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CN108287358A - 波束形成装置 - Google Patents

波束形成装置 Download PDF

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CN108287358A
CN108287358A CN201810175289.9A CN201810175289A CN108287358A CN 108287358 A CN108287358 A CN 108287358A CN 201810175289 A CN201810175289 A CN 201810175289A CN 108287358 A CN108287358 A CN 108287358A
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J.卡明斯基
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Rapiscan Systems Inc
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    • G21K1/00Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
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Abstract

本说明书公开了一种波束形成装置。确切地说,一种用于在基于辐射的扫描系统中采用的电子束系统的螺旋遮光器,更确切地说,一种斩束装置,允许通过变更斩束装置的物理特性或几何形状而改变速度和束斑尺寸。本说明书还公开了一种斩束装置,其提供以基本不变的尺寸和速度垂直移动的束斑,以允许目标的基本均匀照明。此外,本说明书的斩束装置是轻量的,不会使采用斩束器的X射线源组件变得沉重而难于布置。

Description

波束形成装置
本申请是申请人为:拉皮斯坎系统股份有限公司,申请日为:2011年3月14日,申请号为:201180024079.6,名称为:波束形成装置的发明的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本说明书要求于2010年3月14日提交的美国临时专利申请第61/313772号的优先权,该申请的全部内容在这里通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本说明书总体上涉及一种用于安检包含在人体中的威胁的安全系统,确切地说,涉及一种用于电子束系统的螺旋遮光器,更确切地说,涉及一种系统和方法,用于使用圆柱形表面上的螺旋孔来变更行进的辐射扫描波束的形状。
背景技术
目前安全系统的能力局限于检测隐藏在衣服之下的违禁品、武器、爆炸物和其它危险物品。通常使用金属检测器和化学嗅探器来检测大的金属物品和某些类型的爆炸物,然而,存在不能用这些装置检测的种类众多的危险物品。塑料和陶瓷武器增加了需要保安人员去检测的非金属物品的类型。人工搜索目标是慢的、不方便的,且普通大众对此容忍度不高,特别是作为在比如机场的庞大交通中心中的标准程序时。
在本领域中已知可使用X射线散射来产生不同类型的材料的图像。散射的X射线的强度与使X射线散射的材料的原子序数(Z)有关。通常,对于小于25的原子序数,随着原子序数增加,反向散射的X射线的强度或X射线反射比减少。图像首先由目标主体的原子序数的变动而调制。低Z材料在人员检查中呈现特殊的问题,因为难以区分低Z材料与目标主体的也具有低Z的背景。
已知的现有技术的用于检测隐藏在人体中的物品的X射线系统在其设计和方法上具有局限性,这妨碍X射线系统获得作为健康要求的低辐射剂量,或妨碍产生高质量的图像,低辐射剂量和高图像质量是商业上能够接受的先决条件。在低水平的辐射暴露下操作的检查系统受限于其利用朝着被搜查的人体取向的少量辐射而获得精度。X射线吸收和散射还减少了形成人体和任何隐藏物品的图像的有用X射线的总量。在现有技术的系统中,检测的X射线的低序数导致不可接受的坏图像质量。
如果X射线检查系统用于开阔的地点,比如露天大型运动场、大型购物中心、户外博览会和展览会等,该问题会更显著。这是因为在这样的地点,人们可以紧邻机器和/或与机器有一定的距离。如果正被扫描的人不十分靠近X射线机器,那么得到的图像就不足够清晰,因为到达人体的辐射总量十分低。这将系统的扫描范围限制为距离机器前方的几英尺处。然而,如果正被扫描的人离X射线机器过于近,撞击人体的辐射总量会不安全。
由已知的X射线安检系统引起的辐射暴露的总量通常由系统中采用的斩束装置(beam chopping apparatus)限制。
