CN107918062B - Wide-frequency-domain transient space electric field measurement system and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种宽频域的瞬态空间电场测量系统及方法，所述系统包括双平板电极传感器、前端信号处理单元、信号采集记录单元以及传输单元；所述双平板电极传感器置于瞬态空间电场中进行传感，将瞬态空间电场信号转化为可测量的电压信号；所述前端信号处理单元用于将传感器输入的可测量的电压信号进行处理和调控，优化输出的电压信号波形；所述信号采集记录单元用于采集并记录前端信号处理单元输出的电压信号，并根据采集的电压信号计算得到瞬态电场信号；所述传输单元用于将前端信号处理单元转化的电压信号传输至信号采集记录单元，实现远距离测量；所述系统及方法不需要进行微分运算的功能，从而拓宽了可测电场频率的下限。
The invention discloses a wide-frequency domain transient space electric field measurement system and method. The system includes a double-plate electrode sensor, a front-end signal processing unit, a signal acquisition and recording unit, and a transmission unit; the double-plate electrode sensor is placed in a transient state. Sensing is performed in the space electric field, and the transient space electric field signal is converted into a measurable voltage signal; the front-end signal processing unit is used for processing and regulating the measurable voltage signal input by the sensor, and optimizing the output voltage signal waveform; The signal acquisition and recording unit is used to collect and record the voltage signal output by the front-end signal processing unit, and calculate the transient electric field signal according to the collected voltage signal; the transmission unit is used to transmit the voltage signal converted by the front-end signal processing unit to the The signal acquisition and recording unit realizes long-distance measurement; the system and method do not need the function of differential operation, thereby broadening the lower limit of the measurable electric field frequency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electric field measurement, in particular to a broadband transient space electric field measurement system and method.
Background
For transient space electric field measurement, two measurement methods based on an electrical method and an optical method are included; for the amplitude of 100kV/m of an electric field, two methods, namely an electrical method and an optical method, can be generally satisfied, but the electric field measurement from quasi-direct current to GHz frequency range is realized, and the difficulty is large no matter the electrical method or the optical method is used;
electric field sensors based on electrical methods usually employ plate electrodes or electric dipole antennas, both of which have high-frequency responses up to GHz, but are difficult to cover low-frequency and even quasi-dc frequency ranges. When the flat electrode sensor measures the electric field in a very wide frequency spectrum, the differential signal of the electric field is output, an integrator is required to be connected to obtain time domain electric field response, but because the differential of the electric field is involved, the output amplitude of the sensor is small in low frequency, the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and the low frequency response of the system is poor; in addition, the electric dipole antenna has small response at low frequency, and ideal low-frequency response is difficult to obtain;
the principles of optical methods include both medium-based absorption loss variation and medium-based refractive index variation. The optical method based on the medium absorption loss change is divided into two types based on the electric absorption effect and the electrochromic effect according to the different specifically applied effects, and the optical method based on the medium refractive index change is divided into two types based on the Kerr effect and the Pockels effect according to the different specifically applied effects. But the electric field sensor based on the electro-absorption effect has large interference to the original field; the dynamic response of the electric field sensor based on the electrochromic effect is poor; the electric field sensor based on the Kerr effect has low sensitivity; although the measurement bandwidth of the electric field sensor based on the optical bubble Kerr effect is not problematic, the measurement is too sensitive to temperature and humidity, and the measurement stability is poor; none of these meet the measurement requirements of transient electric fields.
