CN110049799B - 用于驱动压力自发通气的方法和系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本公开描述了用于为患者提供驱动压力通气的系统和方法。本公开描述了提供自发呼吸类型的新型呼吸类型,其允许不需要侵入式监视的驱动压力计算。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请作为PCT国际专利申请于2018年10月30日提交,并要求于2017年11月14日提交的美国临时申请序列No.62/586,077的优先权,并要求于2018年8月31日提交的美国临时申请序列No.62/725,490的优先权,这些申请的全部公开内容通过引用整体并入本文。
背景技术
医疗呼吸机系统长期以来一直用于为患者提供通气和补充氧气支持。这些呼吸机通常包括加压气体源,诸如空气或氧气,其通过导管或管道流体连接到患者。由于每个患者可能需要不同的通气策略,因此现代呼吸机可以根据个体患者的特定需求进行定制。例如,已经创建了若干不同的呼吸机模式或设置,以在各种不同的情况下为患者提供更好的通气。
发明内容
本公开描述了用于为患者提供驱动压力通气的系统和方法。本公开描述了一种提供自发通气的新型呼吸类型,其允许计算驱动压力而不需要侵入式监视。为了实现这个目标,驱动压力(DP)呼吸类型(在本文中也称为驱动压力通气)响应于检测到状况而短暂地中断并平滑地从基础自发呼吸亚型过渡到临时呼吸亚型。照此,利用如本文所公开的DP呼吸类型的呼吸机系统和方法可以基于监视的动态驱动压力来调整呼吸机参数和/或执行其它动作。
部分地,本公开描述了一种用于用呼吸机对患者进行驱动压力通气的方法。该方法包括:
以自发呼吸亚型用呼吸机给患者通气;
利用可操作地耦合到患者回路或压力生成系统中的至少一个的压力传感器和流量传感器中的至少一个来非侵入式地监视患者的呼吸数据;
分析呼吸数据以检测患者努力;
响应检测到的患者努力而利用呼吸机向患者输送吸气气体;
基于呼吸机搜集的信息由呼吸机确定发生的状况;
响应于该状况,基于目标设置或来自自发呼吸亚型的呼吸数据来确定用于PA呼吸亚型的百分比支持设置;
响应于计算百分比支持设置,自动且临时地从自发呼吸亚型切换到PA呼吸亚型以进行至少三次呼吸;
基于呼吸数据来估计PA呼吸亚型期间患者的呼吸系统依从性和呼吸系统阻力;
在至少三次呼吸之后返回自发呼吸亚型;
利用呼吸系统依从性、呼吸系统阻力以及返回之后接收的呼吸数据来计算自发呼吸亚型期间患者的驱动压力;以及
显示驱动压力。
自发呼吸亚型不包括比例辅助(PA)呼吸亚型。
本公开的又一方面描述了一种用于向患者输送驱动压力通气的呼吸机系统。呼吸机系统包括压力生成系统、通气管道系统、一个或多个非侵入式传感器、控制器,以及显示器。压力生成系统生成呼吸气体流。通气管道系统包括患者接口。患者接口将压力生成系统连接到患者。一个或多个非侵入式传感器可操作地耦合到压力生成系统或通气管道系统中的至少一个。一个或多个非侵入式传感器生成指示流量、容积或压力中的至少一个的输出。控制器收集并分析输出以确定状况。响应于该状况,控制器临时将呼吸机系统从自发呼吸亚型切换到比例辅助(PA)呼吸亚型以进行至少一次呼吸。控制器基于在PA呼吸亚型期间收集的输出来估计PA呼吸亚型期间患者的呼吸系统依从性。此外,在至少一次呼吸之后,控制器将呼吸机系统从PA呼吸亚型切换回自发呼吸亚型。在返回自发呼吸亚型之后,控制器基于呼吸系统依从性和返回之后的输出来计算患者的驱动压力。显示器显示驱动压力。
本公开还描述了一种具有计算机可执行指令的非瞬态计算机可读介质,所述计算机可执行指令用于执行用呼吸机对患者进行通气的方法。该方法包括:
以自发呼吸亚型用呼吸机给患者通气;
利用可操作地耦合到患者回路或压力生成系统中的至少一个的压力传感器和流量传感器中的至少一个来监视患者的呼吸数据;
分析呼吸数据以检测患者努力;
响应检测到的患者努力而利用呼吸机向患者输送吸气气体;
基于呼吸机搜集的信息由呼吸机确定发生的状况;
响应于该状况,自动且临时地从自发呼吸亚型切换到PA呼吸亚型以进行至少三次呼吸;
基于呼吸数据来估计PA呼吸亚型期间患者的呼吸系统依从性和呼吸系统阻力;
利用呼吸系统依从性、呼吸系统阻力以及返回之后接收的呼吸数据来计算自发呼吸亚型期间患者的驱动压力;以及
基于驱动压力执行动作。
自发呼吸亚型不包括PA呼吸亚型。用于PA呼吸亚型的百分比支持设置由呼吸机基于来自压力传感器和流量传感器中的至少一个的自发呼吸亚型期间的非侵入式监视的流量、非侵入式监视的压力或非侵入式监视的潮气量、目标设置中的至少一个来确定。
通过阅读以下详细描述和对相关附图的回顾,这些和各种其它特征以及表征本文所述系统和方法的优点将是明晰的。附加的特征在下面的描述中阐述,并且将部分地从描述中明晰,或者可以通过本技术的实践来学习。通过书面描述及其权利要求以及附图中特别指出的结构,将实现和获得本技术的益处和特征。
应当理解的是,前面的一般性描述和以下的详细描述都是示例性和说明性的,并且旨在提供对要求保护的本发明的进一步解释。
附图说明
构成本申请一部分的以下附图说明了下面描述的系统和方法的实施例,但并不意味着以任何方式限制本发明的范围,其范围应基于所附权利要求。
图1是图示根据本公开各方面的呼吸机的示例的示意图。
图2是图示根据本发明各方面的、用于在驱动压力呼吸类型下在呼吸机上对患者进行通气的方法的示例的流程图。
图3是图示根据本公开各方面的归一化的呼吸力学平面的示例的图表。
图4是图示根据本公开各方面的、具有提供的患者趋势线的归一化的呼吸平面的示例的图表。
图5是图示根据本公开各方面的、具有提供的边界的归一化的呼吸平面的示例的图表。
具体实施方式
虽然上面介绍并在下面详细讨论的技术可以针对各种医疗设备实现,但是本公开将在医疗呼吸机的背景下讨论这些技术的实现,以用于向人类患者提供通气支持。本领域技术人员将理解,在用于人类患者的医用呼吸机的背景下描述的技术可以适用于其它系统,诸如用于非人类患者的呼吸机和一般气体运输系统。
医用呼吸机用于向可能无法充分呼吸的患者提供呼吸气体。在现代医疗设施中,常常可以从壁装插座获得加压空气和氧气源。因而,呼吸机可以提供连接到加压空气和加压氧气的集中源的压力调节阀(或调节器)。调节阀用于调节流量,使得具有期望氧气浓度的呼吸气体以期望的压力和速率供给患者。能够独立于外部加压空气源操作的呼吸机也是可获得的。
在操作呼吸机时,期望控制由呼吸机向患者供应的气体中的氧气百分比。另外,由于每个患者可能需要不同的通气策略,因此可以针对个体患者的特定需求定制现代呼吸机。
