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CN109386356A - 用于废气流的漩涡诱发的非对称催化剂锥体 - Google Patents

用于废气流的漩涡诱发的非对称催化剂锥体 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109386356A
CN109386356A CN201810862666.6A CN201810862666A CN109386356A CN 109386356 A CN109386356 A CN 109386356A CN 201810862666 A CN201810862666 A CN 201810862666A CN 109386356 A CN109386356 A CN 109386356A
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exhaust
exhaust gas
cone
gas flow
reductant
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I·F·科扎
C·席亚拉维诺
A·阿诺恩
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
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    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
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    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
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Abstract

一种废气流后处理(AT)系统，其包括第一和第二AT装置。第一AT装置包括锥体，该锥体具有入口和出口，该入口由具有第一几何中心的表面区域限定，而该出口由具有第二几何中心的表面区域限定。AT系统还包括排气通道并且包括喷射器，该排气通道用于将废气流从第一AT装置锥体出口载送至第二AT装置，且该喷射器用于将还原剂引入到排气通道内的废气流中。第一几何中心设置在距第二几何中心预定距离处，且入口表面区域按照预定比率大于出口表面区域。预定距离和预定比率一起构造成在排气通道中诱发漩涡，并且使得还原剂在排气通道内与废气流混合。

Description

用于废气流的漩涡诱发的非对称催化剂锥体
引言
本发明涉及一种不对称催化剂锥体，用于在由内燃机采用的废气后处理(AT)系统中的废气流的漩涡诱发。
已开发诸如颗粒过滤器和其它装置的各种排气后处理(AT)装置，以有效地限制来自内燃机的废气排放物。经常用在诸如压缩点火式或柴油式现代稀内燃机中的其中一种排气后处理装置是选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂。
SCR配置成借助通过通常是柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)的另一排气后处理装置生成的NO2将氮氧化物(NOX)转换成双原子氮(N2)和水(H2O)。为了有效地去除NOX，SCR转换过程附加地需要预定量的氨(NH3)存在于废气流中。
当在柴油发动机中采用还原剂时，SCR转换过程可附加地需要受控量或计量量的还原剂进入到废气流中，该还原剂通用名称为“柴油排放流体”(DEF)。此种还原剂可以是包括水和氨的尿素水溶液。
发明内容
用于来自内燃机的废气流的后处理(AT)系统包括第一和第二AT装置，该第一和第二AT装置定位在废气流中。第一AT装置包括第一AT装置锥体，该第一AT装置锥体具有锥体入口和锥体出口，该锥体入口由具有第一几何中心的入口表面区域限定，而该锥体出口由具有第二几何中心的出口表面区域限定。第二AT装置定位在第一AT装置下游的废气流中。AT系统还包括排气通道并且包括喷射器，该排气通道配置成将来自第一AT装置锥体的锥体出口的废气流载送至第二AT装置，而该喷射器配置成将还原剂引入到由排气通道载送的废气流中，以由此降低污染物的浓度。第一几何中心设置在距第二几何中心预定距离处，且入口表面区域按照预定比率大于出口表面区域。预定距离和预定比率一起配置成在废气流中诱发漩涡，并且使得引入的还原剂与由排气通道载送的废气流混合。
预定距离可等于或大于8mm。
预定比率可等于或大于3.5:1。
排气通道可具有锥形形状，该锥形形状限定用于供混合的废气和还原剂向第二AT装置流动的通路。
排气通道的特征可在于缺少专用个体装置、即混合器，其配置成使得还原剂与废气流在第二AT装置上游混合或共混。
