CN1092457A - 连体式炼焦炉及其炼焦方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种连体式炼焦炉,包括有一组并排设置的碳化
室,每两个碳化室之间共用一道隔墙,在碳化室前后
两端的端墙上设有辅助燃烧室,可兼用作装煤口或出
焦口。碳化室内设有相互连通的火道和炉顶燃烧室,
碳化室前后两端墙底部分别设有两条串联火道,与每
个碳化室底部的火道相连通。相应的炼焦方法是炼
焦前期采用导热钢管传热,达到500度以后,抽出导
热钢管,填入固硫剂,待达到炼焦的最终温度后,采用
插入双层套管通水汽化熄焦。本发明占地小、投资
低、热量损耗小、充分利用余热、减少环境污染,可明
显提高焦炭质量和成焦率。
Description
本发明涉及一种炼焦炉,以及相应的炼焦方法。
已有的土焦炉及其改进型炼焦炉,如萍乡炉、XY型、KM型等,均属于间歇式炼焦炉,其普遍存在的不足之处是分散焦炉占地面积大、造价高、热损耗大、起火升温慢、单纯靠炼焦煤自身燃烧的热量来进行炼焦,所炼出的焦炭灰分大、质量低,且产焦率低。
本发明的目的就是克服上述已有技术的不足,提供一种可充分利用热能、减少焦炉占地和造价的连体式炼焦炉,以及相应的炼焦方法。本发明可实现较完整的连续化生产过程,有效提高产焦率及所产焦炭的质量。
连体式炼焦炉包括有一组并排设置的碳化室,每两个相邻的碳化室之间共用一道隔墙,在每一个碳化室前后两端的端墙上均设有与碳化室相通的辅助燃烧室,辅助燃烧室下方设有可装卸的炉条及炉条架,外端为罩墙。该燃烧室罩墙上设有加煤口和用于观察炉内火焰的观察口。完成碳化及熄焦后,去掉炉条及炉条架,拆除该燃烧室的罩墙,该燃烧室的空间可兼用作出焦口或装煤口。
碳化室底部设有地回火道,碳化室中部设有平面火道和纵向火道。地回火道、平面火道和纵向火道均沿碳化室纵向延伸,贯通碳化室前后两端。纵向火道与平面火道之间通过分配火道连通。碳化室顶部为炉顶燃烧室,该燃烧室通过设在碳化室中心位置的中心上火道和紧靠碳化室两侧墙壁的侧墙上火道相连通。炉顶燃烧室通过紧靠碳化室两侧墙壁的侧墙下火道与地回火道连通,在侧墙下火道与炉顶燃烧室连通处的碳化室两侧墙壁上设有下火道控制孔及隔挡,在侧墙上端设有与隔挡相配的插板。插入该插板,可切断炉顶燃烧室与侧墙下火道之间的通路,抽出插板,炉顶燃烧室与侧墙下火道连通。在炉顶上设有炉顶孔,用于炼焦时调节空气进入量或抽出导热钢管,添加固硫剂等。
在碳化室前后两端的端墙底部分别设有两条串联火道,串联火道沿每个碳化室的端墙延伸,并与每个碳化室底部的地回火道相互连通。在碳化室的端墙上还设有余热引火道,与串联火道和辅助燃烧室相互连通。在余热引火道上设有插板,在每个炼焦炉端墙底部的串联火道上也设有插板,用以控制火道的通断。通过余热引火道可将前一个炼焦炉的余热烟气引入下一个相邻炼焦炉的辅助燃烧室进一步充分燃烧,如此类推,在炼焦炉之间实现余热的阶梯传递和利用,以充分节约能耗,把有害的烟道燃烧气转化为热能利用,减少炼焦煤的消耗,减少空气污染。
下面结合附图作进一步详述:
图1为连体式炼焦炉的剖面结构示意图。
图2为连体式炼焦炉底部火道布置及焦炉平面布置图。
图中:1、护墙,2、下火道控制孔,3、插板,4、炉顶,5、炉顶孔,6、纵向火道,7、上升火道,8、短导热钢管,9、中心上火道,10、侧墙上火道,11、余热引火道,12、端墙,13、辅助燃烧室,14、观察孔,15、加煤口,16、炉条架,17、大地,18、插板,19、炉条,20、串联火道,21、插板,22、隔墙,23、地回火道,24、煤层,25、排水道,26、固硫燃料层,27、平面火道,28、分配火道,29、长导热钢管,30、侧墙下火道,31、大地,32、外侧炉墙,33、炉顶燃烧室,34、端墙,35、罩墙,36、隔层,37、竖砖,38、隔挡,39、地回火道出口,40、烟道,41、小碳化室,42、烟囟,43、碳化室。
