CN107580930A - One kind exempts from bag cultivating management method for modern intensive apple - Google Patents

Abstract

Exempt from bag cultivating management method for modern intensive apple the invention discloses one kind, comprehensive reasonable of the present invention uses anti-hail net, utilize physics, physiology and the polynary means disease preventing and treating of chemistry, preventing and treating efficiency is improved using spraying mechanical, bagging is replaced using foliar fertilizer is sprayed, pluralism in unity, and then the production of nontoxic apple, high yield, high-quality is realized, and reduce production cost.

Description

A management method for modern intensive apple bag-free cultivation

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of apple cultivation, in particular to a bag-free management method for modern intensive apple cultivation.

Background technique

In order to prevent apple diseases and increase apple yield, apple bagging technology has been widely used in recent decades. However, with the continuous development of the apple industry, the cost of apple bagging has continued to increase, and some fruit surface diseases have aggravated, which has had a negative impact on improving product quality. Negative Effects. The bitter pit disease caused by calcium deficiency and the fruit shrinkage disease caused by boron deficiency aggravated after apple bagging; at the same time, the dark and humid environment around the fruit after bagging provided a breeding ground for germs, and also provided a source of protection from pesticides for pests such as mealybug konshii. umbrella. Black and red spot diseases are more serious after apples are bagged; in addition, bagging apples will block apple leaves and reduce their photosynthesis.

The difficulty of bagging technology and the increase in bagging cost have also become barriers to the development of bagging technology. If the bag picking time and operation techniques cannot be strictly controlled, sunburn is likely to occur when picking bags, which will reduce the commodity rate of fruit and affect economic benefits. Apple bagging greatly shortens the time for the fruit to receive sunlight, reduces the sugar content of the fruit, and dilutes the taste and flavor. What's more important is that the labor employed during the apple bagging season increases the production cost and reduces the market competitiveness of apples. According to incomplete statistics, the city needs to bag 20 to 25 billion apples every year. The cost of each fruit bag is 0.05 yuan. It is 0.22 yuan, and the city's bagging cost is 3.6 to 4.5 billion yuan.

The ecological security of apple bagging technology is prominent. In order to solve the occurrence of pests and diseases after bagging, some fruit growers use "medicine bags", which bury hidden dangers for the safe production of apples. At the same time, in order to ensure the color of bagged apples, fruit farmers widely use reflective film, and the "white pollution" caused by it is also increasing year by year.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a bag-free cultivation management method for modern intensive apples. The method adopts a bag-free cultivation method, which can produce apples with stable yield and high quality, save labor costs, improve the benefits of fruit farmers, and facilitate intensification. manage.

To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

A method for modern intensive apple bag-free cultivation management, comprising the steps of:

(1) Construction of external physical protection infrastructure - building anti-hail net: mesh size of anti-hail net is 2mm×7mm, mesh diameter is 0.25-0.30mm, width is not more than 5m, one is placed every 20 mu, and materials are used Sturdy, the anti-hail net is an external protection facility that can withstand the impact of hail, wind, rain, and sun (pay attention to local conditions when using it), to prevent hail disasters, and to prevent birds and large flying pests , to prevent sunburn phenomenon.

(2) Three-dimensional pest control methods are adopted in the early stage:

① Prevention and control technology in the early stage: During the entire growth and development period of apples, promote the demonstration of the "four temptations" such as lamp lure, color lure, sexual lure, and food lure, and combine mechanized pesticide application with green control to form an external bird-proof and insect-proof net, The three-dimensional prevention and control pattern of seeing lights in the sky, seeing boards on trees, killing insects with sexual attractants, killing insects with food attractants, and wandering. The lamp lure is to install a frequency-vibrating insecticidal lamp; one is installed every 20-30 mu, and used from May to October every year; the color lure is to hang a yellow board with viscose, and one is hung for every two trees. , hanging at 1/3 from the crown of the tree; the sex lure adopts a sex lure or a 240 mg/bar oblique silk, and the sex lure is placed in 3-5 groups per mu, each group is 30m apart, and the distance between the ground and the ground 1.5m, the lure core is replaced once a month, and it starts to hang at the beginning of March until the apples are harvested; 30-40 per mu of the said oblique silk are used for the prevention and treatment of small pear borer, and it starts to hang at the beginning of April, and hangs once during the whole growth period; The food lure is placed by placing food attractants, three sets per mu, 1-1.2m above the ground, replaced every 10-15 days, and hung from mid-April until the apples are harvested. Regularly observe the forecast every day, closely monitor the occurrence of pests, and carry out timely prevention and control.