第一AT装置可封装在第一壳体内，第二AT装置可封装在第二壳体内，且排气通道可由连接第一和第二壳体的输送管道所限定。在此种实施例中，第一壳体、第二壳体和输送管道可连结在整体组件中。
喷射器可设置在输送管道中。
第一AT装置可沿着第一轴线设置，第二AT装置可沿着第二轴线设置，且第一轴线可基本上横向于第二轴线。
例如所公开的是，内燃机可以是压缩点火式发动机，还原剂可以是具有尿素水溶液的柴油排放流体(DEF)，且污染物可以是氮氧化物(NOX)。
第一AT装置可以是柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)或稀NOX捕集器(LNT)。第二AT装置可以是双功能基质，该双功能基质包括选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂和柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)。
还公开一种采用上述AT系统的车辆。
当结合附图和所附权利要求时，从用于执行所描述的本发明的实施例和最佳模式的以下详细描述中，本发明的上述特征和优点以及其它特征和优点会显而易见。
附图说明
图1是具有内燃机的车辆的示意平面图，该内燃机连接于具有后处理(AT)系统的排气系统，用于减少废气排放物，该后处理(AT)系统具有第一和第二紧密联接的AT装置。
图2是图1中示出的连接于具有后处理(AT)系统的排气系统的内燃机的示意图，确切地说明第一AT装置，该第一AT装置具有由入口表面区域限定的锥体入口和由出口表面区域限定的锥体出口。
图3是图1和2中示出的AT系统的示意立体部分剖切视图，以说明第一AT装置的锥体入口和锥体出口的几何中心的相对布置。
图4是从第一AT装置的视角观察到的图1和2中示出的AT系统的示意立体部分剖切视图，并且说明第一AT装置的锥体入口和锥体出口的几何中心的相对布置。
图5是从第二AT装置的视角观察到的图1和2中示出的AT系统的示意立体部分剖切视图，并且说明第一AT装置的锥体入口和锥体出口的几何中心的相对布置。
具体实施方式
参照附图，其中，类似的附图标记指代若干视图中的类似部件，图1示意地示出机动车辆10。车辆10包括内燃机12，该内燃机配置成经由从动车轮14推进车辆。虽然内燃机12可以是火花点火式，但在后续公开中会确切地参照压缩点火式或柴油式发动机。例如本领域技术人员所理解的是，当特定量的环境空气流16与从燃料储罐20供给的计量量的燃料18混合并且所产生的空气-燃料混合物在发动机气缸(未示出)内部压缩时，在柴油发动机12中发生内部燃烧。
如图所示，发动机12包括排气歧管22和涡轮增压器24。涡轮增压器24由废气流功能，确切地说由在每个燃烧事件之后通过发动机12的各个汽缸经由排气歧管22释放的废气流26功能。涡轮增压器24连接于排气系统28，该排气系统接收废气流26且最终将废气流释放至环境，通常释放到车辆10的侧面或后面。虽然发动机12示作具有附连于发动机结构的排气歧管22，但该发动机可包括诸如通常形成在排气歧管中的排气通道(未示出)。在此种情形中，上述通道可结合到诸如发动机气缸盖的发动机结构中。此外，虽然示出涡轮增压器24，但并不排除发动机12在没有此种动力增强装置的情形下配置和操作。
车辆10还包括发动机排气后处理(AT)系统30。AT系统30包括多个排气后处理装置，这些排气后处理装置配置成从废气流26中井然有序地去除发动机燃烧的污染物，例如主要是碳质颗粒副产物和排放物组分。如图1和2中所示，AT系统30作为排气系统28的一部分操作。AT系统30包括第一AT装置32和第二AT装置34，该第一AT装置例如在排气歧管22或者在涡轮增压器24处紧密联接于发动机12，且该第二AT装置在废气流26中定位在下游并且紧密联接于第一AT装置。例如这里所采用的是，关于第一和第二AT装置32、34的布置的术语“紧密联接”指代每个所述装置均紧靠于彼此，并且设置在车辆10的发动机隔室11内部用于紧靠于发动机12。
第一和第二AT装置32、34的紧密联接布置缩短排气通道的长度(下文会详细描述)，该排气通道用于将废气流26从第一AT装置32输送至第二AT装置34。因此，第一和第二AT装置32、34与发动机12的此种紧密联接提供紧凑的封装布置，以使得在发动机12的冷启动之后，AT系统30在废气流26的后处理中激活、即点火的时间最短。如图所示，第一AT装置32可以是柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)或稀氮氧化物(NOX)捕集器(LNT)，而第二AT装置34可以是双功能基质，该双功能基质包括选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂或过滤器上的SCR(SCRF)以及柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)。