常规的斩束机构通常包含圆盘轮,该圆盘轮具有在彼此相距固定距离处嵌入圆盘轮的准直器狭缝。该圆盘轮以特定的速度旋转,特定能量的X射线束在通过调制盘的狭缝时集中为更聚焦的波束。在结合本公开的说明书中下面会更详细地描述常规的调制盘。
本领域一般技术人员应当理解的是,辐射源通常是十分重的。为了容纳X射线源的重量,现有技术中采用的调制盘构造需要十分巨大。这明显增加了系统的重量,并使其不易移动。此外,现有技术中采用的调制盘具有平衡和陀螺效应。例如,陀螺效应可比作抽拉绳子时的陀螺仪玩具(比如抽陀螺)。当陀螺快速旋转时,运动的波动是不可辨别的,但是,一旦陀螺变慢,陀螺便开始摇晃和摆动。因此,存在着必须保持以维持平衡的特定的每分钟转数。此外,随着重量的增加,在较高每分钟转数时存在着嗡嗡声的问题。为了克服使用常规的调制盘构造中的难题,机械控制调制盘的速率和尺寸是必要的。
因此,需要的是一种斩束装置,更确切地说,需要用于电子束系统的螺旋遮光器,其通过变更斩束器装置的物理特性或几何形状而允许速度和束斑尺寸变化。
还需要一种斩束装置,更确切地说,需要用于电子束系统的螺旋遮光器,其提供以不变的尺寸和速度垂直地移动的束斑,以允许均匀地照明对象。
此外,需要一种斩束装置,更确切地说,需要用于电子束系统的螺旋遮光器,其在操作期间产生更宽的视场。
同时,需要一种斩束装置,更确切地说,需要用于电子束系统的螺旋遮光器,其是轻量的,并且不会使采用斩束装置的X射线源组件变得沉重而难于布置。
发明内容
本说明书公开了一种X射线设备,包括:a)用于发射X射线辐射的X射线源;以及b)联接到所述X射线源的斩束(或波束形成)装置,其中,所述斩束装置适于接收所述X射线辐射,并形成具有频率的移动的束斑,波束的所述频率基本上恒定。
可选择地,所述斩束装置包括具有至少一个螺旋孔的空心圆柱体。所述斩束装置包括具有至少两个螺旋孔的空心圆柱体。所述波束具有线性扫描速度,通过变更所述螺旋孔中的至少一个的斜度(pitch)和侧滚角(roll)可改变所述线性扫描速度。所述波束具有线性扫描速度,通过变更所述螺旋孔中的至少一个的斜度和侧滚角可保持所述线性扫描速度不变。所述波束具有束斑尺寸,通过变更所述螺旋孔中的至少一个的孔宽度可改变所述束斑尺寸。所述波束具有束斑尺寸,通过变更所述螺旋孔中的至少一个的孔宽度可保持所述束斑尺寸不变。所述X射线设备还包括用于旋转所述圆柱体的电机。所述X射线设备还包括控制器,用于动态地变更所述圆柱体的旋转速率,以获得预定的扫描速度。所述旋转速率等于或小于8000转数/分。所述波束具有扫描速度和束斑尺寸,在不改变所述电机的速率的情况下,可变更扫描速度和束斑尺寸。所述斩束装置包括具有至少两个螺旋孔的空心圆柱体,每个螺旋孔均具有长度和沿所述长度的孔宽度,所述孔宽度沿长度变窄。所述斩束装置包括具有至少两个螺旋孔的空心圆柱体,每个螺旋孔均具有长度和沿所述长度的孔宽度,所述孔宽度沿长度增加。
在另一实施例中,所述X射线设备包括:a)用于发射X射线辐射的X射线源;以及b)联接到所述X射线源的斩束(或波束形成)装置,其中,所述斩束装置适于接收所述X射线辐射,并形成具有速度的移动的束斑,所述波束速度基本上恒定。
在另一实施例中,所述X射线设备包括:a)用于发射X射线辐射的X射线源;以及b)联接到所述X射线源的斩束(或波束形成)装置,其中,所述斩束装置包括空心圆柱体,所述空心圆柱体具有限定所述圆柱体长度的第一端和第二端,以及基本沿着所述长度延伸的至少一个螺旋孔,所述圆柱体适于接收所述X射线辐射,并发射X射线辐射穿过所述螺旋孔。
可选择地,所述X射线辐射通过所述螺旋孔,以产生束斑投射图案,其中,所述束斑投射图案包括以基本恒定的速度在与X射线源的平面垂直的平面内垂直移动的束斑。所述束斑投射图案包括以基本恒定的速度在与斩束装置的平面平行的平面内垂直移动的束斑。所述束斑是梯形的。所述螺旋孔在所述第二端的宽度比在所述第一端的宽度窄。
附图说明
本发明的这些和其它特征以及优点将被意识到,因为当结合附图考虑时,通过参考下面的详细描述,它们会变得更好理解,附图中:
图1是本发明的旋滚斩波器(spin-roll chopper)的一个实施例的示例性设计的机械示意图;
图2示出本发明的具有X射线源、并覆盖在常规的调制盘上的旋滚斩波器机构,显示了常规的调制盘和旋滚斩波器的尺寸差别;
图3A示出通过使用本发明实施例的示例性旋滚斩波器获得的X射线斑点投射的第一视图,示出以全扫描束+45度的遍历(traversal)和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转的五度增量的经验数据;
图3B是示出飞点之间的线性位移值和由本发明的旋滚斩波器产生的飞点的相对形状和尺寸的视图,其中,经验数据代表全扫描束45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转的五度增量;
图3C示出在垂直旋滚斩波器平面的中心线处的X射线束投射的视图,示出当X射线束在45度位置处从源遍历,穿过两个螺旋孔的X射线束;