②Spray calcium-containing foliar fertilizer to protect fruit surface: main ingredients of calcium-containing foliar fertilizer: organic film protective agent ≥ 4.5%, calcium ≥ 20%. The fruit surface is sprayed for the first time from 1-2 weeks after the flowers fade, and sprayed 4-6 times from the young fruit stage to before harvesting, so that the fruit surface is always protected by a layer of organic calcium film within two weeks. Isolate pesticide pollution, reduce pesticide residues, the calcium in the calcium film will be absorbed by apples, and other parts will be degraded naturally, without environmental pollution.

③Further focus on the occurrence of "one disease and four insects" (one disease is ring leaf disease; four insects are peach borer, pear borer, cotton bollworm, and green Lygus), and select high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue symptomatic pesticides, Limit the use of poisonous pesticides, and prohibit the use of highly toxic, highly toxic, and high-residue pesticides. After flowering to July, pesticide formulations should avoid emulsifiable concentrate preparations, and use safe formulations such as suspension concentrates, wettable powders, and water-emulsions.

Specific pest control methods are shown in Table 1:

Table 1 Different pest control methods

Among them, the air-driven sprayer is used for pest control: modern wide-row densely planted orchards are conducive to the operation of large and medium-sized plant protection machinery, and the use of air-driven sprayers has a large daily operating area, which is conducive to rapid control of diseases and insect pests. When pests and diseases occur, adopting the "small amount, multiple times and timely" control strategy can quickly reduce the occurrence base of diseases and insect pests, which is conducive to reducing the cost of pesticides and reducing the risk of pesticide residues.

Preferably, the rootstock of the orchard is dwarfed from the root stock or the middle stock, the row spacing is 3.5-6 meters, the plant spacing is 0.8-2 meters, and the canopy thickness is 0.9-2 meters.

More preferably, the orchard is a densely planted orchard, and the row spacing of cultivated plants is 1.5 meters x 4 meters.

More preferably, the orchard irrigation adopts drip irrigation or a micro-spray water and fertilizer integrated system. In addition to the normal application of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in autumn, 40%-80% of other fertilizers that need to be supplemented can be applied separately using the integrated water and fertilizer system, which can improve the efficiency of water and fertilizer use and reduce fertilizer waste.

The inventive method has the following advantages:

1, the present invention adopts calcium foliar fertilizer to replace paper bag, avoids the harm of diseases and insect pests, has saved the trouble of bagging, has saved labor cost, and, after utilizing calcium foliar fertilizer to spray fruit surface, isolates pesticide pollution, reduces Pesticide residues, the calcium in the calcium film will be absorbed by apples, and other parts will be degraded naturally, without environmental pollution.

2. The present invention prevents and treats four kinds of diseases at one time at the same time, improves the disease prevention efficiency, relatively reduces the labor cost of treating diseases and insect pests, and can also increase the yield of apples.

3. The present invention comprehensively and rationally uses anti-hail nets, utilizes multiple physical, physiological and chemical means to prevent and control diseases, utilizes spraying machinery to improve control efficiency, and uses spraying foliar fertilizers instead of bagging. High-quality production and reduced production costs. The bag-free cultivation technique of the invention increases apple yield by 29.5%, saves costs and increases efficiency by 3179.14 yuan per mu on average, increases soluble solids by 14.1%, and reduces diseased leaf rate by 4%-8%. This method is suitable for modern intensive apple orchards, and the construction of a typical base of about 600 mu has been completed.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a comparison chart of peeled hardness of apples cultivated without bagging and in bagging in different regions;

Figure 2 is a comparison of the soluble solids content of bag-free and bagged apples in different regions;

Figure 3 is a comparison chart of single fruit weight of apples cultivated without bagging and in bagging in different regions.

detailed description

The present invention will be further explained through specific embodiments below, however, it should be understood that the present invention can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments described here. Rather, these embodiments are provided for more thorough understanding of the present invention and to fully convey the scope of the present invention to those skilled in the art.

