CN109860677A - With the production method of the battery of positive electricity extremely supporter - Google Patents
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- CN109860677A CN109860677A CN201910282833.4A CN201910282833A CN109860677A CN 109860677 A CN109860677 A CN 109860677A CN 201910282833 A CN201910282833 A CN 201910282833A CN 109860677 A CN109860677 A CN 109860677A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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Abstract
A kind of production method of the battery with positive electricity extremely supporter, belongs to fuel cell field.Production method includes: to make positive electrode using the first electrode material, and make electrolyte layer in positive electricity pole surface.In the network segmenting structure of the thermal expansion coefficient for being less than or equal to electrolyte layer away from the surface of positive electrode production thermal expansion coefficient of electrolyte layer, and the surface segmentation of electrolyte layer is to be left white part and covering part by network segmenting structure.It is being left white second of electrode material being partially filled with for making cathode.Above production method process is simple, yields that is easy to implement and can also improving battery.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fuel cell fields, in particular to the production method of the battery of positive electricity extremely supporter.
Background technique
Fuel cell is the device for the chemical energy of chemical reaction being converted into electric energy.Its using fuel and oxidant as
Generate electricity raw material.As an important types of fuel cells, solid fuel cell (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC) has
Itself unique advantage, for example, relatively high operating temperature (such as 800~1000 DEG C).
Normally, the main problem of SOFC first is that: during actual make and use, template SOFC is often showed
The situations such as crackle easy to form, cracking, removing out.
Summary of the invention
Based on the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides with the production method of the battery of positive electricity extremely supporter, with portion
Divide or fully improve, even solve problem above.
The present invention is implemented as follows:
In a first aspect, example of the invention provides a kind of production method of battery with positive electricity extremely supporter.
Production method includes:
Positive electrode is made using the first electrode material, and makes electrolyte layer in positive electricity pole surface；
In the thermal expansion system for being less than or equal to electrolyte layer away from the surface of positive electrode production thermal expansion coefficient of electrolyte layer
The surface segmentation of electrolyte layer is to be left white part and covering part by several network segmenting structures, network segmenting structure；
It is being left white second of electrode material being partially filled with for making cathode.
In second aspect, example of the invention provides a kind of production method of battery with positive electricity extremely supporter.
Positive electrode is made using the first electrode material, and makes electrolyte layer in positive electricity pole surface；
In the thermal expansion system for being less than or equal to electrolyte layer away from the surface of positive electrode production thermal expansion coefficient of electrolyte layer
The surface segmentation of electrolyte layer is to be left white part and covering part by several network segmenting structures, network segmenting structure；
It is being left white second of the electrode material partially adhered to covering part for making cathode.
In example, network segmenting structure has been made between cathode and electrolyte layer.Means in this way, completely connect
The cathode of continuous body structure is physically being divided by network segmenting structure by essence for multiple portions, energy between various pieces
Enough using the network segmenting structure as boundary.
Since cathode is separated as multiple portions, in the production and use process of fuel cell, the heat of cathode is swollen
It is swollen to be dispersed and inhibited well, so that the stress of its thermal expansion is dispersed, is partly uninstalled, thus electrolyte layer and yin
It is easier to cooperate between pole, will not mutually fall off, separate because the modified difference of electrolyte and cathode is away from too big.
With reference to first aspect or second aspect makes sun in the first possible embodiment of the embodiment of the present application
The method of electrode includes:
Positive electricity extremely microcellular structure.
Porous positive electrode has biggish surface area, it is easier to contact with material, to be easier to be reacted.
In conjunction with the first possible embodiment, in second of possible embodiment of the embodiment of the present application, positive electricity
The making material of pole includes nickel cermet or porous nickel plate.
Nickel cermet, porous nickel plate have the advantages that it is low in cost, facilitate production and use.
With reference to first aspect or second aspect makes electricity in the third possible embodiment of the embodiment of the present application
Solution matter layer method include:
With positive electricity extremely supporter, electrolyte slurry is transferred to the surface of positive electrode by way of dip-coating or spin coating.
The method of spin coating and dip-coating is easy to carry out volume production, reduces cost.
In conjunction with the third possible embodiment, in the 4th kind of possible embodiment of the embodiment of the present application, electrolysis
Chylema material is made by the way that electrolyte to be dispersed in dispersing agent, and dispersing agent includes organic solvent.
Electrolyte slurry is made using organic solvent, electrolyte can be made fully to disperse, is conducive to improve electrolyte layer
Performance consistency.
With reference to first aspect or second aspect, in the 5th kind of possible embodiment of the embodiment of the present application, network point
The making material for cutting structure includes aluminium oxide.
