CN108871640B - Residual stress non-destructive testing system and method based on transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave - Google Patents
Residual stress non-destructive testing system and method based on transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave-based residual stress nondestructive detection system and a method, wherein a laser beam generated by a pulse laser forms two beams of laser crossed at a certain angle after passing through a phase grating beam splitter and an imaging lens, the two beams of laser irradiate on the surface of a sample to be tested to generate interference fringes with a fixed period lambda, and two coherent surface waves with the wavelength lambda propagating along opposite directions are excited on the surface of the sample under the action of periodic thermo-elastic force; then, a laser interferometer is adopted to receive the generated surface wave signal at the excitation position, the received signal is subjected to Fourier transform to obtain the center frequency f of the signal, and the propagation speed c of the surface wave at the measured position is calculated according to the formula c ═ f λ; finally, the relative variation of the wave speed of the surface wave under different stresses relative to the wave speed of the surface wave under the stress-free condition is obtained, the linear relation between the relative variation of the wave speed of the surface wave and the stress is obtained, and the wave speed of the surface wave which is propagated on the surface of the sample in an unknown stress state is measured through the method based on the linear relation to determine the stress magnitude of the surface of the sample.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a nondestructive testing method for residual stress, in particular to a nondestructive testing method for residual stress based on transient grating laser ultrasonic surface waves.
Background
Some important structures in a mechanical system are easy to generate microscopic damage such as residual stress, strain and the like on the surface and in the structure under the action of overlarge load in the process of processing, assembling and running. The existence of the micro-damage not only can greatly reduce the mechanical performance of the structure, but also can easily cause the macro-damage such as stress corrosion crack, fatigue crack and the like in the structure, thereby generating great hidden trouble on the safety of the mechanical structure.
The current methods applied to residual stress measurement can be divided into two major categories, namely lossy and lossless. The destructive testing method is a stress relief method, and the residual stress is mainly determined by drilling a hole in a residual stress area and measuring the strain relieved around the hole by using a resistance strain gauge at present through a drilling method (a blind hole method). The method has good reliability and mature technology, but can cause certain damage and even destroy to the workpiece. At present, nondestructive testing methods mainly include an X-ray diffraction method, a neutron diffraction method, a magnetic method, an ultrasonic method and the like. The X-ray diffraction method is the most nondestructive testing method applied at present, and has the advantages of high testing precision, good spatial resolution, non-contact measurement and the like. However, the method has high requirements on the surface roughness of the test piece, and the surface needs to be pretreated before general detection; in addition, due to the limitation of the X-ray on the effective penetration depth of the material, only residual stress within a few microns to tens of microns of the surface of the sample can be measured. Neutron diffraction methods have a greater depth of penetration than X-ray methods, but require bulky and expensive sources of neutron radiation, limiting their range of applications. The magnetic method mainly determines the residual stress/magnitude by measuring the change of the magnetic conductivity of the ferromagnetic material under the action of the internal stress, but because the magnetic parameters of the material and the stress do not have a linear relationship, the accurate quantitative measurement of the residual stress is difficult, the reliability is poor, the spatial resolution is low, and the application is less at present.
The ultrasonic method is the most common nondestructive testing method for measuring residual stress besides the X-ray method at present. According to the acoustic elasticity theory, the relative variation of the ultrasonic wave propagation speed and the relative variation of the polarization of the ultrasonic rayleigh wave have a linear relationship with the magnitude of the residual stress. However, the ultrasonic method mainly uses a piezoelectric or electromagnetic ultrasonic probe pulse echo or a mode of transmitting and receiving, calculates the wave velocity according to the time of an ultrasonic wave on a certain propagation path, and determines the magnitude and direction of stress according to the relative variation of the wave velocity. The method has the advantages of simple operation, good applicability, capability of measuring the surface of a workpiece and the inside of a test piece, and the like. However, due to the influence of factors such as the size of the probe and the coupling agent, the method has the defects of low detection sensitivity, low spatial resolution, incapability of measuring stress concentration