出于本公开的目的,“呼吸”是指在呼吸机的帮助下输送的单个吸气和呼气循环。术语“呼吸类型”是指规定在呼吸期间呼吸机如何控制呼吸气体的压力和流量的某个具体的定义或规则集。
另一方面,通气“模式”是控制如何输送多个后续呼吸的规则集。模式可以是强制性的,由呼吸机控制,或者是自发的,即,在检测到患者吸气、呼气或两者的努力时允许呼吸被输送或控制。例如,简单的强制通气模式是以临床医生选择的呼吸速率(例如,每6秒一次呼吸)输送指定的强制呼吸类型的一次呼吸。在模式改变之前,呼吸机将继续提供如定义模式的规则所规定的指定呼吸类型的呼吸。例如,呼吸类型可以是强制模式呼吸类型(即,呼吸的发起和终止由呼吸机进行)或自发模式呼吸类型(指呼吸由患者发起和终止的呼吸类型)。在自发通气模式中使用的呼吸类型的示例包括比例辅助(PA)呼吸类型、容积支持(VS)呼吸类型、压力支持(PS)呼吸类型等。强制呼吸类型的示例包括容积控制呼吸类型、压力控制呼吸类型等。
在机械通气期间的正压力输送可能对肺有害。因此,机械呼吸机已经利用允许最小化肺损伤的测量和方法来减少肺损伤。此前,研究表明,利用低潮气量可能防止呼吸机引起的肺损伤(VILI)。但是,较新的研究表明,如果这种低潮气量与患者驱动压力的降低相关联,那么低潮气量仅仅是增加患者存活的机会(或降低VILI的可能性)。另外,研究表明,患者驱动压力的增加,特别是高于15cm的H2O,与患者存活率降低密切相关。照此,患者驱动压力可以是比用于存活预测和/或通气控制的潮气量更好的机械通气参数。
患者驱动是“在肺内”施加导致它们膨胀(inflate)的压力。这种“驱动压力”是肺部暴露于的物质,以使肺部膨胀对照肺部的依从性。对于机械通气患者,患者驱动压力可以被计算为由呼吸机在患者Y形处施加的基线压力以上的压力(即,Pwye-Pend exp)减去克服人工气道的压力(即,RTUBE*QLUNG)再减去由呼吸肌产生的压力(即,Pmus)。因而,计算驱动压力的式子如下:
Pdrive=Pwye-Pend exp-RTUBE QLUNG-Pmus, (式#1)
其中:
Pdrive是患者驱动压力;
Pwye是在Y形处的压力;
Pend exp是呼气结束时的压力;
RTUBE是气管插管或气管造口管的阻力;
QLUNG是肺流量;以及
Pmus是肌肉压力。
在强制通气模式期间,患者被镇静。照此,在强制通气模式期间,患者的肌肉压力为零,因为患者是被动的。因而,如果在强制通气模式期间对患者施加吸气暂停,使得人工气道(气管插管或气管造口管)任一侧上的压力相同,那么肺流量(QLUNG)将为零并且上面的式#1简化为:
Pdrive=Pwye-Pend exp, (式#2)。
但是,为了使上述式子起作用,患者必须利用强制通气模式进行通气,并且患者必须是被动的(诸如被镇静)。照此,若干呼吸机能够对于使用吸气暂停的被动患者计算和显示在强制通气模式期间的驱动压力。但是,如果患者不是被动的,那么即使在强制通气模式期间,呼吸机也不能计算患者驱动压力。在自发通气模式期间,患者不是被动的,因此患者的肌肉压力在每次呼吸中变化,因此患者的驱动压力是更加困难的计算。目前,唯一能够计算在自发通气模式期间或在患者不是被动的任何通气模式期间的驱动压力的呼吸机需要侵入式监视技术。
因而,当前公开描述了用于给患者通气的驱动压力(DP)呼吸类型。DP呼吸类型(在本文中也称为驱动压力通气)是一种自发呼吸类型,其允许不需要侵入式监视的驱动压力计算。为了实现这个目标,DP呼吸类型响应于状况而短暂地中断并且从基础自发呼吸亚型平滑过渡到临时比例辅助(PA)呼吸亚型预定的时期,然后平滑地过渡回基础自发呼吸亚型。在一些方面,DP呼吸类型通过基于基础自发呼吸亚型的目标设置和/或基于非侵入式监视/测得的参数确定PA呼吸亚型的百分比支持设置来完成平滑过渡。在其它方面,预定百分比支持设置用于DP呼吸类型的过渡。照此,利用DP呼吸类型的呼吸机系统和方法可以基于监视的驱动压力来调整呼吸机参数和/或执行其它动作。
图1是图示连接到人类患者150的呼吸机100的示例的示意图。呼吸机100包括气动系统102(也称为压力生成系统102),用于经由通气管道系统130将呼吸气体循环到患者150和从患者150循环,呼吸管道系统130经由侵入式(例如,气管插管,如图所示)或非侵入式(例如,鼻罩)患者接口180将患者150耦合到气动系统102。
通气管道系统130(或患者回路130)可以是双肢(示出)或单肢回路,用于将气体运送到患者150和从患者150运送气体。在双肢实施例中,可以提供通常称为“Y形配件”170的配件,以将患者接口180(如图所示,气管插管)耦合到通气管道系统130的吸气肢132和呼气肢134。
气动系统102可以以各种方式配置。在本示例中,气动系统102包括与呼气肢134耦合的呼气模块108和与吸气肢132耦合的吸气模块104。压缩机106或加压气体(例如,空气、氧气和/或氦气)的(一个或多个)其它源与吸气模块104和呼气模块108耦合,以经由吸气肢132提供用于通气支持的气体源。
吸气模块104被配置为根据规定的通气设置将气体输送到患者150。在一些实施例中,吸气模块104被配置为根据各种呼吸类型提供通气,例如,经由DP呼吸类型,或经由任何其它合适的呼吸类型。
呼气模块108被配置为根据规定的通气设置从患者的肺部释放气体。具体而言,呼气模块108与呼气阀相关联和/或控制呼气阀,用于从患者150释放气体。
呼吸机100还可以包括通信地耦合到呼吸机100的一个或多个非侵入式传感器107。当传感器位于患者体外时,传感器在本文中被称为非侵入式的。例如,位于患者Y形170中、呼气模块108中、吸气模块104中或患者手指上的传感器全部在患者体外并且是非侵入式的。当传感器位于患者体内或放置在患者体内时,传感器在本文中被称为是侵入式的,诸如位于气管插管内、患者隔膜附近或食道球囊上的传感器。虽然侵入式传感器可以提供出色的患者数据或测量,但这些传感器常常难以维持或保持正确定位。例如,响应于患者的移动,食道球囊容易被撞出适当的位置。一旦移动,从球囊上的传感器记录的所有数据就都是不准确的。另外,如果冷凝物或物质腐蚀传感器并干扰精确测量,那么必须将侵入式传感器从身体移除以维修和/或清洁它。另外,因为侵入式传感器位于患者体内,所以他们通常需要患者被镇静或进行外科手术以进行植入或定位调整。照此,与非侵入式传感器相比,侵入式传感器对患者来说是麻烦的、难以植入、难以维护并且难以保持定位。图1的实施例图示了气动系统102中的传感器107。