连体式炼焦炉包括有一组并排设置的碳化室43,每两个相邻碳化室之间共用一道隔墙22。最外侧碳化室的外侧炉墙32外面加有护墙1,起加固和保温作用。每个碳化室底部的火道通过碳化室前后两端的串联火道20相互连通。碳化室前后两端的端墙上分别设有两个相同结构的辅助燃烧室13,该辅助燃烧室下方设有可拆装的炉条19和炉条架16,辅助燃烧室的外端有罩墙35,罩墙35上设有观察孔14和加煤口15。
碳化室43底部设有地回火道23、中部设有平面火道27和纵向火道6、顶部为炉顶燃烧室33。地回火道23、平面火道27、纵向火道6及炉顶燃烧室33相互平行布置,并沿碳化室纵向延伸,贯通碳化室前后两端。纵向火道6与平面火道27通过分配火道28连通,炉顶燃烧室33与平面火道27之间通过中心上火道9和紧靠碳化室两侧墙壁的侧墙上火道10相连通。炉顶燃烧室33和地回火道23通过侧墙下火道相连通。碳化室43内煤层24均采用耐火砖隔层36与各火道和辅助燃烧室分隔,以保证煤层24处于缺氧状态。煤层24中还设有竖直方向的相互独立的上升火道7,每个上升火道7均与炉顶燃烧室33相通,以使煤层24更均匀受热。
碳化室底平面以纵向水平中心线为中心呈两边高中间低的形状,坡度为3°-5°。在碳化室底平面下还设有炉底排水道25,排水道25位于底平面纵向水平中心线上,这样就可使洗煤水和炼焦过程中产生的冷凝水通过炉底排水道25及时排出。
地回火道23与平面火道27的耐火砖隔层靠竖砖37支撑,竖砖37之间要留有一定的间隙,以使煤气及洗煤水能顺利通过。
串联火道20与地回火道23基本上位于同一水平位置上,地回火道23通过地回火道出口39与串联火道20相连通。碳化室前后两端的端墙上设有余热引火道11,将串联火道20与辅助燃烧室13连通。在余热引火道11上设有插板21,在串联上道20上设有插板18,可分别控制两个火道的通断,插板18位于辅助燃烧室13下方。
较好的连体式炼焦炉应将烟囱42设计在中心位置上,以使烟道40最短,且对两侧碳化室的吸力相同。烟囱42通过烟道40与串联火道20相通。在烟囱的前后两面各设置两个小碳化室41,使各碳化室之间相互连接成一个整体,又充分利用土地。小碳化室41只有前端设一个辅助燃烧室,后端封闭,小碳化室41结构与碳化室43相同。烟道40位于焦炉碳化室下方。为提高焦炉的稳定性和保温性,可将连体式炼焦炉的下部埋入地下,一般可埋至三分之一的位置。
采用连体式炼焦炉炼焦,人工用小车从辅助燃烧室13将焦煤推入,一边装煤一边用耐火砖将各火道摆好,每装半米将煤层推平、夯实,并在煤层上铺一层草纸,有利于焦碳成型,减轻出焦时劳动强度。
在平面火道27下方的底层煤层与平面火道27之间采用固硫燃料层使煤层与火道隔离,以减少炼焦煤的消耗。固硫燃料是采用煤矸石、煤泥、焦粉末等劣质燃料与石灰或白云石粉配制而成,一般的配制比例可为煤矸石粉30%、煤泥30%、焦粉末25%、石灰粉(或白云石粉)15%。在装煤的同时将导热钢管予埋好,导热钢管分长、短两种,短导热钢管8将炉顶燃烧室33和平面火道27连通,长导热钢管29将炉顶燃烧室33和地回火道23连通,分别在煤层24中形成了钢管上火孔道和钢管下火孔道,可大大提高炼焦前期的传热效率。
点燃焦炉后,辅助燃烧室中的火焰通过碳化室43内的各火道将热量迅速且均匀地传给煤层24,燃烧后的剩余煤气经地回火道出口39进入串联火道20,抽起插板21,剩余煤气又经余热引火道11进入下一个相邻碳化室的辅助燃烧室中与辅助燃烧室中的燃料一起进一步燃烧,依次类推,实现了余热的阶梯传输。