DOC的主要功能是对一氧化碳(CO)和非甲烷烃(NMHC)的还原。当存在时，DOC附加地配置成生成二氧化氮(NO2)，二氧化氮可由远程地设置在DOC下游的SCR使用，并且在下文会更详细地描述。DOC通常包含由诸如铂和/或钯的贵金属构成的催化剂物质，该催化剂物质在这里用于实现上述目的。通常，关于NO2的生成，DOC变得激活并且在升高温度下达到操作效率。因此，如图1和2中所示，DOC可紧密联接于涡轮增压器24，以在气体达到DOC之前减小来自废气流26的热能损失。
LNT的主要功能是减少氮氧化物或NOX，该氮氧化物或NOX作为在燃烧事件之后空气中氮气和氧气的反应副产物而由发动机12排放至废气流26中。LNT通过吸附从废气流26中去除NOX分子，即在发动机12的操作期间将它们捕集和存储在内部，由此类似于分子海绵那样起作用。通常，LNT包括具有催化洗涂层的陶瓷基底结构，即与活性贵金属混合，该活性贵金属施加于基底的通道。
SCR的主要功能是例如借助通过配置成DOC的第一AT装置32生成的NO2将氮氧化物(NOX)转换成双原子氮(N2)和水(H2O)。SCR可配置成1通过滤器或2通过滤器，该1通过滤器过滤器颗粒物质或烟尘，且该2通过滤器包括催化洗涂层并且承担两个功能，即过滤器颗粒物质和还原NOX。为了有效地去除NOX，SCR转换过程附加地需要预定量的氨(NH3)存在于富燃料废气流26中。
DPF的主要功能是收集和处置由发动机12排出的颗粒物质。DPF用作用于从废气流26中去除颗粒物质(确切地说，烟尘)的捕集器。类似于上文描述的DOC，DPF可包含诸如铂和/或钯的贵金属，这些贵金属会用作催化剂以实现所述目的。然而，当用于SCRF时，可去除DPF中的这些贵金属。
如图所示，DOC或LNT第一AT装置32定位在包括SCR和DPF的第二AT装置34上游。AT系统30还包括排气通道36，该排气通道配置成将废气流26从第一AT装置32输送或载送至第二AT装置34。排气通道36可由输送管道38限定，该输送管道流体地连接第一和第二AT装置32、34。作为AT系统30的一部分，喷射器40设置在第一AT装置32下游。喷射器40配置成生成含有氨(NH3)的还原剂42的喷雾、例如尿素水溶液(也称为柴油排放流体(DEF))进入到排气通道36中，用于经由第二AT装置34来减小诸如NOX的特定污染物的浓度。如图1中所示，喷射器40可接收来自可再填充贮存器44的还原剂42。
当进入第二AT装置的废气流和还原剂42是相对均匀的混合物时，第二AT装置34在处理废气流26方面最有效。附加地，在含有还原剂的废气流26中的任何诱发漩涡运动可对第二AT装置34的入口产生更全面的覆盖，由此便于在发动机12的冷启动期间更快速地点火，并且便于第二AT装置和AT系统30整体通常更有效的操作。
如图2-5中所示，第一AT装置32包括上游锥体48，该上游锥体配置成从排气歧管22或者从涡轮增压器24直接地接收废气流26。第一AT装置32还包括下游锥体50，该下游锥体配置成从第一AT装置释放废气流26，并且将废气流引导至第二AT装置34。下游锥体50包括锥体入口50-1，该锥体入口由具有第一几何中心C1的入口表面区域Ai限定。第一AT装置32的下游锥体50还包括锥体出口50-2，该锥体出口由具有第二几何中心C2的出口表面区域Ao限定。虽然并未确切地示出，但第二AT装置34还可包括上游和下游锥体。第一几何中心C1设置在距第二几何中心C2预定距离D处，即与该第二几何中心隔开。附加地，入口表面区域Ai按照预定系数或比率R大于出口表面区域Ao。预定距离D和预定比率R一起配置成在第二AT装置34上游的废气流26中诱发湍流和漩涡、即漩涡运动。废气流26中的此种漩涡运动确切地说旨在将引入的还原剂42与由排气通道36载送的废气流26混合。
第一几何中心C1距第二几何中心C2的上述预定距离D可等于或大于8mm。附加地，预定比率R可等于或大于3.5:1。如图3中所示，排气通道36具有锥形形状S，该锥形形状限定供混合的废气25和还原剂42向第二AT装置34流动的通路P。由于预定距离D和预定比率R的组合有效地在第二AT装置34上游的废气流26中诱发湍流和漩涡，因而排气通道36的特征可在于缺少专门配置的混合器单元、即专用个体装置，其配置成使得还原剂42与废气流26混合和或共混。
如图3中所示，第一AT装置32可沿着第一轴线X设置，以由此接收也沿着第一轴线引导的废气流26。第二AT装置34沿着第二轴线Y设置，在此种情形中，第二AT装置内的废气流26也沿着第二轴线引导。第一轴线X可基本上横向于第二轴线Y设置，以使得第一和第二AT装置32、34定位成在紧凑组件中靠近于彼此，由此便于第一和第二AT装置在发动机隔室11内部的上述紧密联接布置。通过预定距离D和预定比率R的组合在第二AT装置34上游的废气流26中诱发的湍流和漩涡使得第一轴线X能基本上横向于第二轴线Y设置，而不会不利地影响混合的废气流的流动。于是，对第二AT装置34的入口的覆盖以及紧密联接的第一和第二AT装置32、34的总体操作效率不会退化。