传感器107可以与呼吸机100的各种部件通信,例如气动系统102、其它传感器107、处理器116、状况模块117、驱动压力模块118、治疗模块119和/或任何其它合适的部件和/或模块。在一个实施例中,传感器107生成输出并将这个输出发送到气动系统102、其它传感器107、处理器116、状况模块117、驱动压力模块118、治疗模块119和任何其它合适的部件和/或模块。传感器107可以采用任何合适的传感或衍生技术来监视与患者150的通气相关联的一个或多个患者参数或呼吸机参数。例如,传感器107可以检测指示患者触发的患者参数的改变。传感器107可以放置在任何合适的非侵入式位置,例如,在通气回路(不包括气管插管)内或通信耦合到呼吸机100的其它设备内。另外,传感器107可以放置在通气回路内或呼吸机100的部件或模块内。例如,传感器107可以耦合到吸气和/或呼气模块,用于检测回路压力和/或流量的改变。在其它示例中,传感器107可以固定到通气管道或者可以嵌入管道本身中。附加地或可替代地,传感器107可以固定或嵌入在附近的Y形配件170中或附近和/或非侵入式患者接口中。实际上,根据本文描述的实施例,可以采用任何对于监视通气治疗期间可测量参数的改变有用的非侵入式感觉设备。在一些方面,呼吸机100不使用任何侵入式传感器或感觉设备。
应当认识到的是,参考运动式子,通气参数是高度相关的,并且根据实施例,可以或者直接或者间接地被监视。即,参数可以由一个或多个传感器107直接监视,如上所述,或者可以使用模型(诸如从运动式子导出的模型)间接监视或估计/计算:
其中:
Rrs是呼吸系统阻力;
Crs是呼吸系统依从性;以及
∫QLUNGdt是对时间积分的肺流量。
气动系统102可以包括各种其它部件,包括混合模块、阀门、管道、蓄能器、过滤器等。控制器110可操作地与气动系统102、信号测量和获取系统以及可以使操作者能够与呼吸机100交互(例如,改变呼吸机设置、选择操作模式、查看监视的参数等)的操作者接口120耦合。
在一个实施例中,呼吸机100的操作者接口120包括通信地耦合到呼吸机100的显示器122。显示器122提供各种输入屏幕,用于接收临床医生输入,以及各种显示屏幕,用于向临床医生呈现有用信息。在一个实施例中,显示器122被配置为包括图形用户界面(GUI)。GUI可以是交互式显示,例如触敏屏幕或其它,并且可以提供用于接收输入和接口命令操作的各种窗口和元素。可替代地,可以提供与呼吸机100通信的其它合适手段,例如通过轮子、键盘、鼠标或其它合适的交互设备。因此,操作者接口120可以通过显示器122接受命令和输入。显示器122还可以以关于患者150的身体状况的各种通气数据的形式提供有用信息。有用信息可以由呼吸机100基于处理器116收集的数据导出,并且有用信息可以以图形、波形表示、饼图、文本或其它合适图形显示形式的形式显示给临床医生。例如,患者数据可以显示在GUI和/或显示器122上。附加地或可替代地,可以将患者数据传送到经由任何合适手段耦合到呼吸机100的远程监视系统。在一个实施例中,显示器122可以显示警报、当前驱动压力、过去驱动压力、驱动压力图、推荐、阈值驱动压力违背、通气参数改变、当前患者努力、膈肌压力、患者呼吸依从性、患者呼吸阻力、所需驱动压力范围、触发灵敏度、状况、潮气量、流量、压力、目标设置、呼吸类型、通气模式等中的一个或多个。
控制器110是命令和控制计算设备,并且可以包括存储器112、一个或多个处理器116、存储装置114和/或在命令和控制计算设备中常见类型的其它部件。控制器110还可以包括状况模块117、驱动压力模块118和/或治疗模块119,如图1中所示。如本文使用的模块还可以指命令和控制计算设备。如本文使用的模块可以指存储器、一个或多个处理器、存储装置和/或在命令和控制计算设备中常见类型的其它部件。在替代实施例中,状况模块117、驱动压力模块118和治疗模块119可以位于呼吸机100的其它部件中,诸如压力生成系统102(也称为气动系统102)。
存储器112包括非瞬态计算机可读存储介质,其存储由处理器116执行并控制呼吸机100的操作的软件。在实施例中,存储器112包括一个或多个固态存储设备,诸如闪存芯片。在替代实施例中,存储器112可以是通过大容量存储器控制器(未示出)和通信总线(未示出)连接到处理器116的大容量存储装置。虽然本文包含的计算机可读介质的描述涉及固态存储装置,但是本领域技术人员应当认识到的是,计算机可读存储介质可以是可由处理器116访问的任何可用的非瞬态介质。即,计算机可读存储介质包括以用于存储诸如计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或其它数据之类的信息的任何方法或技术实现的非瞬态、易失性和非易失性、可移动和不可移动介质。例如,计算机可读存储介质包括RAM、ROM、EPROM、EEPROM、闪存或其它固态存储器技术,CD-ROM、DVD或其它光学存储器,磁带盒、磁带、磁盘存储器或其它磁存储设备,或任何其它可以用于存储期望信息并且可由计算机访问的介质。
吸气模块104从控制器110接收选择的DP呼吸类型。DP呼吸类型利用两种不同呼吸类型的混合(本文称为呼吸亚型)并在两种不同呼吸类型之间平滑过渡。在DP呼吸类型内使用的两种不同呼吸类型在本文中称为基础呼吸亚型和在检测到状况或发生状况时触发的临时呼吸亚型。基础呼吸亚型是除PA呼吸类型之外的任何自发呼吸类型,诸如PS或VS呼吸类型。在一些方面,基础自发呼吸亚型是针对DP呼吸类型预先确定的。在其它方面,由临床医生选择基础自发呼吸亚型。取决于基础自发呼吸亚型,可能需要来自临床医生的其它输入(诸如目标设置)来操作DP呼吸类型。如本文使用的目标设置是指必须输入以便呼吸类型或呼吸亚型起作用或工作的设置。例如,如果基础自发呼吸亚型是PS呼吸类型,那么呼吸机100可以要求来自临床医生的目标压力输入。例如,如果基础自发呼吸亚型是VS呼吸类型,那么呼吸机100可以要求来自临床医生的目标潮气量输入。但是,取决于呼吸机的类型和/或基础自发呼吸亚型,还可以要求来自临床医生的其它输入,诸如患者接口类型、通气管道系统尺寸、PEEP水平等,以操作DP呼吸类型。临时呼吸亚型是PA呼吸类型。当PA呼吸类型在DP呼吸类型期间被用作临时呼吸亚型时,PA呼吸类型在本文中被称为PA呼吸亚型。照此,虽然本文讨论了使用不同的呼吸类型,诸如PA、PS、VS,但是这些呼吸类型没有被实现,而是被用作DP呼吸类型内的呼吸亚型或部分。在DP呼吸类型期间,控制器110向吸气模块104和/或呼气模块108发送指令,用于在控制器110的状况模块117监视状况的时候输送基础自发呼吸亚型。
DP呼吸类型的发起和执行要求检测吸气触发。在一些方面,基于测得或监视的患者吸气流量来计算患者触发。用于确定患者触发的任何合适类型的触发检测可以被呼吸机100利用,诸如鼻检测、隔膜检测和/或脑信号检测。另外,呼吸机100可以经由压力监视方法、流量监视方法、神经肌肉信号的直接或间接测量或者任何其它合适的方法来检测患者触发。适于这种检测的传感器107可以包括本领域技术人员已知的用于呼吸机的任何合适的感测设备。
