医用金属材料。加强环30嵌设在垫片基体20的周向外侧,用以提高关节垫片假体的结合强度。具体地,本实施例的加强环30包括渗入层33、隔离层32和整合层31,渗入层33和整合层31采用多孔结构。优选地,本实施例的加强环30的渗入层33的孔径在500μm至3000μm之间,整合层31的孔径在400μm至2000μm之间。在模塑过程中,形成垫片基体20的超高分子量聚乙烯材料能够渗入渗入层33的多孔结构中并与垫片基体20接触融合,实现加强环30与垫片基体20之间的连接固定。整合层31暴露在外,术后膝关节包覆在关节垫片假体周围相应部位的韧带和软组织细胞将生长进入到整合层31的孔隙内形成生物性组织整合,这种生物性整合使得胫骨平台垫片与关节周围的软组织形成类似于人体正常生理膝关节的软组织稳定系统从而加强了植入的膝关节假体的稳定性。隔离层32为实体结构并设置在渗入层33和整合层31之间,用以阻挡制作过程中熔融的聚乙烯渗透到外侧整合层31中。在术后愈合过程中,韧带等软组织能够长入多孔结构的孔隙中,由此可使术后的膝关节系统更为稳定。
本实施例中的弹性垫片10也可以单独设置在形成关节的两个骨骼之间,起到一定的缓冲减磨功能,并且也能够起到增大与骨骼之间接触面积的效果。
实施例二的关节垫片假体相比于实施例一主要改变了关节液通道的布置方式和进流方式。如图8至图15所示,在实施例二的弹性垫片10中,弹性基体的下表面设置有关节液容纳槽,进流通道13的开口设置在关节液容纳槽的槽底,如图14所示,在弹性垫片10受到载荷挤压时,关节液容纳槽与垫片基体20之间形成封闭空间,关节液能够向上通过容纳腔11和过流通道12排至第一接触面,降低第一接触面与股骨髁之间的摩擦;如图13所示,在弹性垫片10受到的载荷消失时,弹性基体复原,关节液容纳槽与垫片基体20分离并在关节液通道中形成负压,关节液能够通过进流通道13进入容纳腔11和过流通道12。这样在膝关节活动时就能够完成关节液补充和向摩擦面注入的循环。
如图15所示,本实施例的垫片基体20的底面设置有过流凹槽26,容纳槽21的底部设置有连通孔27并与过流凹槽26连通,以使关节液能够通过过流凹槽26和连通孔27进入容纳槽21。
优选地,在本实施例中,位于同一容纳腔层中的多个容纳腔11的容积由中心向边缘逐渐减小,使弹性垫片10的弹性、硬度分布更贴近于人体原生软骨组织。
实施例一和实施例二的关节垫片假体适用于双髁膝关节置换手术,如图16所示,实施例三的关节垫片假体适用于单髁膝关节置换手术,其整体结构与实施例一和实施例二的关节垫片假体相近,在此不再赘述。
如图17所示,实施例四的关节垫片假体为股骨髁替代物,适用于单髁膝关节置换手术,垫片基体20设置在股骨髁4上,弹性垫片10设置在垫片基体20。
本申请还提供了一种关节假体,如图9至图11所示,本实施例的关节假体为膝关节假体,包括关节垫片假体2,胫骨平台假体3和股骨髁假体1。其中,关节垫片假体2为包含上述部分或全部技术特征的关节垫片假体,本实施例的关节假体具有接触面之间压强较小,使用寿命长的优点。
可以理解的是,本实施例的技术构思也可以应用在肩关节、髋关节等其他关节结构中。
从以上的描述中,可以看出,本发明上述的实施例实现了如下技术效果:
在弹性垫片中按照预定方式布置关节液通道,并通过调整关节液通道的截面形状、孔径、长度、容积、位置以及排布方向及疏密程度等参数使弹性基体的硬度从中心向边缘逐渐升高,同时弹性从中心向边缘逐渐降低,这样可以在弹性垫片各个不同的预定部位得到不同的弹性和硬度指标,以使弹性垫片能够尽可能接近人体关节的力学特征,在关节活动时能够使弹性垫片与关节骨骼充分接触,进而使接触面之间的压强保持在理想范围内,保证关节垫片假体的使用效果和寿命。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (13)
1.一种关节垫片假体,其特征在于,包括:设置在形成关节的第一骨骼和第二骨骼之间的弹性垫片(10),所述弹性垫片(10)包括:
弹性基体,具有朝向所述第一骨骼的第一接触面和朝向所述第二骨骼的第二接触面;
多个关节液通道,分布在所述弹性基体中并连通所述第一接触面和所述第二接触面,多个所述关节液通道的按照预定方式布置以使所述弹性基体的硬度从中心向边缘逐渐升高并且所述弹性基体的弹性从中心向边缘逐渐降低;