Therefore, the existing electric field measurement systems cannot meet the requirement of accurately measuring the transient space electric field from the collimated flow to the GHz wide-frequency-range change range.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem that the existing electric field measurement system in the prior art cannot meet the accurate measurement of the transient space electric field in the variation range from quasi-direct current to GHz wide frequency domain, the invention provides a system and a method for measuring the transient space electric field in the wide frequency domain, wherein the method and the system adopt an electrical measurement method based on a flat plate electrode, change the front-end processing circuit structure of the measurement system and optimize the electric field probe structure, so that the function of differential operation is not needed when the electrical measurement method based on the flat plate electrode is used for measuring the electric field in the frequency range from quasi-direct current to GHz, the lower limit of the measurable electric field frequency is widened, and the problems of low signal-to-noise ratio, poor system response and difficulty in obtaining the measured signal when the electrical measurement method based on the flat plate electrode is used for measuring in the low frequency range are solved; the transient space electric field measurement system of the wide frequency domain comprises:
the double-plate electrode sensor comprises an upper plate electrode and a lower plate electrode which are parallel to each other, the output end of the upper plate electrode is connected with the input end of the front-end signal processing unit, and the lower plate electrode is grounded; the double-plate electrode sensor converts the transient space electric field signal into a voltage signal; the double-plate electrode sensor is arranged in a transient space electric field;
the front-end signal processing unit comprises a feedback module and an operational amplifier circuit, wherein the feedback module is used for setting a parameter value of a cut-off frequency; the front-end signal processing unit is used for converting the voltage signals which are input by the double-plate electrode sensor and are not processed and optimized into voltage signals which can be measured by the signal acquisition and recording unit;
the signal acquisition and recording unit is used for acquiring and recording the voltage signal output by the front-end signal processing unit; the signal acquisition and recording unit is used for calculating to obtain a transient electric field signal according to the acquired voltage signal;
furthermore, an upper plate electrode and a lower plate electrode of the double-plate electrode sensor are centrosymmetric and have collinear symmetry axes, an output end of the upper plate electrode is arranged at the symmetric center of the upper plate electrode, and the output end of the upper plate electrode is connected with an input end of the front-end signal processing unit through a symmetric noninductive lead; the symmetrical non-inductive lead eliminates oscillation in the circuit according to the non-inductive characteristic of the symmetrical non-inductive lead, and reduces electromagnetic coupling interference;
further, the symmetrical non-inductive conductor is a symmetrical cable formed by combining a plurality of twisted pairs;
further, the feedback module comprises a feedback capacitor CfA feedback resistor RfSaid capacitor including a feedback capacitor CfAnd a feedback resistor RfParallel connection; cut-off frequency f0According to feedback capacitance CfAnd a feedback resistor RfObtaining the parameters of (1);
furthermore, the operational amplifier circuit comprises two cascaded operational amplifiers, wherein the operational amplifier is a high-speed amplifier, and the sampling frequency of the amplifier is not lower than 100 MHz;
furthermore, the front-end signal processing unit and the lower electrode plate electrode are packaged on the same PCB, the PCB is of a multi-layer packaging structure, and the lower electrode plate electrode is packaged on the outermost layer of the PCB independently;
further, the system includes a transmission unit including a coaxial cable; the input end of the coaxial cable is connected with the output end of the front-stage signal processing unit, and the output end of the coaxial cable is connected with the input end of the signal acquisition and recording unit; the resistance of the coaxial cable is in impedance matching with the output resistance of the front-stage signal processing unit;