根据实施例,压力触发方法可以涉及呼吸机100监视回路压力,并检测回路压力的轻微下降。回路压力的轻微下降可以指示患者的呼吸肌正在产生轻微的负压力,其进而在患者的肺部和气道开口之间生成压力梯度以努力吸气。呼吸机100可以将回路压力的轻微下降解释为患者触发,并且因此可以通过输送呼吸气体来发起吸气。
可替代地,呼吸机100可以检测流量触发事件。具体而言,如上所述,呼吸机100可以监视回路流动。如果呼气机100在呼气期间检测到通过呼气模块的基础流量略微下降,那么这可以再次指示患者150正试图吸气。在这种情况下,呼吸机100检测到偏置流量(或基线流量)的下降,这可归因于气体轻微重新定向到患者肺部(响应于如上面所讨论的轻微负压力梯度)。偏置流量是指在呼气期间存在于回路中的恒定流量,其使得呼吸机100能够检测呼气流量改变和患者触发。
响应于检测到患者触发,控制器110基于DP呼吸类型的参数向吸气模块104发送向患者输送呼吸气体的指令。
在用基础自发呼吸亚型进行通气期间,状况模块117监视输入以确定一个或多个状况的发生。在一些方面,状况模块117监视来自非侵入式传感器的测量结果。在其它方面,状况模块117监视其它接收到的呼吸机数据或计算以确定状况的发生。在一些方面,状况可以是指示患者呼吸系统依从性和/或患者呼吸系统阻力的改变的任何事件,诸如预定压力差、容积差、潮气量差、具体流量波形形状、具体容积波形形状、具体压力波形形状、预定压力改变、预定流量改变、预定潮气量改变等。例如,状况可以是非侵入式监视的流量、压力和/或容积的改变至少为25%。在其它方面,状况是自上一次PA呼吸亚型切换以来或自上一次PA呼吸亚型开始以来设定的时段或预定呼吸次数的期满。例如,状况可以是自上一次临时切换到PA呼吸亚型或上一次PA呼吸亚型开始以来30、60、90或120分钟的期满或400、300或200次呼吸的发生。在其它示例中,状况模块117监视以下状况的发生:1)自上一次PA呼吸亚型以来1小时期满;或2)在基础自发呼吸亚型期间非侵入式测得的压力、流量或潮气量之一的25%改变。如果刚刚发起DP呼吸类型,那么可以自通气的开始或DP呼吸类型的开始监视上面讨论的状况,而不是自上一次临时切换到PA呼吸亚型或上一次PA呼吸亚型的开始。如果状况模块117检测到状况,那么控制器110的状况模块117确定百分比支持设置并且向压力生成系统102发送利用确定的百分比支持设置提供短临时切换到PA呼吸亚型的指令。
在一些方面,状况模块117通过利用预定或预设百分比支持设置来确定百分比支持设置。在其它方面,状况模块117基于针对基础自发呼吸亚型的目标设置来确定百分比支持设置。例如,如果用于PS呼吸类型的目标压力是10cm H2O,那么状况模块117将确定实现大致相同压力水平的百分比支持设置。在另一个示例中,如果用于VS呼吸类型的目标容积是400ml,那么状况模块117将确定实现大致相同容积水平的百分比支持设置。在其它方面,百分比设置由状况模块117基于来自非侵入式传感器的输出来确定。例如,如果来自吸气压力传感器的吸气压力测量是9.8cm H2O,那么状况模块117将确定实现大致相同压力水平的百分比支持设置。在其它方面,状况模块117可以利用附加的呼吸机参数或对目标设置的输入和/或来自非侵入式传感器的输出来确定百分比支持设置,诸如面罩类型、患者回路直径等。
PA呼吸亚型是基于努力的呼吸类型,其基于对患者努力和呼吸特点的连续估计/计算来动态地确定要输送的通气支持的量。PA呼吸类型中讨论的患者努力不是肌肉压力(Pmus)。相反,PA呼吸类型期间的患者努力是指抵抗性和弹性压降。由此产生的动态生成的剖面实时或准实时地计算,并由呼吸机用作控制适用参数的点集合。
发起和执行基于努力的呼吸类型(诸如PA呼吸类型或PA呼吸亚型)具有两个操作先决条件:(1)吸气触发的检测;(2)构成呼吸机控制信号误差死区之上的充分参考的可观量的患者呼吸努力的检测和测量。先进、精密的触发技术高效地检测吸气努力的发起。基于测得的患者吸气流量来计算患者努力。利用患者努力来计算用于吸气的目标气道压力。如本文使用的输送气道压力是在呼吸机-患者界面处测得的气道压力。目标气道压力是抵抗性压力(Presistive)加上弹性压力(Pelastic)加上正端呼气压力(PEEP),其中Presistive和Pelastic按百分比支持设置进行缩放。
PA呼吸类型或亚型是指一种通气类型,其中呼吸机充当吸气放大器,其基于患者努力提供压力支持。通常,PA呼吸类型期间的放大程度(“百分比支持设置”)由操作者或临床医生设置,例如基于患者努力设置为百分比。但是,在DP呼吸类型期间,状况模块117确定在PA呼吸亚型期间提供的百分比支持设置。
在PA呼吸亚型的一个实现中,呼吸机可以连续监视患者的瞬时吸气流量和瞬时净肺容积,这些是患者吸气努力的指标。这些信号,连同对患者的肺依从性和肺/气道阻力的持续估计以及运动式子允许呼吸机估计/计算患者努力并从中得出目标气道压力,以如百分比支持设置由操作者选择的程度提供帮助患者吸气肌肉的支持。在这个式子中,患者努力是吸气肌肉压力并且为负。由状况模块117确定的百分比支持设置在患者和呼吸机之间划分计算出的呼吸总工作量。
与其它自发呼吸亚型不同,PA呼吸亚型可以计算依从性和阻力,而无需使用侵入式传感器。照此,PA呼吸亚型是自发呼吸类型,其能够计算动态呼吸系统依从性和呼吸系统阻力。在其它自发呼吸亚型中,需要位于食管球囊中的侵入式传感器。但是,如上面所讨论的,如果患者移动影响传感器准确度那么食道球囊可能容易脱落,食道球囊植入具有高度侵入式和/或对于自发呼吸患者而言不舒服。由于食管气囊的破坏性质,在自发呼吸亚型期间很少使用食管气囊。
由于PA呼吸亚型的独特配置,PA呼吸亚型能够在300ms或0.3秒的末呼气保持中确定患者呼吸系统依从性和/或阻力,这通常不会被自发呼吸患者注意到。在典型的PA呼吸类型中,间歇性地随机提供该300ms的末呼气保持。在DP呼吸类型期间,在DP呼吸类型的临时PA呼吸亚型部分的第一、第二、第三或第四呼吸中提供300ms的末呼气保持。在PA呼吸亚型期间预定数量的呼吸之后或在设定的时间段之后提供任何附加的300ms保持。换句话说,PA呼吸亚型不随机提供300ms的呼气末保持,而是以预定的间隔提供。照此,DP呼吸类型能够计算患者呼吸依从性和患者呼吸系统阻力,而不必使用侵入式传感器测量。DP呼吸类型利用以下式子来确定患者呼吸系统依从性:
CRAW=(VLUNG/Pressure_delta).