Aluminium oxide is had excellent performance, and its thermal expansion coefficient between cathode, electrolyte layer is more adapted to.
In conjunction with the 5th kind of possible embodiment, in the 6th kind of possible embodiment of the embodiment of the present application, production
The method of network segmenting structure includes: that aluminium oxide is formulated as slurry to brush table in electrolyte layer by way of silk-screen printing
Face.
Silk-screen printing technique is mature, it can be ensured that the quality of the network segmenting structure of production.
In conjunction with second aspect, in the 7th kind of possible embodiment of the embodiment of the present application, it is being left white part and is covering
Before second of electrode material of the part attachment for making cathode, production method further include:
Positive electrode, electrolyte layer and network segmenting structure are sintered.
It can be between each functional layer sufficiently by the way that positive electrode, electrolyte layer and network segmenting structure to be sintered
Contact and combination, avoid the separation between different layers.
In conjunction with the 7th kind of possible embodiment, the 8th kind of some of possible embodiment of the embodiment of the present application can
It selects in example, the temperature that positive electrode, electrolyte layer and network segmenting structure are sintered is 1265~1300 DEG C.
Based on the considerations of the production raw material of positive electrode, electrolyte and network segmenting structure, it is sintered with above-mentioned temperature
The needs between the sintering character of energy consumption can be balanced.
The utility model has the advantages that
Cathode is split by method provided in an embodiment of the present invention, and cathode is made to be divided into multiple portions.Also, this is more
It can be using network segmenting structure as boundary between two neighboring part in a part.In this way, since network segmenting structure can make
The thermal expansion mismatch of cathode and electrolyte layer is partly or entirely corrected, and therefore, the two is not easy because of thermal expansion deformation difference
It is huge and mutually fall off.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described.
Fig. 1-1 is the structural schematic diagram of the axis side direction of the first film electrode structure in example of the present invention；
Fig. 1-2 shows the structural schematic diagram of the main view direction of film electrode structure shown in FIG. 1；
Fig. 1-3 shows the structural schematic diagram of the overlook direction of film electrode structure shown in FIG. 1；
Fig. 2 is shown as the structural schematic diagram of the overlook direction of second of film electrode structure in example of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is shown as the structural schematic diagram of the overlook direction of the third film electrode structure in example of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is shown as the structural schematic diagram of the overlook direction of the 4th kind of film electrode structure in example of the present invention；
Fig. 5 is shown as the structural schematic diagram of the main view direction of the 5th kind of film electrode structure in example of the present invention.
Icon: 100- fuel cell；102- positive electrode；103- electrolyte layer；104- cathode；105- separating materials structure；
The region 1041b-；1051b- hexagon；The region 1041c-；1051c- separating materials section；The region 1041d-；1051d- separating materials
Section；200- fuel cell；204- cathode；205- separating materials layer.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with embodiment, but those skilled in the art will
Understand, the following example is merely to illustrate the present invention, and is not construed as limiting the scope of the invention.It is not specified in embodiment specific
Condition person carries out according to conventional conditions or manufacturer's recommended conditions.Reagents or instruments used without specified manufacturer is
The conventional products that can be obtained by commercially available purchase.
It is specifically described below for the production method of the battery with positive electricity extremely supporter of the embodiment of the present invention:
In example, inventor handles the cathode of fuel cell, has cathode and reduces relative to full size
Multiple portions.Wherein, network segmenting structure is made at the boundary between adjacent part.
Network segmenting structure plays effect of contraction to various pieces, makes deformation that can not transmit and accumulate, and keeps fuel electric
Interlaminar separation is less likely to occur in pond.
As shown in Fig. 1-1, Fig. 1-2, Fig. 1-3, as a kind of optional specific example, fuel cell 100 includes positive electrode
102, electrolyte layer 103, cathode 104, and separating materials structure 105 is distributed in cathode 104.Separating materials structure 105
Thermal expansion coefficient be less than or equal to electrolyte layer 103 thermal expansion coefficient.The height of each structure sheaf can be as required by
Setting is freely selected, not to be limited shown in Fig. 1-1, Fig. 1-2, Fig. 1-3, each layer height can identical or phase
It is different.In overlook direction, as shown in Figure 1-3, hollow rectangle part is cathode 104, using the part of oblique line filling as separating materials knot
Structure 105.
Other than separating materials structure 105 as shown in Figs. 1-3, network segmentation can also have other cloth in example
Set type, and correspondingly cathode have different segmentation forms, such some partitioning schemes can in such as Fig. 2~Fig. 4 quilt
It shows.