further, the transmission unit comprises an attenuator, an optical transmitter, an optical fiber and an optical receiver; the input end of the attenuator is connected with the output end of the coaxial cable, the optical transmitter is connected with the output end of the attenuator, the output end of the optical transmitter is connected with the input end of an optical fiber, the output end of the optical fiber is connected with the input end of an optical receiver, and the output end of the optical receiver is connected with the input end of a signal acquisition and recording unit; the attenuator is used for attenuating the electric signal to a signal input level which can be received by the optical transmitter, the optical transmitter is used for converting the electric signal into an optical signal, the optical fiber is used for transmitting the optical signal, and the optical receiver is used for converting the optical signal into the electric signal;
further, the signal acquisition recording unit comprises an oscilloscope and a signal conversion program, and the sampling rate of the oscilloscope is not lower than 100 MHz; the signal conversion program calculates the voltage signal to obtain a transient electric field signal;
the method for measuring the transient space electric field in the wide frequency domain comprises the following steps:
the bipolar plate electrode sensor converts an electric field signal in the transient space electric field obtained by induction into an unprocessed voltage signal and sends the unprocessed voltage signal to the front-end signal processing unit;
the front-end signal processing unit processes, regulates and controls unprocessed voltage signals input by the double-plate electrode sensor, and optimizes the voltage signals into voltage signals which can be measured by the signal acquisition and recording unit;
the signal acquisition and recording unit acquires and records voltage signals and calculates transient electric field signals according to the voltage signals;
further, the front-end signal processing unit converts the input unprocessed voltage signal into a voltage signal which can be measured by the signal acquisition recording unit through the feedback module and the operational amplifier circuit; the feedback module comprises a feedback capacitor CfA feedback resistor RfSaid capacitor including a feedback capacitor CfAnd a feedback resistor RfParallel connection;cut-off frequency f0According to feedback capacitance CfAnd a feedback resistor RfSaid cut-off frequency f0The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
the operational amplifier circuit comprises two cascaded operational amplifiers, the operational amplifier is a high-speed amplifier, and the sampling frequency of the amplifier is not lower than 100 MHz;
further, according to the voltage signal Vout(t) calculating to obtain transient electric field signal EnThe formula of (t) is:
wherein epsilon0Is the dielectric constant; a is the area of the upper polar plate;
further, the voltage signal output by the front end signal processing unit is transmitted to the signal acquisition recording unit through the coaxial cable;
further, the voltage signal output by the front-end signal processing unit is transmitted to the signal acquisition recording unit through a coaxial cable, an attenuator, a light emitter, an optical fiber and a light receiver which are connected in sequence;
the invention has the beneficial effects that: the technical scheme of the invention provides a system and a method for measuring a transient space electric field in a wide frequency domain, wherein the method and the system adopt an electrical measurement method based on a flat plate electrode, change the front-end processing circuit structure of the measurement system and optimize the structure of an electric field probe, so that the function of differential operation is not needed when the electrical measurement method based on the flat plate electrode is used for measuring an electric field in a frequency range from quasi-direct current to GHz, the lower limit of the measurable electric field frequency is widened, and the problems of low signal-to-noise ratio, poor system response and difficulty in obtaining the measured signal when the electrical measurement method based on the flat plate electrode is used for measuring in a low frequency range are solved; meanwhile, the structure of the measuring system is greatly simplified and the accuracy of the measuring result of the system is improved by the integrated packaging design of the double-plate electrode structure and the front-end signal processing circuit.
Drawings
A more complete understanding of exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be had by reference to the following drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a broadband transient spatial electric field measurement system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flowchart of a method for measuring a wide-frequency-range transient space electric field according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, however, the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein, which are provided for complete and complete disclosure of the present invention and to fully convey the scope of the present invention to those skilled in the art. The terminology used in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In the drawings, the same units/elements are denoted by the same reference numerals.