图3D示出当辐射波束通过旋滚斩波器的两个螺旋狭缝时,在垂直旋滚斩波器平面的中心线处的X射线束投射,示出以全扫描束+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转的五度增量的经验数据;
图4A和4C是提供用于通过使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器而获得多个束斑/电子束靶参数的经验数据的表格,其中,数据以全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历的五度增量提供;
图4B示出通过使用现有技术的调制盘而获得的得到的波束投射,示出波束宽度和得到的斑点的尺寸在扫描范围内变化;
图4D和4E是提供用于通过使用本发明的旋滚斩波器而获得的多个束斑/电子束靶参数的经验数据的表格,其中,数据以全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转的五度增量提供;
图5A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的束斑在扫描平面内的线性位移的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历;
图5B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的束斑在扫描平面内的线性位移的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转;
图6A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的束斑的扫描位移的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历;
图6B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的束斑的扫描位移的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转;
图7A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑宽度的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历;
图7B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑宽度的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转;
图8A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑高度的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历;
图8B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑高度的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转;
图9A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑尺寸的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历;
图9B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑尺寸的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转;
图10是根据一个实施例,使用本发明的具有单个源的旋滚斩波器获得的波束轨迹的数学表达式;
图11示出本发明的实施例的旋滚斩波器的部件设计;以及
图12示出本发明实施例的配备有磁推轴承组件的组装的旋滚斩波器。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种旋滚斩束器装置或用于电子束系统的螺旋遮光器,当装备在用于威胁检测的系统中时,其提供在安全位置处安检个人的改进的方法,而不将个人暴露在高辐射之下,同时保持安检过程的效率。本发明的斩束器具有与个人相距安检系统的距离无关的最大威胁检测性能和图像清晰度。此外,本发明的旋滚斩波器是有利的,其以相对高速率旋转,因此有效地降低每个人需要的扫描时间。此外,本发明的旋滚斩波器允许通过变更旋滚斩波器的物理特性和几何形状而得到可变的速度和束斑尺寸。