"Includes" or "comprises" mentioned throughout the specification and claims is an open term, so it should be interpreted as "including but not limited to". The subsequent description in the specification is a preferred implementation mode for implementing the present invention, but the description is for the purpose of the general principles of the specification, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The scope of protection of the present invention should be defined by the appended claims.

Example

A method for modern intensive apple bag-free cultivation management, comprising the steps of:

(1) Construction of external physical protection infrastructure - building anti-hail net: mesh size of anti-hail net is 2mm×7mm, mesh diameter is 0.25-0.30mm, width is not more than 5m, and one is placed every 20 mu. Hail net is an external protection facility that can withstand hail impact, wind blowing, rain, and sun exposure (pay attention to local conditions when using it), and is used to prevent hail disasters, taking into account the prevention of birds and large flying pests, and the prevention of sunburn phenomenon occurs.

(2) Three-dimensional pest control methods are adopted in the early stage:

① Prevention and control technology in the early stage: During the entire growth and development period of apples, promote the demonstration of the "four temptations" such as lamp lure, color lure, sexual lure, and food lure, and combine mechanized pesticide application with green control to form an external bird-proof and insect-proof net, The three-dimensional prevention and control pattern of seeing lights in the sky, seeing boards on trees, killing insects with sexual attractants, killing insects with food attractants, and wandering. The lamp lure is to install a frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp; install one per 25 mu, and use it from May to October every year; the color lure is to hang a yellow board with viscose, hang one for every two trees At the 1/3 place away from the crown of the tree; the sex lure adopts sex lure or the oblique silk with a specification of 240 mg/bar, and the sex lure is placed in 4 groups per mu, each group is separated by 30m, and is 1.5m away from the ground to lure The core is replaced once a month, and it is suspended at the beginning of March until the apples are harvested; 35 per acre of the lost silk are used to prevent and control pear borer, and they are suspended at the beginning of April, and are suspended once during the entire growth period; Put three sets of food attractants per mu, 1-1.2m above the ground, replace them every 10 days, and hang them in mid-April until the apples are harvested. Regularly observe the forecast every day, closely monitor the occurrence of pests, and carry out timely prevention and control.

②Spray calcium-containing foliar fertilizer to protect fruit surface: main ingredients of calcium-containing foliar fertilizer: organic film protective agent ≥ 4.5%, calcium ≥ 20%. The fruit surface is sprayed for the first time from 1 to 2 weeks after flowering, and sprayed 5 times from the young fruit stage to before harvesting, so that the fruit surface is always protected by a layer of organic calcium film within two weeks to isolate pesticides Pollution, reducing pesticide residues, the calcium in the calcium film will be absorbed by apples, and other parts will be degraded naturally, without environmental pollution.

③Further focus on the occurrence of "one disease and four insects" (one disease is ring spot; four insects are peach borer, pear borer, cotton bollworm, and green Lygus), and select high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue symptomatic pesticides, Limit the use of poisonous pesticides, and prohibit the use of highly toxic, highly toxic, and high-residue pesticides. After flowering to July, pesticide formulations should avoid emulsifiable concentrate preparations, and use safe formulations such as suspension concentrates, wettable powders, and water-emulsions. The specific pest control methods are shown in Table 1.