Unless otherwise defined, terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Further, it will be understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a broadband transient spatial electric field measurement system according to an embodiment of the present invention; the transient space electric field measurement system of the wide frequency domain carries out electrical measurement based on the double flat plate electrodes placed in the transient space electric field, and the electrical measurement is processed by the front-end processing circuit unit, so that differential operation is not needed during measurement and calculation, the lower limit of measurable electric field frequency is widened, and the problems of low signal-to-noise ratio, poor system response and difficulty in obtaining measured signals during low-frequency measurement of the electrical measurement method based on the flat plate electrodes are solved; the transient space electric field measurement system of the wide frequency domain comprises:
the dual-plate electrode sensor 101 comprises an upper plate electrode and a lower plate electrode which are parallel to each other, the output end of the upper plate electrode is connected with the input end of the front-end signal processing unit, and the lower plate electrode is grounded; the double-plate electrode sensor 101 converts an electric field signal in the induced transient space electric field into an unprocessed voltage signal; the double-plate electrode sensor 101 is arranged in a transient space electric field;
furthermore, an upper plate electrode and a lower plate electrode of the double-plate electrode sensor 101 are centrosymmetric and have collinear symmetry axes, an output end of the upper plate electrode is arranged at the symmetry center of the upper plate electrode, and the output end of the upper plate electrode is connected with an input end of the front-end signal processing unit through a symmetric noninductive lead; the symmetrical non-inductive lead eliminates the oscillation in the circuit according to the non-inductive characteristic and reduces the electromagnetic coupling interference;
furthermore, the symmetrical non-inductive conductor is a symmetrical cable formed by combining a plurality of twisted pairs, and the non-inductive conductor can reduce the interference between each pair of cables, so that more stable performance is obtained, and the transmission characteristic is more ideal;
preferably, the upper electrode plate electrode and the lower flat plate electrode are both in a centrosymmetric structure, and the edges of the upper electrode plate electrode and the lower flat plate electrode are both smooth surfaces without sharp parts; in this embodiment, the upper plate electrode and the lower plate electrode are both circular electrode plates;
preferably, in order to improve the calculation accuracy, the upper plate electrode and the lower plate electrode are of structures with unequal upper and lower sizes, and because the upper plate electrode and the lower plate electrode are centrosymmetric and have collinear symmetry axes, the smaller structure of the structures with unequal upper and lower sizes is completely overlapped by the larger structure, and at the moment, the overlapping area is used for calculation when transient space electric field calculation is performed; taking this embodiment as an example, in this embodiment, a concentric circle structure with a small top and a large bottom is adopted, and when performing transient space electric field operation, the area of the upper flat plate is used as the equivalent area for generating charges;
a front-end signal processing unit 102, wherein the front-end signal processing unit 102 includes a feedback module and an operational amplifier circuit, and the feedback module is used for setting a parameter value of a cut-off frequency; the front-end signal processing unit 102 is used for converting an unprocessed voltage signal input by the double-plate electrode sensor into a voltage signal which can be measured by the signal acquisition and recording unit;
further, the feedback module comprises a feedback capacitor CfA feedback resistor RfSaid capacitor including a feedback capacitor CfAnd a feedback resistor RfParallel connection; cut-off frequency f0According to feedback capacitance CfAnd a feedback resistor RfThe operational amplifier circuit comprises two cascaded operational amplifiers, wherein the operational amplifier is a high-speed amplifier, and the sampling frequency of the amplifier is not lower than 100 MHz;
when the frequency f is much greater than the cut-off frequency f0When the system is used, the linear relation is satisfied between the electric field quantity to be measured by the system and the voltage quantity output by the system signal processing circuit, and the voltage quantity does not need to be subjected to integral processing, so that the problems of small output amplitude of the sensor, low signal-to-noise ratio and poor low-frequency response of the system at low frequency are solved; the system response expression obtained in the case is simple and reliable;
the linear relation between the electric field quantity to be measured by the system and the voltage quantity output by the system signal processing circuit is satisfied
Wherein epsilon0Is the dielectric constant; a is the area of the upper polar plate;
said cut-off frequency f0The calculation formula is as follows:
by setting a feedback capacitor CfAnd a feedback resistor RfOf the cut-off frequency f0The voltage measurement method is as small as possible, so that the effect that the electric field quantity to be measured and the voltage quantity output by the system signal processing circuit meet the linear relation in the frequency range from the collimated current to GHz is achieved;