在本发明的一个实施例中,旋滚斩波器与威胁检测系统结合使用,其中,使用用于“身体成像”的任何可用的辐射成像技术形成射线图像,辐射成像技术比如但并不局限于X射线散射、红外成像、微波成像、RF成像、雷达成像、全息成像、CT成像和MRI。可以采用任何具有显示身体细节的可能性的“身体成像”系统。在一个实施例中,任何光电可检测辐射或任何具有光束的辐射源可与本发明的旋滚斩波器一起使用。
提供下面的公开以使本领域一般技术人员可以实现本发明。在本说明书中使用的语言不应被理解为是对任何一个特定实施例的总体否认,或者被用来超过在此使用的术语含义限制权利要求。在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,这里定义的一般原理可施加到其它实施例或应用。同样,使用的术语和措词是为了描述示例性实施例的目的,而不应认为是限制性的。因此,本发明被赋予包含与公开的原理和特征一致的许多替代例、修改例和类似物的最宽范围。为了清楚起见,涉及与本发明有关的技术领域中已知的技术材料的细节不再详细描述,以为了不使本发明模糊。
在各实施例中,本发明提供独特的斩束机构,该斩束机构设计成具有形成在圆柱体上的用于X射线束扫描仪的螺旋轮廓遮光器(孔)。图1示出用于旋滚斩波器的一个实施例的示例性设计,正如本发明的不同实施例中所使用的。在一个实施中,斩束器102以具有螺旋斩波器狭缝104的空心圆柱体的形式制造。圆柱形状使斩束器102与螺旋孔104一起绕Z轴旋转,产生旋滚运动,这提供有效的扫描和良好的图像分辨率,如下所述,同时,保持斩波器的轻量,并当旋滚质量接近旋转轴时,具有较小的转动惯量。换句话说,与现有技术的斩束机构、特别与圆盘斩波器相比,旋滚斩波器的半径较小。
在一个实施例中,空心圆柱体120沿其纵轴在中间点处具有7.23英寸的高度。因此,在一个实施例中,圆柱体的总高度是14.46英寸。在一个实施例中,螺旋狭缝104具有112.5度的螺旋扭转角125、23.1250度的斜度(pitch)和0.3125度的侧滚角(roll)。应当注意的是,当圆柱体绕z轴旋转总90度时,螺旋扭转角125代表螺旋孔从y轴(中心线)运动的角度。
因此,采用本发明的旋滚斩波器的X射线束扫描仪通过使机加工有至少两个螺旋狭缝104的空心圆柱体102旋转来实现斩束,这使得X射线能够以不变的和可变的线性扫描束速度和扫描束斑尺寸来扫描。本发明的旋滚斩波器通过控制螺旋孔的几何形状,使不变的和可变的线性扫描束速度成为可能。在一个实施例中,通过沿旋滚斩波器的长度控制螺旋孔的斜度和侧滚角来改变速度或保持速度不变。因此,有可能具有不变的速率或朝着需要更高分辨率的区域减慢扫描。
本发明的旋滚斩波器还通过控制螺旋孔的几何形状使得可变的和不变的束斑尺寸成为可能,因此改变了得到的波束功率。在一个实施例中,有可能控制孔的实际宽度,以更改束斑尺寸。在一个实施例中,螺旋孔的宽度沿旋滚斩波器圆柱体的长度改变,以补偿孔距离源的中心的可变距离,并允许沿扫描线的均匀束斑投射。因此,在一个实施例中,孔距离源越远,螺旋孔的宽度越窄,以产生更小的束斑尺寸。在一个实施例中,孔距离源越近,螺旋孔越宽,以产生更大的束斑尺寸。下面会详细描述这种结构。
当用于身体扫描系统中时,有可能改变螺旋孔的斜度和侧滚角以及宽度,使得更多的波束扫描功率指向需要更细节和分辨率的身体区域(头发、脚等),更少的功率指向对辐射更敏感的身体区域(上腹部等)。
螺旋狭缝104还确保X射线束的投射不被两个狭缝的双重准直限制。如下详细所述,双重准直指的是X射线束在给定点适时地通过两个螺旋狭缝的理论。得到的X射线束轨迹130也显示在图1中,并结合图10更详细地描述。在一个实施例中,一对螺旋线会产生一个行进波束。在另一实施例中,根据扫描要求,可选地添加额外的螺旋线对以产生额外的行进波束。应当注意的是,现有技术的调制盘仅能够产生一个扫描束。
在本发明的实施例中,可通过旋滚斩波器的螺旋狭缝获得在60度到90度的范围内变化的多个视场角。在一个实施例中,扫描角是旋滚斩波器和源以及对象之间距离的函数。此外,旋滚斩波器的总高度和直径影响视场角。旋滚斩波器放置离源越近,需要的旋滚斩波器越小,类似地,旋滚斩波器放置离源越远,需要的旋滚斩波器越大。
图2示出使用图1所述的旋滚斩波器的斩束机构。参见图2,圆柱形旋滚斩波器202放置在辐射源204前方,在一个实施例中,辐射源包括X射线管。在一个实施例中,斩波器202的旋转通过包括比如电磁电机的合适的电机208促进。在另一实施例中,如下详细所述,采用磁推轴承以便于本发明的旋滚斩波器的旋转移动。旋滚斩波器系统旋转的速率或转速动态地被控制以优化扫描速度。在一个实施例中,旋滚斩波器系统能够获得高达80K转数/分的速率。
在一个实施例中,辐射屏蔽层(未示出)设置在辐射源204上,使得仅辐射的扇形波束从源中产生。辐射的扇形波束发射X射线,并穿过充当主动遮光器的旋滚斩波器。因此,当旋滚斩波器以及螺旋孔旋转时,仅存在提供移动的飞点波束的小开口。
图2还示出常规的、现有技术的圆盘调制盘210,其与旋滚斩波器一起布置在源上。从图2中可以看出,调制盘210大致上比旋滚斩波器202大。