DP呼吸类型利用以下式子确定患者呼吸系统阻力:
RRAW=RRAW+ET-RET,
其中:
RRAW是患者呼吸系统阻力;
RRAW+ET是患者呼吸系统和气管插管/气管造口管阻力的综合阻力;以及
RET是气管插管/气管造口管阻力。
RRAW+ET是肺部压力与Y形压力之差除以估计的肺流量。肺部压力基于呼气开始时的肺部压力减去呼气量乘以弹量(elastance)。将Y形压力估计为呼吸机内的测得的压力,其补偿吸气肢阻力。
在PA呼吸亚型期间,驱动压力模块118基于非侵入式传感器输出来计算患者呼吸阻力和/或依从性。状况模块117为至少一次呼吸提供PA呼吸亚型。在一些方面,状况模块117为至少三次呼吸提供PA呼吸亚型。在一些方面,状况模块117提供PA呼吸亚型,直到呼吸机100已经进行了预定数量的患者呼吸依从性和/或电阻测量。在一些方面,状况模块117提供PA呼吸亚型,直到呼吸机100已经进行了至少两次或三次患者呼吸依从性和/或阻力测量。在其它方面,状况模块117提供PA呼吸亚型,直到呼吸机100已经进行了至少一次、两次、三次、四次或五次患者呼吸依从性和/或阻力测量。预定数量的患者呼吸依从性和/或阻力测量可以在1次呼吸、2次呼吸、3次呼吸、5次呼吸、7次呼吸、8次呼吸、10次呼吸、12次呼吸、15次呼吸、20次呼吸、25次呼吸或30次呼吸中完成。在其它方面,预定数量的患者呼吸依从性和/或阻力测量可以由状况模块117在4到12次呼吸中完成。
在临时PA呼吸亚型部分已经完成之后(例如,呼吸机100已经进行了预定数量的患者呼吸依从性和/或电阻测量),状况模块117将患者的通气切换回先前使用的基础自发呼吸亚型。
在返回到先前使用的基础自发呼吸亚型之后,驱动压力模块118监视患者的呼吸数据,诸如非侵入式传感器输出。在一些方面,驱动压力模块118基于呼吸数据和呼吸系统依从性和/或依从性来估计在自发呼吸亚型期间患者的动态驱动压力波形。接下来,驱动压力模块118利用呼吸系统依从性和/或呼吸系统阻力以及呼吸数据来计算在自发呼吸亚型期间患者的驱动压力。由驱动压力模块118计算的驱动压力可以是动态的和/或静态的。
在某些方面,可以组合式子(1)和(3)以获得以下驱动压力方程:
Pdrive=Rrs QLUNG+1/Crs∫QLUNGdt, 式#4。
如果在吸气阶段结束时评估上面的式子#4,并且假设QLUNG为零(例如,在吸气和呼气之间的过渡点),那么QLUNG的积分是潮气量Vt。基于这些假设,通过利用以下式子由控制器110的驱动压力模块118计算静态驱动压力:
Pdrive=1/CrsVt=Vt/Crs, 式#5。
在另外的方面,通过利用以下式子由控制器110的驱动压力模块118计算动态驱动压力:
Pmus=Pwye-Pend exp-(RTUBE+Rrs)QLUNG-1/Crs∫QLUNGdt, 式#6
其中:
Pmus=呼吸肌压力;
Pwye=患者Y形的压力;
Pend exp=呼气阶段结束时的压力;
RTUBE=人工气道的阻力;
Rrs=患者呼吸阻力;
QLUNG=肺流量;以及
Crs=呼吸系统的依从性。
如从上述式子可以看出的,在其中QLUNG=0且∫QLUNGdt=潮气量的吸气阶段结束时,动态和静态驱动压力相同。但是,当肺流量不为零时,驱动压力包括与患者呼吸系统的阻力相关的分量。在一些状况下,这会导致最大驱动压力高于吸气阶段结束时的驱动压力。在这些情况下,在吸气结束时使用驱动压力(或静态驱动压力)可能不完全表示呼吸机100对肺损伤的影响。照此,与静态驱动压力测量相比,动态驱动压力测量是用于确定和/或防止肺损伤的更好或更准确的测量。
驱动压力模块118在整个呼吸中重复地测量驱动压力。在一些方面,驱动压力模块118测量每个伺服循环的驱动压力,诸如每2毫秒、5毫秒或10毫秒。伺服循环是呼吸机100的处理器116或控制器110响应于接收到的测得的压力或流量而执行计算所需的时间量。在一些方面,传感器107在每个伺服循环中发送输出或测量。
驱动压力模块118将驱动压力传送到其它模块,诸如治疗模块119和状态模块117、控制器110、气动系统102和/或显示器122。
治疗模块119响应于接收到驱动压力而执行动作。动作可以包括生成驱动压力的显示、评估驱动压力、基于驱动压力生成警报、基于驱动压力提供推荐,和/或基于驱动压力改变呼吸机参数。例如,治疗模块119可以向显示器122发送显示确定的驱动压力的指令。在其它方面,治疗模块可以生成驱动压力的图形,诸如驱动压力的波形或条形图。例如,治疗模块119可以生成驱动压力与时间的图形或波形。
在一些方面,治疗模块119通过将驱动压力与阈值进行比较来评估驱动压力。如果治疗模块119确定驱动压力超过阈值,那么治疗模块119响应于该确定而执行动作。如上面所讨论的,动作可以包括显示驱动压力和/或违背、基于违背而生成警报、基于违背而提供推荐,和/或基于违背而改变呼吸机参数。如果治疗模块119确定驱动压力未违背阈值,那么治疗模块119继续评估从驱动压力模块118接收到的驱动压力。在进一步的方面,如果治疗模块119确定驱动压力没有违背阈值,那么治疗模块119还可以基于驱动压力满足阈值而向临床医生提供推荐。
驱动压力阈值可以是15cm的H2O或更低的驱动压力、10cm的H2O或更低的驱动压力、或5cm的H2O至15cm的H2O的驱动压力。这个列表是示例性的,并不意味着限制。用于最佳患者通气的任何合适的驱动压力范围可以被治疗模块119、控制器110和/或呼吸机100利用。阈值可以是预定的、由呼吸机基于其它患者信息选择,或由临床医生选择或输入。