through the setting of parameters such as a feedback capacitor, a feedback resistor, an operational amplifier gain and the like, the input impedance of the front-end signal processing unit is very large, and the output impedance is very small;
in this embodiment, the input impedance of the front-end signal processing unit is not lower than 1G Ω, and the output impedance is 50 Ω;
further, the front-end signal processing unit 102 and the bottom plate electrode are packaged on the same PCB, the PCB is a multi-layer package structure, the bottom plate electrode is separately packaged on the lowest layer of the PCB, and the rest layers are respectively packaged on other loops of the circuit;
the signal acquisition and recording unit 103 is used for acquiring and recording the voltage signal output by the front-end signal processing unit 103; the signal acquisition and recording unit is used for calculating to obtain a transient electric field signal according to the acquired voltage signal;
the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein epsilon0Is the dielectric constant; a is the area of the upper polar plate;
further, the signal acquisition recording unit 103 comprises an oscilloscope and a signal conversion program, and the sampling rate of the oscilloscope is not lower than 100 MHz; the signal conversion program calculates the voltage signal to obtain a transient electric field signal;
further, the system includes a transmission unit 104, the transmission unit 104 including a coaxial cable; the input end of the coaxial cable is connected with the output end of the front-end signal processing unit, and the output end of the coaxial cable is connected with the input end of the signal acquisition and recording unit; the resistance of the coaxial cable is the same as the output resistance of the front-end signal processing unit 102;
in the present embodiment, the coaxial cable resistance is 50 Ω, so the output resistance of the front-end signal processing unit 102 is also 50 Ω;
further, the transmission unit 104 includes an attenuator, an optical transmitter, an optical fiber, and an optical receiver; the input end of the attenuator is connected with the output end of the coaxial cable, the optical transmitter is connected with the output end of the attenuator, the output end of the optical transmitter is connected with the input end of an optical fiber, the output end of the optical fiber is connected with the input end of an optical receiver, and the output end of the optical receiver is connected with the input end of a signal acquisition and recording unit; the attenuator is used for attenuating the electric signal to a signal input level which can be received by the optical transmitter, the optical transmitter is used for converting the electric signal into an optical signal, the optical fiber is used for transmitting the optical signal, and the optical receiver is used for converting the optical signal into the electric signal;
the system carries out electrical measurement based on double flat electrodes placed in the transient space electric field, carries out signal processing through the front-end processing circuit unit, and does not need differential operation during measurement calculation, so that the lower limit of measurable electric field frequency is widened, and the problems of low signal-to-noise ratio, poor system response and difficulty in obtaining measured signals during low-frequency measurement of the electrical measurement method based on the flat electrodes are solved; meanwhile, the transmission unit realizes remote measurement recording and calculation, avoids mutual coupling interference between a measured electric field and the acquisition and recording device, and guarantees the personal safety of operators; accurate measurement of the space electric field in the frequency range from quasi-direct current to GHz is achieved.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for measuring a wide-frequency transient space electric field according to an embodiment of the present invention; as shown in the figure, the method for measuring a transient space electric field in a wide frequency domain includes:
furthermore, an upper flat plate electrode and a lower flat plate electrode of the double-flat-plate electrode sensor are centrosymmetric and have collinear symmetry axes, and the output end of the upper flat plate electrode is arranged at the symmetry center of the upper flat plate electrode; in the embodiment, a concentric circle structure with a small top and a large bottom is adopted, and the area of an upper flat plate is used as the equivalent area for generating charges when transient space electric field operation is carried out;
202, a front-end signal processing unit converts an unprocessed voltage signal input by a double-plate electrode sensor into a voltage signal which can be measured by a signal acquisition and recording unit;
the front-end signal processing unit converts the input unprocessed voltage signals into voltage signals which can be measured by the signal acquisition recording unit through the feedback module and the operational amplifier circuit; the feedback module comprises a feedback capacitor CfA feedback resistor RfSaid capacitor including a feedback capacitor CfAnd a feedback resistor RfParallel connection; cut-off frequency f0According to feedback capacitance CfAnd a feedback resistor RfThe operational amplifier circuit comprises two cascaded operational amplifiers, wherein the operational amplifier is a high-speed amplifier, and the sampling frequency of the amplifier is not lower than 100 MHz;
when the frequency f is much greater than the cut-off frequency f0When the system is used, the linear relation is satisfied between the electric field quantity to be measured by the system and the voltage quantity output by the system signal processing circuit, and the voltage quantity does not need to be subjected to integral processing, so that the problems of small output amplitude of the sensor, low signal-to-noise ratio and poor low-frequency response of the system at low frequency are solved; the system response expression obtained in the case is simple and reliable;