对于现有技术的调制盘,因为调制盘本身的圆形特征,正好到达轴上的得到的飞点波束具有不同的加速度和负加速度。此外,调制盘本身在射线穿过的第一点处仅具有一个开口。由于单个孔的几何特征不能改变,因而狭缝距离中心越远,波束越大,而狭缝距离中心越近,波束越小。此外,使用现有技术的调制盘,仅能通过改变连接到调制盘的电机的速率来机械地控制速度和斑点尺寸。然而,应当注意的是,由于圆盘调制盘中有多个孔,所以在频率和扫描线方面总会有变动,因为将每个孔制造成以精确的相同方式运转是困难的,正如本领域技术人员所知。本发明的旋滚斩波器克服了这些缺点,因为其设计成频率始终是连续的。
图3A至3D示出通过使用图1所述的本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的X射线飞点波束投射的几何透视图,示出以全扫描束+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转的五度增量捕获的经验数据。因此,为了产生经验数据,扫描以全扫描束45度的遍历的五度增量适时地固定。然而,应当理解的是,旋滚的移动和扫描束的遍历在应用中是连续的。
同时参见图3A至3D,由比如X射线源的辐射源302发射的辐射由旋滚斩波器304调制。在每一旋转期间,辐射波束穿过斩波器304的两个螺旋狭缝315以在“对象”平面308内产生得到的束斑投射图案(对象)306,在一个实施例中,“对象”平面与X射线源的平面310垂直,与斩波器304的平面312平行。在一个实施例中,“对象”平面308位于距离源302 18英寸远处。在这里应当注意的是,这些扫描点以及经验数据点代表波束和斩波机构的真实运动,并呈现以示出本发明的优点。因此,应当理解的是,遍历的辐射波束的真实移动和旋滚斩波器的旋转是连续的。
图3B是示出飞点之间的线性位移值和使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的飞点的相对形状和尺寸的附图,其中,经验数据代表全扫描束45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转的五度增量。如图3B更清楚所示,在一个实施例中,产生的束斑图案306呈现的特性符合或优于使用现有技术的轮斩波机构的检测系统的特性。如上所述,旋滚斩波器304允许通过沿圆柱体变更螺旋孔宽度和螺旋斜度和侧滚角而使束斑306的尺寸和位置专用化。图3B示出在扫描平面308上,线性位移320以及投射的目标宽度325和投射的目标高度330的用于圆柱体从-90度至+90度的角旋转的示例性数值。
在一个实施例中,得到的束斑306是梯形形状的。梯形斑点的高度越大,以及梯形斑点的宽度越窄,则分辨率越高。由于飞点波束垂直地行进,在飞行方向上具有更长的高度产生更好的扫描性能。这是因为在“聚集”飞行束斑投射时,更高的邻近束斑会彼此更近,并且重叠,从而以更高的功率产生具有更好分辨率的连续扫描线,引起更高分辨率的图像。此外,得到的飞点越小,功率越大,因为其更聚焦。
图3C示出在垂直旋滚斩波器平面312的中心线处的X射线束投射的视图,示出当X射线束在45度位置处从源302遍历时,穿过位于旋滚斩波器304上的两个螺旋孔315的X射线束313。
图3D示出当辐射波束穿过旋滚斩波器的两个螺旋狭缝时,在垂直旋滚斩波器平面的中心线处的X射线束投射,以全扫描束+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转的五度增量示出经验数据。如图3D所示,波束340穿过位于旋滚斩波器螺旋孔315a上的第一孔点342,然后通过位于旋滚斩波器螺旋孔315b上的第二孔点344。
本发明的旋滚斩波器提供以基本恒定的速度垂直地移动的束斑,以允许对象的均匀照明,而与现有技术的旋转圆盘调制盘不同。因此,本发明的旋滚斩波器以基本不变的速率基本精确地移动和投射束斑。此外,旋滚允许波束在物品的所有点处的尺寸基本相等。因此,辐射是功率和距离的函数,并且使用旋滚可精确地控制波束的速率以用于扫描波束(flying beam)的平均功率分配(使得在所有点处的功率和距离都相等)。此外,使用本发明的旋滚斩波器,可以设置对扫描束形状的衰减,使得其关于扫描束本身的轴可改变形状。常规的调制盘和本发明的旋滚斩波器的区别结合图4A、4B、4C、4D、4E、5A、5B、6A、6B、7A、7B、8A、8B、9A和9B进行描述。
图4A和4C是提供用于通过使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器而获得多个束斑/电子束靶参数的经验数据的表格,其中,数据以全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历的五度增量提供。图4A和4C显示用于源和波束的不同角位移405的多个参数的变动,比如但并不局限于在扫描平面上的线性位移410(代表大约沿从源到目标的距离的长度的一小段);点之间的扫描位移415(该点是任意选择为提供经验数据的飞点);投射宽度420;投射对象高度425;以及投射对象尺寸430,所有这些都会在下面更详细地描述。