所述多个关节液通道包括多个容纳腔层和多个过流通道(12),多个所述容纳腔层沿所述第一接触面至所述第二接触面的方向布置,每个所述容纳腔层均包括多个容纳腔(11),每个所述过流通道(12)连接在相邻的两个所述容纳腔层之间;
所述关节液通道还包括进流通道(13),所述进流通道(13)与至少一个所述容纳腔(11)和/或至少一个所述过流通道(12)相连通,所述进流通道(13)中设置有单向阀(14),在所述弹性垫片(10)受到载荷挤压变形时,所述单向阀(14)在关节液反向压力下被关闭,在所述弹性垫片(10)受到的载荷消失时,所述单向阀(14)打开;
所述弹性垫片(10)由具有弹性的高分子材料制成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,多个所述容纳腔层的容积沿所述第一接触面至所述第二接触面的方向上逐渐减小。
3.根据权利要求2所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,多个所述容纳腔(11)的容积从所述第一接触面向所述第二接触面的方向上逐渐减小。
4.根据权利要求1所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,位于同一所述容纳腔层中的多个所述容纳腔(11)的容积由中心向边缘逐渐减小。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,所述关节垫片假体还包括垫片基体(20),所述垫片基体(20)设置在所述第一骨骼和所述第二骨骼之间,所述垫片基体(20)具有容纳槽(21),所述弹性垫片(10)设置在所述容纳槽(21)中,所述垫片基体(20)的硬度大于所述弹性垫片(10)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,所述弹性基体的周向侧壁上设置有定位凸部(15),所述容纳槽(21)与所述定位凸部(15)对应的位置上设置有定位凹槽(25)。
7.根据权利要求5所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,所述垫片基体(20)的底面设置有过流凹槽(26),所述容纳槽(21)的底部设置有连通孔(27)并与所述过流凹槽(26)连通,以使关节液能够通过所述过流凹槽(26)和所述连通孔(27)进入所述容纳槽(21)。
8.根据权利要求5所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,所述垫片基体(20)还包括连通通道(28),所述连通通道(28)的进口延伸至所述垫片基体(20)的顶面上,连通通道(28)的出口与进流通道(13)连通。
9.根据权利要求5所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,所述关节垫片假体还包括加强环(30),所述加强环(30)设置在所述垫片基体(20)的周向外侧。
10.根据权利要求9所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,所述加强环(30)包括渗入层(33)、隔离层(32)和整合层(31),所述渗入层(33)能够与所述垫片基体(20)接触融合,所述关节周围的软组织能够长入所述整合层(31),所述隔离层(32)设置在所述渗入层(33)和所述整合层(31)之间。
11.根据权利要求10所述的关节垫片假体,其特征在于,所述渗入层(33)和所述整合层(31)均为多孔结构,所述渗入层(33)的多孔结构的孔径在500μm至3000μm之间,所述整合层(31)的多孔结构的孔径在400μm至2000μm之间。
12.一种关节假体,包括关节垫片假体,其特征在于,所述关节垫片假体为权利要求1至11中任一项所述的关节垫片假体。
13.根据权利要求12所述的关节假体,其特征在于,所述关节假体为膝关节假体,所述膝关节假体还包括胫骨平台假体和股骨髁假体。
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