For Fig. 2, the hexagon 1051b that cathode 104 is configured the filling of separating materials structure 105 be divided into it is multiple more
Tiny hollow region 1041b, and be with hexagon 1051b (can be its part) between two neighboring region 1041b
Boundary.
For Fig. 3, wherein hollow parts are the region 1041c that is divided to form of cause in cathode, for discrete bodies.Diamond shape
Separating materials section 1051c of the fill part for separating materials structure 105, the combination of substantially multiple line segments, and be non-individual body.
By taking Fig. 4 as an example, wherein hollow parts are in cathode 104 because of the region 1041d that is divided to form.Fill part is
The separating materials section 1051d of separating materials layer.
Above fuel cell 100 can be produced by the following method.
Production method includes:
Step S101, positive electrode is made using the first electrode material, and makes electrolyte layer in positive electricity pole surface.
Wherein, positive electrode is used as support construction, to support electrolyte layer and subsequent other structures layer cathode to divide
To be illustrated.Positive electrode is selected as microcellular structure, and making material can choose nickel cermet and porous nickel plate.Positive electricity
The production method of pole can make different selections according to the difference of raw material.
Normally, positive electrode can be made as slurry by being made raw material, be re-introduced into mold and solidify and obtain,
For example, tape casting.When positive electricity extremely plate-like structure, production raw material can be injected into flat container or slot or mould
In tool, then solidified by way of such as heating.Positive electrode can choose elemental nickel.Positive electrode can choose nickel alloy also as original
Material, wherein nickel alloy includes that Ni-Co, Ni-Fe, Ni-Pt etc., Ni or Ni alloy are made pottery with formation metals such as cerium oxide/zirconium oxides again
Porcelain.In cermet, the volume fraction of metal is between 20-80%.
When making raw material is solid, the production method of positive electrode includes: that raw material is passed through cutting, extrusion forming, punching press
The modes such as molding can obtain the electrode of plate-like structure.
Including: in the method for the positive electricity pole surface production electrolyte layer as supporter (such as can be with by electrolyte raw material
Select rear-earth-doped cerium oxide or rear-earth-doped oxidation zirconium, certainly can also the unlimited material as aforementioned list) production is slurried
Expect (being made for example, electrolyte is dispersed in dispersing agent (organic solvent)), then is transferred them to by way of spin coating, dip-coating
The surface of positive electrode.In example, electrolyte layer is to be made in the form of a film, and height can be arranged on demand, such as 1~
50 microns perhaps 2~44 microns or 10~33 microns.
Step S102, it is less than or equal to electrolyte away from the surface of positive electrode production thermal expansion coefficient in electrolyte layer
The surface segmentation of the electrolyte layer is to be left white portion by the network segmenting structure of the thermal expansion coefficient of layer, the network segmenting structure
Point and covering part.
After production positive electrode and electrolyte layer, network segmenting structure is incorporated in electrolyte layer surface.Therefore, network
Segmenting structure and positive electrode are (such as front and backs for being located at opposite two surface of electrolyte layer；Or, top surface and bottom
Face).Network segmenting structure can choose as aluminium oxide.Correspondingly, production method includes: to be formulated as starching by the aluminium oxide
Material, then brushed by way of silk-screen printing on the surface of the electrolyte layer.
The production raw material of network segmenting structure for example can be rear-earth-doped cerium oxide or rear-earth-doped oxidation zirconium, oxidation
Aluminium, Mg-Al spinelle, silicate etc..The above made network segmenting structure can have height appropriate, for example, height
It is 1~50 micron；Or 2~48 microns；Or 8~30 microns；Or 25~47 microns.
It should be understood that as aforementioned mentioned, due to needing to divide cathode using network segmenting structure, because
This, the production raw material of network segmenting structure is not the surface that electrolyte layer is attached in a manner of being completely covered.On the contrary, electric
The part for solving the surface of matter layer is capped, and other parts are uncovered, so that network segmenting structure is by the surface of electrolyte layer
It is divided into and is left white part (uncovered part) and covering part.
Needs based on actual use, each function and structure layer of fuel cell need to have structural strength appropriate and
Stability.And such performance can be through cured mode and obtain.For example, obtaining the sun as supporter in production
Electrode and then the raw material of electrolyte is arranged on positive electrode, network segmenting structure is further arranged in electrolyte layer
On, then handled by co-sintering (it is 1000~1500 degrees Celsius that sintering temperature, which can choose, and sintering atmosphere is air).
Step S103, in second of the electrode material for being left white and being partially filled with for making cathode.Alternatively, in shielding part
Divide second of the electrode material adhered to for making cathode.Alternatively, being left white part and covering part arrangement for making cathode
Second of electrode material.