图4B示出通过使用现有技术的调制盘440而获得的得到的波束投射,示出波束宽度442和得到的斑点的尺寸444在扫描范围内变化。本领域技术人员应当明白,常规的调制盘包括四个狭缝,在凸缘的外围每个狭缝彼此成90度。然而,假设这些狭缝以精确地90度制造和切割是不现实的。因此,当调制盘旋转时,不仅存在由于这些狭缝的不精确性质而引起的歪斜,而且存在由依赖于狭缝和波束相距调制盘中心的距离的波束尺寸引起的歪斜。此外,在现有技术的调制盘中,狭缝的尺寸不易于控制,因为在每一点处仅有一个开口,并且不是连续的狭缝。这导致飞点位于相距调制盘上的每一点不同的和不均匀的距离处。
图4D和4E是提供用于通过使用本发明的旋滚斩波器而获得的多个束斑/电子束靶参数的经验数据的表格,其中,数据以全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转的五度增量提供。因此,图4D和4E示出用于本发明的旋滚斩波器的不同角旋转450以及源和得到的波束的不同角位移452的多个参数的变动,比如但并不局限于在扫描平面上的线性位移454(代表大约沿从源到目标的距离的长度的一小段,在该情况下,为18英寸);点之间的扫描位移456(该点是任意选择为提供经验数据的飞点);斑点尺寸宽度458,其在位于旋滚斩波器的中心线的垂直平面上并且沿着Z轴;斑点尺寸高度460,其在位于旋滚斩波器的中心线的垂直平面上并且沿着Z轴;斑点尺寸区域462(平方英寸),其在位于旋滚斩波器的中心线的垂直平面上并且沿着Z轴;投射对象宽度464,其在旋滚斩波器中心线的X轴垂直平面上并沿着Z轴;投射对象高度466,其在旋滚斩波器中心线的垂直平面上并沿着Z轴;以及投射对象尺寸468,其在旋滚斩波器的中心线的垂直平面上并且沿着Z轴,所有这些都会在下面更详细地描述。
图5A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的束斑在扫描平面内的线性位移的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历。已经发现这些斑点以代表轮中四个狭缝的四个的模式追迹。图5A示出图表,其中,与图5B所示的旋滚斩波器的线性位移505b相比,对于调制盘,束斑在扫描平面中具有可变的斑点线性位移505a。图5B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的束斑在扫描平面内的线性位移的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转。分辨率取决于调制盘以多大的速度如何旋转,如上详细所述。斩束机构旋转越快,频率的变动越小。本发明的旋滚斩波器能够以高达80K转数/分的转速旋转。
图6A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的束斑的扫描位移的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历,示出由于调制盘,点之间的扫描位移610a是歪斜的。
图6B使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的束斑的线性位移的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转,然而,显示了旋滚斩波器的扫描位移610b基本上是笔直的,如图6B所示。这是因为在本发明的旋滚斩波器中,有两个以每180度重叠的螺旋狭缝。因此,辐射波束具有两个狭缝以穿过,使得在一个时间点,X射线会穿过两个狭缝以产生束斑。这可理解为双准直,并且还避免了频率离差,从而保持频率基本上恒定。因为旋滚中的狭缝是连续的,所以在“狭缝之间的距离”上有更少的误差,而使用调制盘时,实际上很难使狭缝彼此精确地成90度。
根据本发明的实施例,在离波束中心的一定距离处,螺旋狭缝(旋滚斩波器的)保持比其它宽。图10示出根据一个实施例,使用单个源获得的波束轨迹1005的数学表达式。为了得到旋滚圆柱体上螺旋切口的尺寸,移除了该轨迹的一个维度(dimension)。更确切地说,狭缝在顶部1010更窄,因为在顶部波束有更长的距离去行进。注意的是,当X射线波束行进通过任何开口时,波束被准直。波束行进的越远,得到的“斑点”(扇形波束)在波束的端部越宽。通过使狭缝在顶部1010处变窄,解决了该较长的距离和波束加宽。此外,距离物品越近,比如在点1015处,狭缝更宽。此外,本领域一般技术人员应当明白,通过控制狭缝的尺寸,可以控制笔直投射的波束的密度。