再次参照图2，第一AT装置32可封装在第一壳体52内，而第二AT装置34可封装在第二壳体54内。输送管道38设置在第一和第二壳体52、54之间并且连接该第一和第二壳体。如图所示，第一壳体52、第二壳体54和输送管道38可连结在整体组件56中。在AT系统30的此种配置中，喷射器40可设置在输送管道38中。输送管道38也可以是例如由铁或钢构成的铸造部件，该铸造部件焊接于第一和第二壳体52、54。输送管道38的任一实施例可有效地便于第一和第二AT装置32、34的上述布置，该第一和第二AT装置采用预定距离D和预定比率R的所公开组合，用于将还原剂42混合到废气流26中并且在废气流中诱发湍流和漩涡。
详细描述和视图或附图是对本发明的支持和描述，但本发明的范围仅仅由权利要求所限定。虽然已详细地描述了用于执行所要求的本发明的其中一些最佳模式和其它实施例，但存在用于实践限定在所附权利要求中的本发明的各种替代设计和实施例。此外，附图中示出的实施例或者本文描述中提及的各个实施例的特征并非必须理解为彼此独立的实施例。而是，在实施例的其中一个示例中描述的每个特征可与来自其它实施例的一个或多个其它期望特征相组合，以产生并未用词语或者参照附图描述的其它实施例。因此，这些其它实施例落在所附权利要求的范围框架内。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于来自内燃机的废气流的后处理(AT)系统，所述AT系统包括：
第一AT装置，所述第一AT装置包括第一AT装置锥体，且所述第一AT装置锥体具有：
锥体入口，所述锥体入口由具有第一几何中心的入口表面区域所限定；以及
锥体出口，所述锥体出口由具有第二几何中心的出口表面区域所限定；
第二AT装置，所述第二AT装置定位在所述第一AT装置下游的所述废气流中，并且配置成减小污染物的浓度；
排气通道，所述排气通道配置成将所述废气流从所述第一AT装置锥体的所述锥体出口载送至所述第二AT装置；以及
喷射器，所述喷射器配置成将还原剂引入到由所述排气通道载送的所述废气流中；
其中，
所述第一几何中心设置在距所述第二几何中心预定距离处；
所述入口表面区域按照预定比率大于所述出口表面区域；以及
所述预定距离和所述预定比率一起配置成在所述废气流中诱发漩涡，并且使得所述引入的还原剂与由所述排气通道载送的所述废气流混合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，所述预定距离等于或大于8mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，所述预定比率等于或大于3.5:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，所述排气通道具有锥形形状，所述锥形形状限定用于供混合的废气和还原剂向所述第二AT装置流动的通路。
5.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，所述排气通道的特征在于缺少专用个体装置，所述专用个体装置配置成使得所述还原剂与所述废气流在所述第二AT装置上游混合。
6.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，
所述第一AT装置封装在第一壳体内，且所述第二AT装置封装在第二壳体内；
所述排气通道由连接所述第一和第二壳体的输送管道限定；以及
所述第一壳体、所述第二壳体和所述输送管道连结在整体组件中。
7.根据权利要求6所述的AT系统，其中，所述喷射器设置在所述输送管道中。
8.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，所述第一AT装置沿着第一轴线设置，所述第二AT装置沿着第二轴线设置，且所述第一轴线横向于所述第二轴线。
9.根据权利要求1所述的AT系统，其中，
所述内燃机是压缩点火式发动机；
所述还原剂是具有尿素水溶液的柴油排放流体(DEF)；以及
所述污染物是氮氧化物(NOX)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的AT系统，其中，
所述第一AT装置是柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)和稀NOX捕集器(LNT)的一种；以及
所述第二AT装置是双功能基质，所述双功能基质包括选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂和柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)。
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