According to the difference of cathode material, the preparation method of cathode is selected freely, in example, be left white part and/or
The method that covering part adheres to second of electrode material includes: that second of electrode material is made as slurry, is then coated on and stays
White part and/or covering part make second of electrode material solidification.
In optional specific example, second of electrode material for being used to form cathode can be metal oxide, and gold
Belonging to oxide includes ternary alloy three-partalloy oxide.Metallic element in ternary alloy three-partalloy oxide includes the first element combinations or second yuan
Element combination, wherein the first element combinations include samarium, strontium, cobalt, therefore ternary alloy three-partalloy oxide can be SmxSryCoOz(SSC)。
It can be with Sm in some specific examples0.5Sr0.5Co3O3.Second element combination includes lanthanum, strontium, cobalt, therefore.Ternary alloy three-partalloy oxide
It can be LaxSryCoOz(LSC).In some specific examples, ternary alloy three-partalloy oxide can be La0.5Sr0.5CoO3.Or yin
Other perovskite electrodes or perovskite-like electrode, such as LaSrCoO can be extremely selected as4.Materials some in this way are with the side of slurry
It when formula is formed into cathode, can be sintered at 900~1200 DEG C to solidify, while can be with electrolyte layer and/or network point
Cut structure combination.
In the example shown in described above and Fig. 1-1 to Fig. 4, second of electrode material for making cathode only covers
Cover the part of electrolyte layer, and non-overlay network segmenting structure.In Fig. 1-1, cathode 104 and separating materials structure 105 have
There is identical height.It is understood that the height of cathode 104 might be less that separating materials in other some examples
The height of structure 105；Alternatively, the height of cathode 104 can also be greater than the height of separating materials structure 105.
In addition, second of electrode material for making cathode is also possible to cover electrolyte layer and network segmentation simultaneously
Structure.In such example, cathode include be covered on electrolyte layer the first covering part and overlay network segmenting structure
Two covering parts, as shown in Figure 5.Fuel cell 200 includes positive electrode 102, electrolyte layer 103, cathode 204, and in cathode
Separating materials layer 205 is distributed in 204.Since cathode covers electrolyte layer and network segmenting structure simultaneously, cathode is
Non-individual body, and greater than the height of network segmenting structure when the height of cathode.It is described above and height generally also refer to it is thick
Degree.
The covering part of above various partitioning schemes (construction of network segmenting structure) and cathode can also be with battery
Various types (plate, cast, corrugated plate type, flat-tube type or other shapes battery) carry out free selection combination.Base
In above method, the problem of cathode of fuel cell cracks, is inhibited and is solved well, the yield rate of fuel cell improve to
95% or more.And the yield rate of existing fuel cell (cathode, positive electrode are continuity body, and are not split) be only 40~
60%.
A kind of production method of film electrode structure of the invention is described in further detail with reference to embodiments.
Embodiment 1
A kind of fuel cell (positive electrode support, cathode segmentation) of cast is provided in example.Its production method is as follows:
Step 101 prepares positive electrode.
Positive electricity extremely microcellular structure, and use nickel cermet for raw material.It configures nickel cermet to organic solvent
Pug is made as wall thickness 1mm, high 5cm, the positive electricity pole pipe of internal diameter 5mm in a manner of extrusion molding.
Step 102 prepares electrolyte layer.
The making material of electrolyte layer is La1-xSrxGa1-yMgyOz (LSGM).It is made by dip-coating, it is micro- with a thickness of 30
Rice.Using the positive electricity pole pipe of nickel cermet material as supporter, electrolyte is configured to slurry (organic solvent is dispersing agent),
Supporter is immersed in electrolyte slurry, so that slurry is attached to positive electrode tube outer surface.
Step 103 prepares network segmenting structure.
The making material of network segmenting structure is selected as aluminium oxide, and is configured as slurry (organic solvent is dispersing agent),
The surface of electrolyte layer is brushed, by way of silk-screen printing with a thickness of 30 microns.
Step 104, sintering.
By step 101 to the preparation-obtained positive electrode+electrolyte layer+network segmenting structure of step 103 in air atmosphere
In be sintered 1 hour under 1300 degrees Celsius, then cool to room temperature with the furnace.
Step 105 prepares cathode.
The making material of cathode is ABO3Perovskite structure electrode-LSM (La1-xSrxMo3, such as La0.7Sr0.3Mo3),
Can be obtained by Solid phase synthesis or the production of combustion method or sol-gel method, in this example by by lanthanum nitrate, strontium nitrate with
And manganese nitrate is dissolved in the water, and glycine is added, and burns in heating, then 1000 DEG C of roastings.