the linear relation between the electric field quantity to be measured by the system and the voltage quantity output by the system signal processing circuit is satisfied
Wherein epsilon0Is the dielectric constant; a is the area of the upper polar plate;
said cut-off frequency f0The calculation formula is as follows:
by setting a feedback capacitor CfAnd a feedback resistor RfOf the cut-off frequency f0As small as possible to achieve a flow of collimated current to GHz between the quantity of electric field to be measured and the quantity of voltage output by the system signal processing circuitThe effect of linear relation is satisfied in the frequency range;
through the setting of parameters such as a feedback capacitor, a feedback resistor, an operational amplifier gain and the like, the input impedance of the front-end signal processing unit is very large, and the output impedance is very small;
further, according to the voltage signal Vout(t) calculating to obtain transient electric field signal EnThe formula of (t) is:
wherein epsilon0Is the dielectric constant; a is the area of the upper polar plate;
further, step 203 includes step 204 before, where step 204 is to transmit the voltage signal output by the front-stage signal processing unit to the signal acquisition and recording unit through a coaxial cable;
further, in step 204, the voltage signal output by the front-end signal processing unit is transmitted to the signal acquisition and recording unit through the coaxial cable, the attenuator, the optical transmitter, the optical fiber and the optical receiver which are connected in sequence;
the broadband-domain transient space electric field measuring method is based on the flat plate electrode, the function that differential operation is not needed when the flat plate electrode-based electric measuring method is used for measuring an electric field in a frequency range from quasi-direct current to GHz is achieved, the lower limit of the measurable electric field frequency is widened, and the problems that the flat plate electrode-based electric measuring method is low in signal-to-noise ratio and poor in system response when measuring in a low frequency range, and measured signals are difficult to obtain are solved.
In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the modules in the device in an embodiment may be adaptively changed and disposed in one or more devices different from the embodiment. The modules or units or components of the embodiments may be combined into one module or unit or component, and furthermore they may be divided into a plurality of sub-modules or sub-units or sub-components. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and all of the processes or elements of any method or apparatus so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or processes or elements are mutually exclusive. Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Reference to step numbers in this specification is only for distinguishing between steps and is not intended to limit the temporal or logical relationship between steps, which includes all possible scenarios unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that while some embodiments described herein include some features included in other embodiments, rather than other features, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the disclosure and form different embodiments. For example, any of the embodiments claimed in the claims can be used in any combination.
Various component embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented in hardware, or in software modules running on one or more processors, or in a combination thereof. The present disclosure may also be embodied as device or system programs (e.g., computer programs and computer program products) for performing a portion or all of the methods described herein. Such programs implementing the present disclosure may be stored on a computer-readable medium or may be in the form of one or more signals. Such a signal may be downloaded from an internet website or provided on a carrier signal or in any other form.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the disclosure, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of elements or steps not listed in a claim. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The disclosure may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In the unit claims enumerating several systems, several of these systems may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware.
The foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, and it is noted that numerous improvements, modifications, and variations may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the disclosure, and that such improvements, modifications, and variations are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
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| CN109444683B (en) * | 2018-11-06 | 2021-05-11 | 中国科学院电工研究所 | Surface dielectric barrier discharge space electric field transient measurement system |
| CN111521885B (en) * | 2020-02-25 | 2021-12-07 | 天津大学 | Non-interference electrical equipment transient electric field distribution measuring method |
| CN111736047B (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2023-02-17 | 中国兵器工业火炸药工程与安全技术研究院 | Experimental device and experimental method based on electrostatic discharge transient field intensity measurement system |
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Cited By (1)
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| US11619604B2 (en) * | 2021-05-14 | 2023-04-04 | Sandisk Technologies Llc | Bipolar electrode bubble detection method and apparatus |
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