响应于驱动压力或通过驱动压力违背阈值,治疗模块119可以生成警报。警报可以是视觉、音频或任何其它类型的感觉通知,其通知临床医生患者的驱动压力已经违背预定阈值。响应于驱动压力满足阈值或违背阈值,治疗模块119可以提供推荐。推荐可以是对呼吸机参数的改变,诸如目标设置、其它呼吸机设置、呼吸类型的改变、呼吸亚型的改变和/或呼吸机模式的改变。例如,如果驱动压力超过阈值,诸如大于15cm的H2O,那么治疗模块119可以推荐潮气量的减少、流量的减少、压力的降低、PEEP的增加,和/或PEEP的减少,以试图将驱动压力控制在期望的水平内。例如,如果驱动压力超过阈值,诸如小于2cm的H2O,那么治疗模块119可以推荐潮气量的增加、流量的增加、压力的增加和/或PEEP的增加,因为这些改变可能对患者有益,并且没有或非常低的引起肺损伤的风险。可替代地,治疗模块119可以基于驱动压力或驱动压力与阈值的比较结果自动修改上面列出的通气参数。通气参数可以包括目标设置、氧气百分比、上升时间、触发灵敏度、峰值流率、峰值吸气压力、潮气量和/或PEEP。在一些方面,治疗模块119可以调整通气参数以将驱动压力维持在目标范围(诸如阈值)内。通气参数的自动改变可以由治疗模块119发送到显示器122或其它模块,以通知临床医生该改变。
如上面所讨论的,方法200图示了用呼吸机对患者进行驱动压力通气的方法。因而,方法200用DP呼吸类型给患者通气。方法200提供自发呼吸类型,其允许计算动态驱动压力并且不需要侵入式监视。为了实现这个目标,方法200响应于状况而短暂地中断并且从基础自发呼吸亚型(而不是PA呼吸亚型之外)平滑过渡到PA呼吸亚型,然后当已计算出患者呼吸系统依从性和/或阻力时平滑地过渡回基础自发呼吸亚型。方法200通过确定用于PA呼吸亚型的百分比支持设置来完成平滑过渡。照此,方法200可以基于监视的动态驱动压力来调整呼吸机参数和/或执行其它动作。
如图所示,方法200包括自发通气操作201。在自发通气操作201期间,呼吸机利用自发呼吸亚型给患者通气。自发呼吸亚型是除PA呼吸类型之外的任何自发呼吸类型。
如图所示,方法200包括自发收集操作202。在自发收集操作202期间,呼吸机在自发呼吸亚型期间收集并分析非侵入式传感器输出。换句话说,在自发收集操作202期间,呼吸机非侵入式地监视患者的呼吸数据。非侵入式传感器输出或呼吸数据是指由非侵入式传感器生成的输出或测量。照此,在一些方面,在自发收集操作202期间,呼吸机从位于呼吸机100和/或通气管道系统130中的非侵入式传感器收集流率、潮气量和/或压力测量。在自发收集操作202期间的一些方面,呼吸机100基于对非侵入式传感器输出的分析来估计Y形170处的压力或流量。在其它方面,基于对非侵入式传感器输出的分析,在自发收集操作202期间由呼吸机100导出其它参数。
在操作201和202期间,呼吸机分析非侵入式传感器输出或呼吸数据以检测患者努力。在操作201和202期间,呼吸机响应于检测到的患者努力而利用呼吸机将吸气气体输送给患者。根据自发呼吸亚型输送吸气气体。
在DP操作204处,在自发呼吸亚型期间利用在上一次PA呼吸亚型期间确定的计算或估计的依从性测量和/或阻力测量以及在自发呼吸亚型期间来自传感器的输出来计算或估计患者的驱动压力。下面更详细地讨论依从性测量和/或阻力测量的计算和/或估计,并且在操作212和214期间执行。在一些方面,DP操作204期间的呼吸机可以基于依从性测量和/或阻力测量来计算或估计在自发呼吸亚型期间患者的肌肉压力。在DP操作204期间,呼吸机计算或估计动态驱动压力。例如,如上面所讨论的,在DP操作204期间呼吸机可以通过利用上面列出的式子#6来计算或估计动态驱动压力。在一些方面,在DP操作204期间呼吸机还能够通过利用上面列出的式子#5来计算或估计静态驱动压力。
方法200还包括确定操作206。在确定操作206处,呼吸机确定是否发生了状况。在一些方面,在确定操作206期间呼吸机监视非侵入式传感器输出以确定状况是否已经发生。在其它方面,确定操作206期间呼气机监视所输送呼吸的次数或时间的流逝以确定是否已经发生状况。如果呼吸机在确定操作206处确定状况发生,那么呼吸机选择执行支持设置操作208。如果呼吸机在确定操作206期间确定没有发生状况,那么呼吸机选择执行动作操作220。状况可以是预定时间量的到期、预定次数呼吸的输送,和/或一个或多个监视的参数的改变,其中参数的改变指示患者呼吸系统依从性和/或阻力的改变已经发生。在一些方面,状况是监视的压力、监视的潮气量或监视的流量改变至少25%。在其它方面,状况是从上一次使用PA呼吸亚型开始1小时的期满,而无需自上一次PA呼吸亚型以来监视的压力、监视的潮气量或监视的流量改变至少25%。在其它方面,状况是从上一次使用PA呼吸亚型开始输送200次呼吸,而无需自上一次PA呼吸亚型以来监视的压力、监视的潮气量或监视的流量改变至少25%。
如图所示,方法200包括支持设置操作208。在支持设置操作208处,呼吸机确定用于PA呼吸亚型的百分比支持设置。在一些方面,在支持设置操作208处,呼吸机利用预定的支持设置。在其它方面,在支持设置操作208处,呼吸机基于来自自发呼吸亚型的目标设置或在自发呼吸亚型期间收集的非侵入式测得的呼吸数据中的至少一个来选择支持设置。在其它方面,在支持设置操作208期间呼吸机确定用于PA呼吸亚型的其它设置。例如,可以基于自发呼吸亚型中使用的PEEP水平来设置用于PA呼吸亚型的PEEP水平。
接下来,由呼吸机执行开关操作210。在开关操作210处,呼吸机利用所确定或计算的百分比支持设置自动且临时地从自发呼吸亚型切换到PA呼吸亚型以进行至少一次呼吸。在一些方面,在开关操作210处,呼吸机利用确定或计算的百分比支持设置自动且临时地从自发呼吸亚型切换到PA呼吸亚型以进行至少三次呼吸。PA呼吸亚型执行至少一次呼吸、至少两次呼吸或至少三次呼吸。在一些方面,PA呼吸亚型在开关操作210期间由呼吸机输送,直到已经获得至少一个患者呼吸系统依从性和/或阻力测量。在一些方面,PA呼吸亚型在开关操作210期间由呼吸机输送,直到已经获得至少两个不同的患者呼吸系统依从性和/或阻力测量值。在一些方面,PA呼吸亚型在开关操作210期间由呼吸机输送,直到已经获得5、4、3或2个患者呼吸系统依从性和/或阻力测量。照此,呼吸机可以利用PA呼吸亚型输送通气以进行最多4次呼吸、8次呼吸、10次呼吸、12次呼吸、15次呼吸、20次呼吸、30次呼吸、40次呼吸或50次呼吸。