图7A示出使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑宽度的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历,而图7B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑宽度的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转。图7B示出与如图7A所示的调制盘的相对变化的波束/斑点宽度715a相比,对于旋滚,自始至终存在相等的得到的波束/斑点宽度715b,因为狭缝在离物品(处于检测)较短的距离处更宽,在离物品更远的距离处更窄,以补偿该距离(-90度至+90度)。
图8A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑高度的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历,而图8B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑高度的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转。因此,图8A示出当与图8B中的旋滚的投射对象高度820b相比时,调制盘的投射对象高度820a显著地变化。
图9A是使用现有技术的圆盘轮斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑尺寸的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历,而图9B是使用本发明的旋滚斩波器获得的投射对象/束斑尺寸的变动的图解说明,其中,数据提供为全扫描束-45度至+45度的遍历和旋滚斩波器-90度至+90度的旋转。此外,如图9A所示,与如图9B所示的旋滚的投射对象尺寸925b相比,调制盘的投射对象尺寸925a显著地变化。
图11示出本发明的实施例的旋滚斩波器的设计和装配。如所示,机加工有螺旋狭缝1104的空心钨圆柱体1102形成旋滚斩波器组件1100的内层。圆柱体1102由一片或两片形成在一起的钨形成。由于钨是不能被致电离辐射穿透的,因而X射线束不会穿过钨。碳纤维织物1106(比如但不局限于芳纶纤维)包裹在钨圆柱体1102周围。碳纤维可透过X射线束,因此,产生窗口(移动的孔),波束以在钨圆柱体1102上切割出的螺旋狭缝的形状穿过窗口。
此外,在一个实施例中,比如聚氧化乙烯护罩的环氧树脂护罩1108用于将碳纤维1106连接到钨圆柱体1102。环氧树脂护罩还产生窗口(移动的孔),波束以在钨上切割出的螺旋狭缝的形状穿过窗口。环氧树脂护罩防止碳纤维盖散开。
在第一实施例中,圆柱体是由黄铜机械旋转和制造而成的。
在一个实施中,为了在覆盖钨圆柱体的碳纤维的周围形成环氧树脂护罩,采用化学调整技术,由此,至少两个流体部件混合起来,在混合时,化学部件形成固体的环氧树脂涂层。在一个实施例中,形成的固体的环氧树脂涂层是聚氧化乙烯。
在一个实施例中,为了在覆盖钨圆柱体的碳纤维的周围形成环氧树脂护罩,采用热调整技术,由此,圆柱体放置在旋转和加热的环氧树脂粉末铸模中(比如400摄氏度),该环氧树脂粉末铸模加热到熔点以产生内部具有钨和芳纶纤维的轻便结构。在一个实施例中,环氧树脂护罩1108具有经受高达80K转数/分的离心力的足够的硬度、强度和耐用性。
在一个实施例中,使用电磁电机驱动动态地控制用于旋转的旋滚斩波器组件1100。
在一个实施例中,使用磁推轴承组件1110使轻量的斩波器组件1100旋转,这使得不必要采用电机来使斩波器旋转,从而有利于使斩波器更轻。磁推轴承组件1110包括磁转子1110a和磁轴承定子1110b。除了旋转运动,磁推轴承组件1110还用于在通电和掉电状态期间以及在意外的停电期间提供用于斩波器的磁悬浮。
根据圆柱体1102的材料和用于支撑斩波器的滚动移动的轴承,可获得不同范围的转速。例如,由黄铜制成的具有金刚石轴承的裸圆柱体1102可以旋转到高达1K转数/分;由钨制成的具有金刚石轴承的裸圆柱体1102可达到高达4K转数/分;而由钨制成的、被芳纶纤维和环氧树脂覆盖的、使用金刚石轴承旋转的裸圆柱体1102可达到高达80K转数/分。
图12示出与磁推轴承组件1210一起组装的旋滚斩波器圆柱体1200。
本领域一般技术人员应当明白,磁推轴承在没有物理接触的情况下,支撑旋滚斩波器的滚动运动,并允许以十分低的摩擦和没有机械磨损的相对运动。在一个实施例中,返回参见图11,转子1110a和定子1110b之间的空隙填充有比如氩的惰性气体,以使旋滚悬浮在空隙中,并得到更高的转速。