在起火期至500度以前,插入煤层中的导热钢管可有效提高传热效率。待碳化室达到500度时,通过炉顶孔5将导热钢管抽出,并采用固硫剂填满长、短导热钢管抽出后在煤层中留下的孔道以防止炼焦煤灰化。固硫剂是采用焦粉末与石灰或白云石粉配制而成,一般的配制比例为焦粉末70%、石灰粉(或白云石粉)30%。
在炼焦的最终温度完成之后,由炉顶孔5向高温碳化室中插入数根双层套管,并通入水气化熄焦,水在高温下气化,在碳化室中形成大于外界空气压力的蒸汽压力,外界空气无法进入炉内,在缺氧条件下,焦碳在蒸气中迅速冷却。高温余热夹带部分蒸气经地回火道23和串联火道20进入下一个相邻的碳化室进行蒸气脱硫。实现蒸气脱硫和余热蒸气的重复利用。
连体式炼焦炉可通过插板18、21来控制各碳化室火道的通断,由此来关断某一已完成炼焦的碳化室,出焦或重新装煤,实现整体的连续化炼焦过程。
本发明可有效减少占地、降低投资,充分利用余热烟气,实现阶梯传热,减少热能损耗,大大降低了有害烟尘的排放,减少环境污染。同时,减少了炼焦煤本身的消耗,缩短了结焦时间,而且降低了焦炭的灰分和含硫量,提高了焦碳质量。成焦率可达所用炼焦精煤的75-80%。用同样的炼焦煤,采用本发明连体式炼焦炉比采用萍乡炉所炼的焦碳质量可提高一个等级,产焦率提高10%以上。
Claims (7)
1、一种连体式炼焦炉,其特征是包括有一组并排设置的碳化室,每两个相邻的碳化室之间共用一道隔墙,在碳化室前后两端的端墙上均设有与碳化室相通的辅助燃烧室;辅助燃烧室下方设有可装卸的炉条及炉条架,辅助燃烧室外端为罩墙;在碳化室前后两端的端墙底部分别设有两条串联火道,该串联火道与每个碳化室底部的地回火道相连通;在碳化室的端墙上还设有余热引火道,与串联火道和辅助燃烧室相互连通;在余热引火道和串联火道上均设有控制火道通断的插板。
2、如权利要求1所述的连体式炼焦炉,其特征是碳化室底部设有地回火道,中部设有平面火道和纵向火道,顶部为炉顶燃烧室;地回火道、平面火道、纵向火道和炉顶燃烧室相互平行布置,并沿碳化室纵向延伸,贯通碳化室前后两端;纵向火道和平面火道之间通过中心上火道和紧靠碳化室两侧墙壁的侧墙上火道连通,炉顶燃烧室和地回火道通过紧靠碳化室两侧墙壁的侧墙下火道连通;地回火道通过地回火道出口与串联火道相连通,在地回火道下面还设有排水道;碳化室内煤层采用耐火砖隔层与各火道及辅助燃烧室分隔。
3、如权利要求1、2所述的连体式炼焦炉,其特征是在炉顶燃烧室与侧墙下火道连通处的碳化室两侧墙壁上设有下火道控制孔及隔挡,在侧墙上端设有与隔挡相配用于切断火道通路的插板。
4、如权利要求1、2所述的连体式炼焦炉,其特征是碳化室煤层中设置有与炉顶燃烧室相连通的相互独立的上升火道。
5、如权利要求1、2所述的连体式炼焦炉,其特征是在平面火道下方的底层煤层与平面火道之间采用可防止炼焦煤自身燃耗及灰化的固硫燃料层使煤层与火道隔离;固硫燃料是采用煤矸石粉、煤泥、焦粉末等劣质燃料与石灰或白云石粉配制而成,其配比为煤矸研石粉30%、煤泥30%、焦粉末25%、石灰粉(或白云石粉)15%。
6、如权利要求1所述的连体式炼焦炉的一种炼焦方法,其特征是在装煤的同时将导热钢管予埋好,导热钢管分长短两种,长、短导热钢管将炉顶燃烧室分别与地回火道和平面火道相连通,在煤层中形成了钢管下、上火道;炭化室达到500度以上后,通过炉顶孔将导热钢管抽出,并采用可防止炼焦煤灰化的固硫剂将钢管抽出后在煤层中留下的孔道填满;在炼焦的最终温度完成之后,通过炉顶孔插入双层套管,并通入水气化熄焦;固硫剂采用焦粉末与石灰石或白云石配制而成。
7、如权利要求5所述的炼焦方法,其特征是固硫剂的配比为焦粉末70%,石灰粉(或白云石粉)30%。
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