因而,方法200还包括PA收集和分析操作212。在PA收集和分析操作212期间呼吸机收集并分析在PA呼吸亚型期间非侵入式测得的呼吸数据。接下来,由呼吸机执行依从性操作214。在依从性操作214期间,呼吸机基于在PA收集和分析操作212期间在PA呼吸亚型期间取得的非侵入式测得的呼吸数据来计算或估计患者呼吸系统依从性和/或阻力。如果在依从性操作214期间由呼吸机取得了多个患者呼吸系统依从性和/或阻力测量,那么呼吸机基于这多个测量来确定依从性测量和/或阻力测量。例如,如果取得了多个患者呼吸系统依从性测量,那么呼吸机可以对测量求平均或者选择中间或最后获得的测量作为在DP操作204期间使用的PA呼吸亚型计算的依从性测量。
方法200还包括返回操作216。在返回操作216处,呼吸机从PA呼吸亚型切换回先前使用的自发呼吸亚型。如上面所讨论的,在PA呼吸亚型期间已获得预定数量的患者呼吸系统依从性或阻力测量之后、在预定次数的呼吸之后、在预定次数的违背之后,或者在预定的时间量之后,呼吸机返回自发呼吸亚型。接下来,再次执行自发通气操作201。
方法200还包括动作操作220。在动作操作220处,呼吸机基于驱动压力执行动作。动作可以包括生成驱动压力的显示、评估驱动压力、基于驱动压力生成警报、基于驱动压力提供推荐,和/或基于驱动压力改变呼吸机参数。在一些方面,呼吸机可以生成驱动压力的图形,以供在动作操作220期间显示,诸如驱动压力的波形或条形图。在一些方面,呼吸机通过在动作操作220期间将驱动压力与阈值进行比较来评估驱动压力。如果呼吸机在动作操作220期间确定驱动压力违背阈值,那么呼吸机响应于这个确定而执行动作。如上面所讨论的,动作可以包括显示驱动压力和/或违背、基于违背生成警报、基于违背提供推荐,和/或基于违背改变呼吸机参数。如果呼吸机在动作操作220期间确定驱动压力未违背阈值,那么呼吸机继续评估计算或估计的驱动压力。在另外的方面,如果在动作操作220期间呼吸机确定驱动压力没有违背阈值,那么呼吸机还可以基于驱动压力满足阈值而向临床医生提供推荐。
响应于驱动压力或驱动压力违背阈值,呼吸机可以在动作操作220期间生成警报。响应于驱动压力满足阈值或违背阈值,呼吸机可以提供推荐。可替代地,在动作操作220期间呼吸机可以基于驱动压力或驱动压力与阈值的比较结果自动修改上面列出的通气参数。
在一些实施例中,公开了一种基于微处理器的呼吸机,其访问计算机可读介质,该计算机可读介质具有用于执行用医疗呼吸机对患者进行通气的方法的计算机可执行指令。这种方法包括重复执行以上方法200中公开和/或如图2所示的步骤。在一些方面,方法200由上面参考图1描述的呼吸机系统100执行。
在另一个示例中,图3是图示归一化的呼吸力学平面(R-M平面)的图表。图3描绘了潮气量(ml)与扩张(distending)压力(ΔP,以cmH2O为单位)之间的关系。通过从平台压力(PPLAT)中减去正端呼气压力(PEEP)来计算扩张压力,如图3的X轴所示。在患者通气的背景下,以下式子将使关系可操作:VT=ΔP*CL,其中CL表示患者肺-胸部系统的依从性(弹性)。图3和4的CL的单位是容积/压力或ml/cmH2O。因此,如果CL是已知的,那么通过将CL乘以ΔP得到容积(m1)。对式子VT=ΔP*CL的检查揭示CL变为以VT/ΔP为单位的常数。即,CL被可视化为源自0,0线性地向上和向右上升(如果进行单独的滑动)的线的正斜率。通过对Y轴的单位的简单变换,容积/预测的体重(PBW)(肺保护性通气的容积单位(ml/kg))并且同样将CL表述为CL/kg提供了图3中所示的图表。图3假设如下:
1)适用于所有患者的项ml/kg是有效的并且
2)适用于所有患者的项CL/kg也是有效的。
照此,可以陈述以下内容(其中VL是肺容量):
1)如果已知VL/kg和ΔP,那么CL/kg=(VL/kg)/ΔP;
2)如果已知VL/kg和CL/kg,那么ΔP=(VL/kg)/(CL/kg);以及
3)如果已知ΔP和CL/kg,那么VL/kg=ΔP*CL/kg。
因而,图3上针对ml/kg和ΔP的任何匹配的坐标对定位在R-M平面上的唯一点,并且那个点位于其斜率≈CL/kg的线上。此外,其比率等效(≈)的所有此类匹配的坐标也将位于那个CL/kg斜率上。认识到针对ΔP和VL/kg的有效估计是可用的,这两个值的正交投影的相交识别对患者的当前CL/kg的可能估计。通过将归一化的值乘以患者的估计PBW来找出患者的实际CL的当前估计。
给定R-M平面的结构,现在有可能通过软件算法或通过使用临床医生设置的边界条件来指示如何监视和识别患者的状态。如果临床医生对维持肺保护性通气感兴趣,那么当VT/kg过低或过高时,上下水平边界会发出警报。呼吸机通知可以识别关键改变并建议校正。患有ARDS的患者可能因日益恶化的依从性而代谢失调。边界违反可以通知临床医生发生了这种情况。
在另一方面,循环点的特征可以与图3一起使用,以指示患者的改变的轨迹,如图4中所示。图4是图示具有提供的患者时间状态的归一化的呼吸力学平面的图表。顺序点之间的连接将指示改变率,并且可以由呼吸机基于这个改变率向临床医生提供通知。在图4中,VT/kg、ΔP和CL/kg的重复值每5分钟左右被捕获并处理一次。在每个间隔结束时,软件分析患者的传感器数据并在R-M平面上指示患者的位置。完全相同的值集合将产生等效点。但是,如图4中所示,如果新点与上一个点相差X,那么在图表上绘制其结构/身份与上一个点不同的新点。在一些方面,每个点在图表上加时间戳。如图4中所示,三个垂直阵列点指示吹气压力保持恒定,但患者的CL随着VL的增加而增加。给定VT/kg、ΔP和CL/kg的顺序值可以在若干逻辑轨迹中的任何一个中改变,R-M平面上的时间指示器可以向临床医生告知患者的状态。