and the like, and the measured stress is an average value of a certain large area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the main defects of low precision, poor spatial resolution and the like of the traditional ultrasonic residual stress detection method, and provides a transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave-based residual stress nondestructive detection system and method. The system consists of a pulse laser, a phase grating beam splitter, an imaging lens, a dichroic mirror, a laser interferometer and a signal acquisition and processing unit. The detection method comprises the steps that laser beams generated by a pulse laser form two beams of laser which are crossed at a certain angle after passing through a phase grating beam splitter and an imaging lens, the two beams of laser are irradiated on the surface of a sample to be tested to generate interference fringes with a fixed period lambda, and two coherent surface waves with the wavelength lambda propagating in opposite directions are excited on the surface of the sample under the action of periodic thermo-elastic force; then, a laser interferometer is adopted to receive the generated surface wave signal at the excitation position, the received signal is subjected to Fourier transform to obtain the center frequency f of the received signal, and the propagation speed c of the surface wave at the measured position is calculated according to the formula c which is f multiplied by lambda; and finally, measuring the wave velocity of the surface wave propagating on the surface of the sample in an unknown stress state by the method to determine the stress magnitude of the surface of the sample based on the linear relation. Compared with the traditional ultrasonic measurement method, the method has the remarkable advantages of long distance, non-contact, good accessibility, high spatial resolution, high detection precision, good reliability and the like, and can greatly improve the detection capability and the application range of the residual stress ultrasonic detection technology.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a nondestructive testing system for residual stress based on transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave comprises a pulse laser 1, a reflector 3, a phase grating beam splitter 4, an imaging lens 7, a dichroic mirror 9, a laser interferometer 13 and a signal acquisition and processing unit 16; the reflecting mirror 3 is placed at a position such that a pulse laser beam 2 generated by the pulse laser 1 is reflected by the reflecting mirror 3 and then vertically incident on the phase grating beam splitter 4, an imaging lens 7, a dichroic mirror 9 and a test piece 11 are sequentially placed at the laser beam emergent end of the phase grating beam splitter 4, and a first sub laser beam 5 and a second sub laser beam 6 formed by the phase grating beam splitter 4 are crossed and converged on the surface of the test piece 11 through the imaging lens 7 and the dichroic mirror 9 to form interference fringes 12; the laser interferometer 13 is arranged at a position such that a focused laser beam 14 emitted by the laser interferometer is reflected by the dichroic mirror 9 and then focused to the center of the interference fringe 12 on the surface of the test piece 11 to form a circular light spot 15; the laser interferometer 13 is connected with a signal acquisition and processing unit 16; a laser beam 2 generated by a pulse laser 1 is vertically incident on a phase grating beam splitter 4 through a reflector 3 to form two sub laser beams with the same energy and the included angle of 2 theta, namely a first sub laser beam 5 and a second sub laser beam 6; the two laser beams are converged on the surface of a test piece 11 at a certain included angle after passing through an imaging lens 7 and a dichroic mirror 9 to generate interference, so that interference fringes 12 with a fixed period lambda are formed, and two coherent surface waves with the wavelength lambda propagating in opposite directions are excited on the surface of the test piece 11 under the action of periodic thermal elasticity; a laser interferometer 13 is used as a surface wave signal detection unit, a focused laser beam 14 emitted by the laser interferometer 13 has different wavelengths from laser emitted by the pulse laser 2, and the focused laser beam 14 is reflected by a dichroic mirror 9 and then focused to the center of an interference fringe 12 on the surface of a test piece 11 to form a circular light spot 15; finally, the signal acquisition and processing unit 16 records and processes the ultrasonic signals received by the laser interferometer 13.
The pulse laser beam 2 emitted by the pulse laser 1 is nanosecond pulse laser and is used for exciting ultrasonic waves.
The phase grating beam splitter 4 is a positive-negative first-order phase grating with a period d, and is used for splitting the pulse laser beam 2 into two sub laser beams with an included angle of 2 theta and the same energy.
The phase grating beam splitter 4 and the imaging lens 7 are fixed in a circular lens barrel 8, and the distance u between the phase grating beam splitter and the imaging lens is the object distance and is larger than the focal length F of the imaging lens 7.
The dichroic mirror 9 is fixed on a 45-degree cylindrical mounting seat 10, the circular lens barrel 8 is connected with the 45-degree cylindrical mounting seat 10 through threads, and the circular lens barrel 8 can move along the axis direction through the threads.