Among them, the air-driven sprayer is used for pest control: modern wide-row densely planted orchards are conducive to the operation of large and medium-sized plant protection machinery, and the use of air-driven sprayers has a large daily operating area, which is conducive to rapid control of diseases and insect pests. When pests and diseases occur, adopting the "small amount, multiple times and timely" control strategy can quickly reduce the occurrence base of diseases and insect pests, which is conducive to reducing the cost of pesticides and reducing the risk of pesticide residues.

In order to prove the beneficial effect of the present invention, the applicant has also carried out following test, specifically as follows:

In two unused areas, the experiment of apple bagging and bag-free cultivation technology was carried out, and the apple fruit quality and single fruit weight were measured after harvest. It was found that in different planting areas, the peeled hardness of apples after bag-free cultivation was higher than that of bagging. Apple (Figure 1), the determination of its soluble solids found that the soluble solids content of apples in the two regions after bag-free cultivation was higher than that of bagged apples, and reached a significant level in base 2 (Figure 2). Therefore, it can be explained that bag-free cultivation technology can improve the intrinsic quality of apples.

In addition to the quality determination, the apple fruit weight was also determined. The specific results are shown in Figure 3. From Figure 3, it can be seen that the single fruit weight of bag-free apples in different regions is not lower than that of bagged apples, and the single fruit weight of bag-free cultivated apples in Base 2 is 15.4% higher than that of bagged apples.

Although the present invention has been described in detail with general descriptions and specific examples above, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that some modifications or improvements can be made on the basis of the present invention. Therefore, the modifications or improvements made on the basis of not departing from the spirit of the present invention all belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. a kind of exempting bag cultivation management method for modern intensive apple, it is characterized in that, described cultivation method comprises the steps: (1) Build anti-hail nets: the mesh size of anti-hail nets is 2mm×7mm, the diameter of the mesh wires is 0.25-0.30mm, and the width does not exceed 5m. Place one every 20 mu; (2) Prevention and control of pests and diseases in the early stage: the combination of "four lures": light lure, color lure, sexual lure, and food lure; (3) Spray calcium-containing foliar fertilizer on the fruit surface: Spray the first time on the fruit surface from 1-2 weeks after the flower fades, and spray every 10 days thereafter, and spray 4 times from the young fruit stage to before harvesting. ~6 times; (4) By mixing fungicides and insecticides and spraying once, the occurrence of "one disease and four insects" can be prevented at the same time, that is, ring ring disease, small peach borer, pear small borer, cotton bollworm, and green Lygus. 2. according to claim 1, be used for modern intensive apple bag-free cultivation management method, it is characterized in that, described lamp lure is to install frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp; Every 20-30 mu installs one, every year 5- Use in October; the sex lure is to hang a yellow board with glue, hang one for every two trees, and hang it at a place 1/3 away from the crown of the tree; Misty silk, the sex attractant puts 3-5 groups per mu, each group is 30m apart, 1.5m away from the ground, the lure core is replaced once a month, and it starts to hang at the beginning of March until the apples are harvested; 30-40 roots per mu, hanging from the beginning of April, and hanging once throughout the growth period; the food attractant is placed with three sets per mu, 1-1.2m away from the ground, and replaced once every 10-15 days. Begin to hang in the middle of the month until the apples are harvested. 3. according to claim 1, be used for modern intensive apple bag-free cultivation management method, it is characterized in that, prevent and treat diseases and insect pests and adopt wind blowing type sprayer to spray. 4. The management method for modern intensive apple bag-free cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that, the orchard stock is selected to be dwarfed from the root stock or the middle stock, the row spacing is 3.5 to 6 meters, and the plant spacing is 0.8 to 2 meters , the thickness of the canopy is 0.9-2 meters. 5. The bag-free cultivation management method for modern intensive apples according to claim 4, wherein the orchard is a densely planted orchard, and the cultivated plants and row spacing are 1.5 meters x 4 meters. 6. according to claim 1, be used for modern intensive apple bag-free cultivation management method, it is characterized in that, orchard irrigation adopts drip irrigation or micro-spray water and fertilizer integration system. 7. The management method for modern intensive apple bag-free cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that, the material of the hail-proof net is PE and weighs 56-60g per square meter.