The net in positive electrode+electrolyte layer+network segmenting structure that cathode material slurry coating is prepared at step 104
Then the surface of network segmenting structure is sintered 1 hour under 1200 degrees Celsius in air atmosphere, then cools to room temperature with the furnace.
Embodiment 2
A kind of plate fuel cell (positive electrode support, cathode segmentation) is provided in example.Its production method is as follows:
Step 101 prepares positive electrode.
The making material of positive electrode is porous nickel plate, the nickel plate for being 2mm thickness 5cm × 5cm by punch forming.Nickel plate is passed through
Cleaning, make surface it is smooth, it is smooth, without dirt.The porosity of nickel plate is 26%.
Step 102 prepares electrolyte layer.
The making material of electrolyte layer is La1-xSrxGa1-yMgyOz (LSGM).It is made by spin coating, it is micro- with a thickness of 20
Rice.With nickel positive electricity extremely supporter, electrolyte is configured to slurry (organic solvent is dispersing agent), by substrate/support
Body surface face applies.
Step 103 prepares network segmenting structure.
The making material of network segmenting structure is selected as aluminium oxide, and is configured as slurry (organic solvent is dispersing agent),
The surface of electrolyte layer is brushed, by way of silk-screen printing with a thickness of 30 microns.
Step 104, sintering.
By step 101 to the preparation-obtained positive electrode+electrolyte layer+network segmenting structure of step 103 in air atmosphere
In be sintered 1 hour under 1265 degrees Celsius, then cool to room temperature with the furnace.
Step 105 prepares cathode.
Cathode is similarly microcellular structure, and uses the strontium doping lanthanum manganite with P-type semiconductor structure for raw material.It will be negative
Pole makes raw material and is configured to slurry with organic solvent, is coated with the positive electrode+electrolyte layer+network segmentation prepared at step 104
Then the surface of network segmenting structure in structure is sintered 1 hour under 960 degrees Celsius in air atmosphere, then cold with furnace
But to room temperature.
Although illustrate and describing the present invention with specific embodiment, it will be appreciated that without departing substantially from of the invention
Many other change and modification can be made in the case where spirit and scope.It is, therefore, intended that in the following claims
Including belonging to all such changes and modifications in the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of production method of the battery with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that the production method includes:
Positive electrode is made using the first electrode material, and makes electrolyte layer in the positive electricity pole surface；
It is less than or equal to the electrolyte layer away from the surface of positive electrode production thermal expansion coefficient in the electrolyte layer
The network segmenting structure of thermal expansion coefficient, the network segmenting structure by the surface segmentation of the electrolyte layer be left white part and
Covering part；
In second of the electrode material for being left white and being partially filled with for making cathode.
2. a kind of production method of the battery with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that the production method includes:
Positive electrode is made using the first electrode material, and makes electrolyte layer in the positive electricity pole surface；
It is less than or equal to the electrolyte layer away from the surface of positive electrode production thermal expansion coefficient in the electrolyte layer
The network segmenting structure of thermal expansion coefficient, the network segmenting structure by the surface segmentation of the electrolyte layer be left white part and
Covering part；
In second of the electrode material for being left white and partially adhering to the covering part for making cathode.
3. the production method of the battery according to claim 1 or 2 with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that described
Positive electricity extremely microcellular structure.
4. the production method of the battery according to claim 3 with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that the positive electricity
The making material of pole includes nickel cermet or porous nickel plate.
5. the production method of the battery according to claim 1 or 2 with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that production
The method of electrolyte layer includes:
With the positive electricity extremely supporter, electrolyte slurry is transferred to the table of the positive electrode by way of dip-coating or spin coating
Face.
6. the production method of the battery according to claim 5 with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that the electrolysis
Chylema material is made by the way that electrolyte to be dispersed in dispersing agent, and the dispersing agent includes organic solvent.
7. the production method of the battery according to claim 1 or 2 with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that described
The making material of network segmenting structure includes aluminium oxide.
8. the production method of the battery according to claim 7 with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that described in production
The method of network segmenting structure includes: that the aluminium oxide is formulated as slurry to be brushed by way of silk-screen printing in the electrolysis
The surface of matter layer.
9. the production method of the battery according to claim 2 with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that stayed described
Before second of the electrode material of white part and covering part attachment for making cathode, the production method further include:
The positive electrode, the electrolyte layer and the network segmenting structure are sintered.
10. the production method of the battery according to claim 9 with positive electricity extremely supporter, which is characterized in that will be described
The temperature that positive electrode, the electrolyte layer and the network segmenting structure are sintered is 1265~1400 DEG C.
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