The nondestructive testing system based on the transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave residual stress nondestructive testing method comprises the following steps:
step 1: firstly, preparing a test piece 11 which is made of the same material as a tested member and has no residual stress, and fixing the test piece 11 on a uniaxial tension loading experiment machine;
step 2: irradiating two crossed first sub laser beams 5 and second sub laser beams 6The laser beam is shot onto a test piece 11, the axis of the circular lens barrel 8 is vertical to the surface of the test piece 11, the distance v between the circular lens barrel 8 and the test piece 11 is adjusted until the laser beam forms a circular spot with clear outline on the surface of the test piece 11, and the circular spot is imaged according to the lens imaging law
Calculating the object distance u at the moment;
and step 3: the period of the interference fringes 12 (i.e. the wavelength of the excited laser ultrasonic surface wave) inside the circular spot is determined according to the basic principle of laser induced transient gratings
Where M is the magnification ratio of the imaging lens, M ═ v: u;
and 4, step 4: adjusting a lens of the laser interferometer 13 to focus a focused laser beam 14 emitted by the laser interferometer 13 to a round spot on the surface of the test piece 11, and receiving a laser ultrasonic surface wave signal;
and 5: the signal acquisition and processing unit 16 acquires and fast fourier transforms the laser ultrasonic surface wave signal received by the laser interferometer 13 to obtain the frequency spectrum thereof, and obtains the center frequency f thereof according to the frequency spectrum thereof0And according to formula c0＝f0X lambda calculating laser ultrasonic surface wave speed c under stress-free state0；
Step 6: the test piece 11 is subjected to tensile loading, laser ultrasonic surface wave signals in different stress states are measured, the step 5 is repeated, the wave speed c of the laser ultrasonic surface wave in different stress states is obtained, and the relative variation delta c/c of the wave speed c is calculated0Wherein Δ c ═ c-c0The difference between the wave speed of the surface wave in the stress test piece and the wave speed of the surface wave in the stress-free test piece exists, and finally, linear fitting is adopted to obtain delta c/c0Linear relationship with corresponding stress σ: delta c/c0K is the calculated sound elasticity coefficient;
and 7: by adopting the system, the residual stress test piece in the unknown stress state is measured according to the steps 2 to 4, and the wave velocity c of the surface wave is obtainedrAccording to the acoustic elastic coefficient obtained in step 6, the tested acoustic elastic coefficient can be obtainedThe residual stress of the surface of the part is as follows:
the invention excites the narrow-band coherent surface wave with known wavelength by the laser-induced transient grating, and determines the wave velocity by the frequency spectrum analysis, compared with the traditional time-range wave velocity measuring method, the method has higher sensitivity and spatial resolution, higher noise resistance and can measure the stress concentration of a certain micro-area.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave based non-destructive testing system for residual stress.
Fig. 2 shows the excitation principle of transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave.
FIG. 3 is a laser interferometer measuring laser ultrasonic surface wave signal waveform at a measured point.
Fig. 4 is a measured laser ultrasonic surface wave signal spectrum.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a linear relationship between the relative variation of the wave speed of the laser ultrasonic surface wave and the residual response.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, the system for nondestructive testing of residual stress based on transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave comprises a pulse laser 1, a reflector 3, a phase grating beam splitter 4, an imaging lens 7, a dichroic mirror 9, a circular lens barrel 8, a 45-degree cylindrical mounting seat 10, a laser interferometer 13 and a signal acquisition and processing unit 16; the positioning position of the reflector 3 enables a pulse laser beam 2 generated by the pulse laser 1 to be reflected by the reflector 3 and then vertically incident on the phase grating beam splitter 4, an imaging lens 7, a dichroic mirror 9 and a test piece 11 are sequentially placed at the emergent end of a sub laser beam of the phase grating beam splitter 4, and interference fringes 12 are formed on the surface of the test piece 11 after a first sub laser beam 5 and a second sub laser beam 6 formed by the phase grating beam splitter 4 pass through the imaging lens 7 and the dichroic mirror 9; the laser interferometer 13 is arranged at a position such that a focused laser beam 14 emitted by the laser interferometer is reflected by the dichroic mirror 9 and then focused to the center of the interference fringe 12 on the surface of the test piece 11 to form a circular light spot 15; the laser interferometer 13 is connected with a signal acquisition and processing unit 16; a laser beam 2 generated by a pulse laser 1 is vertically incident on a phase grating beam splitter 4 through a reflector 3 to form two sub laser beams 5 and 6 with the same energy and the included angle of 2 theta; two sub laser beams, namely a first sub laser beam 5 and a second sub laser beam 6, pass through an imaging lens 7 and a dichroic mirror 9 and then are converged on the surface of a test piece 11 at a certain included angle to interfere with each other, so that interference fringes 12 with a fixed period lambda are formed, and two coherent surface waves with the wavelength lambda propagating in opposite directions are excited on the surface of the test piece 11 under the action of periodic thermo-elastic force; a laser interferometer 13 is used as a surface wave signal detection unit, a focused laser beam 14 emitted by the laser interferometer 13 has different wavelengths from laser emitted by the pulse laser 2, and the focused laser beam 14 is reflected by a dichroic mirror 9 and then focused to the center of an interference fringe 12 on the surface of a test piece 11 to form a circular light spot 15; finally, the signal acquisition and processing unit 16 records and processes the ultrasonic signals received by the laser interferometer 13.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pulse laser beam 2 emitted by the pulse laser 1 is nanosecond-level pulse laser for excitation of ultrasonic waves.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the phase grating beam splitter 4 is a positive-negative first-order phase grating, has a period d, and is configured to split the pulse laser beam 2 into two sub-laser beams having an included angle of 2 θ and identical energy.