磁推轴承基于电磁悬浮的原理工作,在一个实施例中,其包括电磁体组件、给电磁体提供电流的一套功率放大器、控制器和具有相关电子设备以提供需要的反馈从而将转子的位置控制在间隙中的间隙传感器。功率放大器给位于转子的相对两侧的两对电磁体供应相等的偏置电流。该激烈的竞争由控制器调解,当转子偏离其中心位置一小量时,该控制器通过相等但相反的电流微扰抵消偏置电流。间隙传感器实质上通常是感应的,并以区别的方式感测。在一个实施例中,功率放大器是以脉宽调制(PWM)构造操作的固态装置。该检测器是微处理器或数字信号处理器。
应当明白的是,由于本发明的旋滚斩波器中可以十分快地旋转,因而有可能使用具有多个X射线束的斩波器。在一个实施例中,使用四个波束,并用四个单独的相应的检测器面板来确定哪个波束是活动的。
本发明提供旋滚斩波器的距离与最小的扫描高度直接有关。这允许从源到对象的距离更远,从而相对于剂量率延伸了视场深度。因此,对于给定的成像深度,与本领域已知的其它系统相比,在采用本发明的旋滚斩波器的威胁检测系统中,需要更小的辐射暴露。在一个实施例中,由于本发明的旋滚斩波器的运动学和得到的惯性力矩,其对方位不灵敏。
在示例性实施例中,旋滚斩波器用在实施为穿行检测系统的检测系统中。旋滚斩波器的新颖设计使得能够利用低水平的辐射暴露来检测武器和危险材料,不管它们是否包含金属或低Z材料。除了用于安检机场和火车站、比如体育场和大型购物中心的户外拥挤地点的乘客外,本发明的旋滚斩波器的应用还可延伸到检查比如港口、边境通道和海关检查站等中转点处以及其它安全场所的交通工具和集装箱的容纳物。
以上例子仅仅是本发明的许多说明性应用。尽管在这里仅描述了本发明的几个实施例,但是应当理解的是,在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,本发明可体现为许多其它特定的形式。因此,当前的例子和实施例应认为是说明性的,而不是限制性的。

Claims (19)

1.一种X射线设备,包括:
用于发射X射线辐射的X射线源;以及
斩束装置,联接到所述X射线源,其中,所述斩束装置适于接收所述X射线辐射,并形成具有频率的变动的移动的束斑,其中所述斩束装置旋转越快,所述频率的变动越小。
2.如权利要求1所述的X射线设备,其中,所述斩束装置包括具有至少一个螺旋孔的空心圆柱体。
3.如权利要求1所述的X射线设备,其中,所述斩束装置包括具有至少两个螺旋孔的空心圆柱体。
4.如权利要求3所述的X射线设备,其中,所述波束具有线性扫描速度,通过变更所述螺旋孔中的至少一个的斜度和侧滚角,可以改变所述线性扫描速度。
5.如权利要求3所述的X射线设备,其中,所述波束具有线性扫描速度,通过变更所述螺旋孔中的至少一个的斜度和侧滚角,可以保持所述线性扫描速度不变。
6.如权利要求3所述的X射线设备,其中,所述波束具有斑点尺寸,通过变更所述螺旋孔中的至少一个的孔宽度,可以改变所述斑点尺寸。
7.如权利要求3所述的X射线设备,其中,所述波束具有斑点尺寸,通过变更所述螺旋孔中的至少一个的孔宽度,可以保持所述斑点尺寸不变。
8.如权利要求1所述的X射线设备,其中,所述斩束装置包括空心圆柱体,所述空心圆柱体为碳纤维包裹的钨圆柱体。
9.如权利要求8所述的X射线设备,其中,所述斩束装置包括在空心圆柱体周围的环氧树脂护罩。
10.如权利要求2所述的X射线设备,还包括用于使所述圆柱体旋转的电机以及用于动态地变更所述圆柱体的旋转速率以达到预定的扫描速度的控制器。
11.如权利要求10所述的X射线设备,其中,所述旋转速率等于或小于80,000转数/分。
12.如权利要求10所述的X射线设备,其中,所述波束具有扫描速度和斑点尺寸,在不改变所述电机的速率的情况下,可变更扫描速度和斑点尺寸。
13.如权利要求1所述的X射线设备,其中,所述斩束装置包括具有至少两个螺旋孔的空心圆柱体,每个螺旋孔均具有长度和沿所述长度的孔宽度,所述孔宽度沿长度变窄。
14.如权利要求1所述的X射线设备,其中,所述斩束装置包括具有至少两个螺旋孔的空心圆柱体,每个螺旋孔均具有长度和沿所述长度的孔宽度,所述孔宽度沿长度增加。
15.一种X射线设备,包括:
用于发射X射线辐射的X射线源;以及
斩束装置,联接到所述X射线源,其中,所述斩束装置包括空心圆柱体,所述空心圆柱体具有限定所述圆柱体的长度的第一端和第二端,以及具有基本沿着所述长度延伸的至少两个螺旋孔,所述圆柱体适于接收所述X射线辐射,并发射所述X射线辐射穿过所述螺旋孔,其中每个孔均具有长度和沿所述长度的孔宽度,其中所述孔宽度沿所述长度变化。
16.如权利要求15所述的X射线设备,其中,所述孔宽度沿所述长度变窄。
17.如权利要求15所述的X射线设备,其中,所述孔宽度沿所述长度增加。
18.如权利要求15所述的X射线设备,其中,螺旋孔的宽度沿圆柱体的长度改变,以补偿孔距离X射线源的中心的可变距离,并允许沿扫描线的均匀束斑投射。
19.如权利要求15所述的X射线设备,其中,所述空心圆柱体包括限定所述圆柱体的所述长度的第一端和第二端,其中所述螺旋孔在所述第二端的宽度比在所述第一端的宽度窄。
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