图5是图示具有提供的边界的归一化的呼吸力学平面的图表。与图3类似,图5描绘了潮气量(ml)与扩张压力(ΔP,以cmH2O为单位)之间的关系,并在图表上提供了示出更好和更差通气区域的边界。在一些方面,图5可以在每次启动时根据请求显示。图5在临床医生的脑海中强化了更好或更坏通气的区域。在一些方面,一旦患者的PBW已知,图5的描绘就被转换到给定患者或默认为归一化的患者,如图3中所示。
在一些实施例中,呼吸机系统包括:用于以自发呼吸亚型使呼吸机对患者进行通气的装置;用于通过可操作地耦合到患者回路或压力生成系统中的至少一个的压力传感器和流量传感器中的至少一个来非侵入式地监视患者的呼吸数据的装置;用于分析呼吸数据以检测患者努力的装置;用于响应于检测到的患者努力而用呼吸机向患者输送吸气气体的装置;用于基于由呼吸机搜集的信息由呼吸机确定发生状况的装置;响应于该状况,用于基于目标设置或来自自发呼吸亚型的呼吸数据确定用于PA呼吸亚型的百分比支持设置的装置;用于响应于计算支持百分比设置而自动且临时地从自发呼吸亚型切换到PA呼吸亚型以进行至少一次呼吸的装置;用于基于呼吸数据估计PA呼吸亚型期间患者的呼吸系统依从性和/或呼吸系统阻力的装置;用于在至少三次呼吸之后返回到自发呼吸亚型的装置;用于在自发呼吸亚型期间利用呼吸系统依从性和/或呼吸系统阻力和呼吸数据计算患者的驱动压力的装置;以及用于基于驱动压力执行动作的装置。自发呼吸亚型不包括比例辅助(PA)呼吸类型。
本领域技术人员将认识到的是,本公开的方法和系统可以以多种方式实现,并且因此不受前述示例性实施例和示例的限制。换句话说,由单个或多个部件、在硬件和软件或固件的各种组合中以及各个功能执行的功能元素可以在客户端或服务器级别或在这两个级别分布在软件应用中。在这方面,本文描述的不同实施例的任何数量的特征可以被组合成单个或多个实施例,并且具有少于或多于本文描述的所有特征的替代实施例是可能的。功能也可以全部或部分地以现在已知或将变得已知的方式分布在多个部件之间。因此,无数的软件/硬件/固件组合对于实现本文描述的功能、特征、接口和偏好是可能的。而且,本公开的范围覆盖用于执行所描述的特征和功能和接口的常规已知方式,以及可以对本文描述的硬件或软件固件部件进行的那些变化和修改,如本领域技术人员现在和将来将理解的。
可以进行许多其它改变,这些改变对于本领域技术人员来说是容易提出的,并且包含在本公开的精神内并且如所附权利要求中所定义的。虽然已经出于本公开的目的描述了各种实施例,但是可以进行各种改变和修改,这些改变和修改都在本发明的范围内。可以进行许多其它改变,这些改变对于本领域技术人员来说是容易提出的,并且包含在本公开的精神内并且如所附权利要求中所定义的。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于向患者输送驱动压力通气的呼吸机系统,该呼吸机系统包括:
压力生成系统,其生成呼吸气体流;
通气管道系统,包括用于将压力生成系统连接到患者的患者接口;
一个或多个非侵入式传感器,可操作地耦合到压力生成系统或通气管道系统中的至少一个,其中所述一个或多个非侵入式传感器生成指示流量、容积或压力中的至少一个的输出;
控制器,收集并分析输出以确定状况,
响应于该状况,控制器临时将呼吸机系统从自发呼吸亚型切换到比例辅助PA呼吸亚型以进行至少一次呼吸,其中自发呼吸亚型是除PA呼吸类型之外的任何自发呼吸类型;
其中控制器基于在PA呼吸亚型期间收集的输出来估计PA呼吸亚型期间患者的呼吸系统依从性;
在所述至少一次呼吸之后,控制器将呼吸机系统从PA呼吸亚型切换回自发呼吸亚型,
在返回自发呼吸亚型之后,控制器基于呼吸系统依从性和返回之后的输出来计算患者的驱动压力;以及
显示器,用于显示驱动压力。
2.如权利要求1所述的呼吸机系统,还包括:
控制器将驱动压力与阈值进行比较,以形成比较;
控制器基于所述比较来确定驱动压力违背阈值,以形成确定;以及
响应于该确定,控制器提供警报。
3.如权利要求2所述的呼吸机系统,还响应于所述确定,控制器调整呼吸机系统的通气参数。
4.如权利要求3所述的呼吸机系统,其中所述通气参数是氧气百分比、上升时间、触发灵敏度、峰值流率、峰值吸气压力、潮气量、PEEP或目标设置中的至少一个。
5.如权利要求1所述的呼吸机系统,其中控制器利用针对PA呼吸亚型的预定百分比支持设置。
6.一种具有计算机可执行指令的非瞬态计算机可读介质,所述计算机可执行指令用于执行用呼吸机对患者进行通气的方法,该方法包括:
以自发呼吸亚型用呼吸机给患者通气,其中自发呼吸亚型不包括比例辅助PA呼吸亚型;
利用可操作地耦合到患者回路或压力生成系统中的至少一个的压力传感器和流量传感器中的至少一个来监视患者的呼吸数据;
分析呼吸数据以检测患者努力;
响应检测到的患者努力而利用呼吸机向患者输送吸气气体;
基于呼吸机搜集的信息由呼吸机确定状况的发生;
响应于该状况,自动且临时地从自发呼吸亚型切换到PA呼吸亚型以进行至少三次呼吸,
其中用于PA呼吸亚型的百分比支持设置是基于在自发呼吸亚型期间来自压力传感器和流量传感器中的至少一个的非侵入式监视的流量、非侵入式监视的压力或者非侵入式监视的潮气量、目标设置中的至少一个来确定的;
基于呼吸数据来估计PA呼吸亚型期间患者的呼吸系统依从性和呼吸系统阻力;
在至少三次呼吸之后返回自发呼吸亚型;
利用在返回之后接收的呼吸数据以及呼吸系统依从性、呼吸系统阻力来计算自发呼吸亚型期间患者的驱动压力;以及
基于驱动压力执行动作。
7.如权利要求6所述的介质,其中所述动作包括提供驱动压力警报。
8.如权利要求6所述的介质,其中所述动作包括提供推荐。
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