The phase grating beam splitter 4 and the imaging lens 7 are fixed in a circular lens barrel 8, and the distance u is the object distance and should be larger than the focal length F of the lens.
The dichroic mirror 9 is fixed on a 45-degree cylindrical mounting seat 10, the circular lens barrel 8 is connected with the 45-degree cylindrical mounting seat 10 through threads, and the circular lens barrel 8 can move along the axis direction through the threads.
The detection principle of the method is as follows: a laser beam 2 generated by a pulse laser 1 forms two sub laser beams 5 and 6 which are crossed at a certain angle and have the same energy after passing through a phase grating beam splitter 4 and an imaging lens 7, the two sub laser beams irradiate on the surface of a sample to be tested to generate an interference fringe 12 with a fixed period lambda, and two coherent surface waves with the wavelength lambda propagating along opposite directions are excited on the surface of the sample under the action of periodic thermo-elastic force; then, the laser interferometer 13 is adopted to receive the generated surface wave signal at the excitation position, the received signal is subjected to Fourier transform to obtain the center frequency f of the signal, and the propagation velocity c of the surface wave at the measured position is calculated according to the formula c which is f multiplied by lambda; finally, the relative variation of the wave speed of the surface wave under different stresses relative to the wave speed of the surface wave under the stress-free condition is obtained, the linear relation between the relative variation of the wave speed of the surface wave and the stress is obtained, and finally, the wave speed of the surface wave which is propagated on the surface of the sample in an unknown stress state can be measured through the method to determine the stress magnitude of the surface of the sample based on the linear relation.
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and the specific embodiments.
The invention relates to a transient grating laser ultrasonic surface wave-based nondestructive testing method for residual stress, which specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: firstly, preparing a test piece 11 which is made of the same material as a tested member and has no residual stress, and fixing the test piece 11 on a uniaxial tension loading experiment machine;
step 2: irradiating a test piece 11 with two crossed first sub laser beams 5 and second sub laser beams 6, enabling the axis of a circular lens barrel 8 to be perpendicular to the surface of the test piece, adjusting the distance v between the circular lens barrel 8 and the test piece 11 until the laser beams form a circular spot with a clear outline on the surface of the test piece 11, forming obvious alternate interference fringes 12 with the period of lambda inside the circular spot based on the laser-induced transient grating principle, exciting two coherent surface waves with the wavelength of lambda propagating in opposite directions on the surface of the test piece 11 under the action of periodic thermal elasticity as shown in figure 2, and then according to the lens imaging law
Calculating the object distance u at the moment;
and step 3: the period of the interference fringes 12 (i.e. the wavelength of the excited laser ultrasonic surface wave) inside the circular spot is determined according to the basic principle of laser induced transient gratings
Where M is the magnification ratio of the imaging lens 7, M ═ v: u;
and 4, step 4: adjusting the lens of the laser interferometer 13 to focus the focused laser beam 14 emitted by the laser interferometer 13 to the round spot on the surface of the test piece 11, and receiving the laser ultrasonic surface wave signal, as shown in fig. 3;
and 5: acquiring and fast Fourier transforming the received laser surface acoustic wave signal to obtain the frequency spectrum thereof, as shown in FIG. 4, obtaining the center frequency f according to the frequency spectrum thereof, and obtaining the center frequency f according to the formula c0＝f0X lambda calculating laser ultrasonic surface wave speed c under stress-free state0；
Step 6: the test piece 11 is subjected to tensile loading, laser ultrasonic surface wave signals in different stress states are measured, the step 5 is repeated, the wave speed c of the laser ultrasonic surface wave in different stress states is obtained, and the relative variation delta c/c of the wave speed c is calculated0Wherein Δ c ═ c-c0The difference between the wave speed of the surface wave in the stress test piece and the wave speed of the surface wave in the stress-free test piece exists, and finally, linear fitting is adopted to obtain delta c/c0Linear relationship with corresponding stress σ: delta c/c0K σ, k is the calculated elastic coefficient, as shown in fig. 5;
and 7: by adopting the system, the residual stress test piece in the unknown stress state is measured according to the steps 2 to 4, and the wave velocity c of the surface wave is obtainedrAnd 6, according to the acoustic elastic coefficient obtained in the step 6, the surface residual stress of the tested piece can be obtained as follows:
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